Application of Extremophiles in Medicine and Pharmaceutical Industries

2022 ◽  
pp. 260-285
Author(s):  
Nidhi Yogeshbhai Patel ◽  
Shivani Maheshkumar Yagnik ◽  
Dhritiksha Mansukhbhai Baria ◽  
Vikram Hiren Raval
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Fine Chemicals ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Center Stage ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Insight Into

Extremophiles are at center stage of scientific interest owing to their peculiar properties in terms of physiology, ecology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics. The bio-active compounds from extremophiles involve various types of extremolytes. The functional applicability of extremophiles has been far-reaching. Looking to the global scenario medical, pharmaceutical and allied healthcare sectors have a persistent surge for a novel anticancer, antimicrobial, stable drug deliverables, nutraceuticals, fine chemicals, natural antioxidants, and bio-polymers compounds. Genetic engineering tools clubbed with -omics approach enhance and better the chances for applicability of the extremophilic metabolites in varied sectors of red and yellow biotechnology. The chapter provides an insight into the various types of bio-active molecules from extremophiles and their wide biotechnological applicability in the medical and pharmaceutical industry.

scholarly journals Jumping Ahead with Sleeping Beauty: Mechanistic Insights into Cut-and-Paste Transposition

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Matthias T. Ochmann ◽  
Zoltán Ivics
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Sleeping Beauty ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Gene Vector ◽  
Functional Information ◽  
Vector Systems ◽  
Novel Variants ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Cellular Genome

Sleeping Beauty (SB) is a transposon system that has been widely used as a genetic engineering tool. Central to the development of any transposon as a research tool is the ability to integrate a foreign piece of DNA into the cellular genome. Driven by the need for efficient transposon-based gene vector systems, extensive studies have largely elucidated the molecular actors and actions taking place during SB transposition. Close transposon relatives and other recombination enzymes, including retroviral integrases, have served as useful models to infer functional information relevant to SB. Recently obtained structural data on the SB transposase enable a direct insight into the workings of this enzyme. These efforts cumulatively allowed the development of novel variants of SB that offer advanced possibilities for genetic engineering due to their hyperactivity, integration deficiency, or targeting capacity. However, many aspects of the process of transposition remain poorly understood and require further investigation. We anticipate that continued investigations into the structure–function relationships of SB transposition will enable the development of new generations of transposition-based vector systems, thereby facilitating the use of SB in preclinical studies and clinical trials.

scholarly journals Cold-Active β-Galactosidases: Insight into Cold Adaption Mechanisms and Biotechnological Exploitation

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Marco Mangiagalli ◽  
Marina Lotti
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cold Active ◽  
Cold Adaption ◽  
Glycosyl Donor ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Biotechnological Processes ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Insight Into

β-galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) catalyze the hydrolysis of β-galactosidic bonds in oligosaccharides and, under certain conditions, transfer a sugar moiety from a glycosyl donor to an acceptor. Cold-active β-galactosidases are identified in microorganisms endemic to permanently low-temperature environments. While mesophilic β-galactosidases are broadly studied and employed for biotechnological purposes, the cold-active enzymes are still scarcely explored, although they may prove very useful in biotechnological processes at low temperature. This review covers several issues related to cold-active β-galactosidases, including their classification, structure and molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation. Moreover, their applications are discussed, focusing on the production of lactose-free dairy products as well as on the valorization of cheese whey and the synthesis of glycosyl building blocks for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Determining the structure of pharmaceutical industry in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
Sara Emamgholipour ◽  
Lotfali Agheli
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Monopolistic Competition ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Measure Concentration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Purpose As the pharmaceutical industry is one of the key sectors of the health-care system, the identification of its structure is of particular importance. This paper aims to determine the structure of the pharmaceutical industry in Iran to provide appropriate solutions for pricing and regulation by policymakers. Iran is a growing pharmaceutical market with over $4bn in sales, so the supply side needs to be examined to meet the domestic consumption. Design/methodology/approach This research is a descriptive and retrospective analytical study which examines the Iranian pharmaceutical industry through library studies and using pharmaceutical data of the country’s Food and Drug Administration during 1992-2016. Due to data availability in firm level, the concentration ratio of N leading firms and the Herfindahl–Hirschman index are used to measure the concentration of the pharmaceutical market in 2014 and 2016. Findings The results show that pharmaceutical manufacturing, importing companies and distributing companies play roles in monopolistic competition market, loose oligopoly market and oligopoly market, respectively. For all companies, the magnitudes of Herfindahl–Hirschman indices indicate non-competitive settings. As a result, these companies set their own prices, and market demand affects their sales. In addition, demand for medicines is shaped in the form of supply-induced demand. Research limitations/implications This research was accomplished with no computational limitation. However, it was confined to only one country, one industry and the mentioned period of study. Practical implications The pharmaceutical manufacturers have no influence on medicine prices, and government pricing regulations lessen the market power of such market agents. However, the easy entry to and exit from market stimulate producers to participate in manufacturing activities. The pharmaceutical importers may expand their imports in response to entry new actors; however, the new entrants weaken the coordination on pricing decisions. Social implications As pharmaceutical distributers act in an oligopoly market, they can collude, reduce competition and lower the welfare of pharmaceutical consumers. In such conditions, high investment requirements and economies of scale may discourage the entry of new firms. Originality/value Although there are various studies on market structure in non-pharmaceutical industries, this study is a new effort to measure concentration in the Iranian pharmaceutical market and to determine its structure.

scholarly journals Comparative Advantages of National Pharmaceutical Industries through the Prism of New Indicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
O. B. Salikhova
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Market ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Production Facilities

Specific ways of the emergence of new actors in the global market of pharmaceutical goods is investigated, with substantiating the role of transnational corporations (TNC), their investment and technologies in establishing pharmaceutical industries in developing countries. The cases of Puerto Rico and Ireland are taken in order to demonstrate the background for expansion of manufacturing of medicines and medical products and analyze the tendencies in their export capacity building. The factors making pharmaceutical TNC transfer production facilities to India and China are substantiated and implications of this process are highlighted. It is revealed that due to the production internationalization, countries that had been net importers of pharmaceuticals just several decades ago have joined the group of key suppliers to external markets. Because American and European TNC are leading in the pharmaceutical industry by R&D expenditure, they are the principal holders of advanced technologies in the industry. It follows that manufacturing of medicines and medical products in most part of countries either directly or indirectly depend on innovative products of TNC and their technology transfer via various channels (both licensing and imports of components, active pharmaceutical ingredients in particular). It is shown that with the emergence of new market actors coming from developing countries, traditional approaches to determining comparative advantages of counties in the global trade need to be improved. The cases of countries that are recipients of foreign technologies, on which territories powerful high tech pharmaceutical production facilities with high shares of intermediate consumption and heavy export supplies are located due to TNC investment or local public-private capital, give evidence that the classical RCA indicator allows to measure visible comparative advantages in the trade in goods rather than revealed ones. It is proposed that analyses of advantages at country level should include the indicator of high tech goods supplies, to provide for a more accurate description of the innovation component in advanced industries. A new approach to the assessment of comparative advantages of high tech pharmaceutical manufacturing is proposed and tested, which is based on the principle of specialization and use of the ratio of Comparative Advantage in Value Added Activity (CAVA) in particular. It is revealed that the pharmaceutical industry of Ireland, Jordan, Singapore, India or Columbia, with reliance on foreign investment and technologies, could gain advantages in value added creation and dominate the national economies. It is shown that Ukraine is enhancing the advantages in value added creation in the pharmaceutical industry; is it substantiated that due to low R&D and innovation performance and heavy dependence on imported components, capacity building of this industry and its current advantages result from global tendencies and global market conjunctures rather than from the implementation of the national science & technology priorities. According to the author’s recommendation, the proposed approach to determining comparative advantages in value added creation should be used for the assessment of other high tech industries, apart from the pharmaceutical industry, and that is should be supplemented by statistical tools for analysis of foreign trade in finished and intermediate high tech goods.

scholarly journals Ethical Relation between Physicians and Pharmaceutical Industries in the Perspectives of Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Shahinul Alam ◽  
Nahiduz Saman ◽  
Monsur Hallaj Hallaj ◽  
Jahangir Ul Alam ◽  
Shoaib Momen Majumder
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Ethical Relation ◽  
Guide Line ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Scientific Meetings ◽  
The Right

Relation between physicians and pharmaceutical industry is required for the benefit of the patient. But it may turn into business and overthrow the patients’ benefit. The relation might be in question at present and in future. Several questions are flowing in Bangladesh. To solve these queries we have explored the situation in developed and developing countries. The physicians and associations of pharmaceutical industries developed several ethical guidelines in those countries. They have addressed the long lasting issues on gift provided to physician, cash back, sample, industry sponsored scientific meetings, research and hospitality. There are huge restrictions to ensure the right of the patient’s e.g. limitation of inexpensive gift by the pharmaceuticals, avoiding expensive medicine instead of equally effective low priced medicine. We are lacking behind to protect the patient right properly: regulation, adherence to existing guide line, lack of guidance from statutory bodies. The current scenario is far behind the right of patient. In Bangladesh it is not yet addressed either by professionals or by pharmaceutical associations. It is the immediate need to construct a guide line for physicians and pharmaceutical industry of Bangladesh.Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2015 Vol.6 (1):1-5

Genetics of Anxiety Disorders

2013 ◽  
pp. 537-546
Author(s):  
Javier A. Perez ◽  
Takeshi Otowa ◽  
Roxann Roberson-Nay ◽  
John M. Hettema
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Genetic Epidemiology ◽  
Genetic Models ◽  
Pediatric Anxiety ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter provides a broad overview of the state of current research in the genetics of the major anxiety disorders. In addition tosummarizing findings regarding the individual clinical syndromes, we present data supporting genetic hypotheses that explain their comorbidity with each other and with related phenotypessuch as anxious personality traits and depression. We conceptually divide the chapter into three main sections based upon methodology: (1) genetic epidemiology of adult and pediatric anxiety (twin and family studies), (2) human molecular genetics (linkage and association), and (3) animal genetic models. These approaches provide complimentary and concurring evidence supporting the genetic basis underlying anxiety disorders as well as preliminary insight into the genetic mechanisms involved in their expression.

scholarly journals The molecular genetics of the human I locus and molecular background explain the partial association of the adult i phenotype with congenital cataracts

Blood ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 2081-2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lung-Chih Yu ◽  
Yuh-Ching Twu ◽  
Ming-Lun Chou ◽  
Marion E. Reid ◽  
Alan R. Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Congenital Cataracts ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Partial Association ◽  
Exon 1 ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Epithelium Cells ◽  
Insight Into

The human i and I antigens are characterized as linear and branched repeats of N-acetyllactosamine, respectively. Conversion of the i to the I structure requires I-branching β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity. It has been noted that the null phenotype of I, the adult i phenotype, is associated with congenital cataracts in Asians. Previously, the identification of molecular changes in the IGnT gene, associated with the adult i phenotype, has been reported. In the present study, we demonstrate that the human I locus expresses 3 IGnT forms, designated IGnTA, IGnTB, and IGnTC, which have different exon 1, but identical exons 2 and 3, coding regions. The molecular genetics proposed for the I locus offer a new perspective on the formation and expression of the I antigen in different cells and provide insight into the questions derived from investigation of the adult i phenotype. Molecular genetic analyses of the Iloci of the 2 adult i groups, with and without congenital cataracts, were performed, and enzyme function assays and expression patterns for the 3 IGnT transcripts in reticulocytes and lens-epithelium cells were analyzed. The results suggest a molecular genetic mechanism that may explain the partial association of the adult i phenotype with congenital cataracts and indicate that a defect in theI locus may lead directly to the development of congenital cataracts. The results also suggest that the human blood groupI gene should be reassigned to the IGnTC form, not the IGnTB form, as described previously.

scholarly journals The Expanding Molecular Genetics Tool Kit in Chlamydia

2018 ◽  
Vol 200 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael H. Valdivia ◽  
Robert J. Bastidas
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Model System ◽  
New Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Genomic Regions

ABSTRACT Chlamydia has emerged as an important model system for the study of host pathogen interactions, in part due to a resurgence in the development of tools for its molecular genetic manipulation. An additional tool, published by Keb et al. (G. Keb, R. Hayman, and K. A. Fields, J. Bacteriol. 200:e00479-18, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00479-18), now allows for custom genetic engineering of genomic regions that were traditionally recalcitrant to genetic manipulation, such as genes within operons. This new method will be an essential instrument for the elucidation of Chlamydia-host interactions.

scholarly journals Italian Rationalist Design: Modernity between Tradition and Innovation

Arts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Federica Dal Falco
Keyword(s):  
Main Theme ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Physics Institute ◽  
Modern Project ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Fascist Regime ◽  
Architecture And Design ◽  
Insight Into

This article is devoted to the Italian modern project of the 1930s, which involved architecture and design. The main theme is the influence that the autarchic economic policy of the Fascist regime had in the choice of materials and technologies, and, above all, the manner in which this choice led to innovative practices and figurative research. Through significant examples, the essay provides some insight into the style of Italian rationalism, whose contradictory aspects—conditioned by the regime’s policy—shaped urban planning, architecture, and design in the 1930s. I show that the Italian rationalist culture is a field of investigation that is of considerable scientific interest because it represents the idea of an integral project comprised of all the elements associated to a building, including those that are still used today. In particular, I present a case study centered on the Physics Institute of Rome’s Sapienza University (1933–1935) designed by the architect Giuseppe Pagano Pogatschnig, analyzing its materials, technologies, and architectural features, as well as its furnishings. Along these lines, the objective of this investigation is the transmission of a specific knowledge, looking at objects as essential parts of the aesthetics of Rationalism in order to protect and enhance the cultural heritage of modernity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document