Analytical Study and Conservation of New Kingdom Period Pottery Jars from Saqqara Excavation, Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 1167 ◽  
pp. 101-113
Author(s):  
Mohamed Moustafa Ibrahim ◽  
Hamdy Mohamed Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Chemical Cleaning ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Digital Microscope ◽  
Completion Process ◽  
Sulfate Salts ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Main Components

Ancient archaeological sites contain numerous pottery objects that suffered from different deterioration factors. This study aims to use different analytical methods to study the chemical and mineralogical composition and identification of deterioration aspects of some ancient Egyptian pottery jars from Saqqara excavation. Thus, to explain the deterioration factors' mechanisms and apply the proper conservation methods to the deteriorated pottery jars. AutoCAD, digital microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to clarify the preservation states of pottery jars. The results of the investigation revealed that the selected jars suffered from different cracks, salts crystallization, some surface black spots, separation of the slip layer, and heterogeneity in the grains size. XRD analysis revealed that quartz, diopside, illite, muscovite, orthoclase, anorthite, and hematite are the main components of the jars. SEM-EDX analysis showed high concentrations of chlorides and sulfate salts, besides the presence of manganese oxide. Different treatments were performed for the pottery jars include mechanical and chemical cleaning. Additionally, the completion process was done by using a mixture of dental gypsum with grog. Moreover, the consolidation process was achieved by using paraloid B-72.

scholarly journals Mineralogical Composition and Physical–Mechanical Properties of Dasht-E-Taatrang Zar Sand Deposits (Afghanistan)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Hemayatullah Ahmadi ◽  
Atal Yousufi ◽  
Amir Mohammad Mosazai
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Chemical And Mineralogical Composition ◽  
New City ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Field Works

Sand is a common construction material used for various purposes, e.g., concrete, mortar, render, screed, and asphalt. The usage depends on its fineness, and its fineness is controlled by its mineralogical composition and physical-mechanical properties. This research aims to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition and the physical-mechanical properties of the Dasht-e-Taatrang Zar sand deposits within the Qarabagh and Bagram districts of Kabul and Parwan provinces in Afghanistan. To achieve the objectives of this research, a review of the existing literature has been combined with new extensive field works for macroscopic studies and sample collection, and laboratory analyses. In total, 23 samples during two phases of field works were collected and subjected to lab works for XRF, Schlich, and XRD analysis to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition; moreover, sieve and Atterberg analysis, specific gravity, soundness, and alkali-silica reaction tests were performed for characterization of the physical-mechanical properties of the studied samples. The results of the tests show that the Taatrang Zar sand deposits are considered as a suitable construction material, and due to their simple accessibility, the deposits have high potential as a construction material supplier for the Kabul new city project (Dehsabz) in Kabul and adjacent Parwan and Kapisa provinces.

scholarly journals Soot removal from ancient Egyptian complex painted surfaces using a double network gel: Empirical tests on the ceiling of the sanctuary of Osiris in the temple of Seti I – Abydos

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehab Awad Al-Emam ◽  
Abdel Ghafour Motawea ◽  
Joost Caen ◽  
Koen Janssens
Keyword(s):  
Self Healing ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Shape Stability ◽  
Double Network ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Digital Microscope ◽  
Seti I ◽  
The Temple

Abstract In this study, we evaluated the ease of removal of soot layers from ancient wall paintings by employing double network gels as a controllable cleaning method. The ceiling of the temple of Seti I (Abydos, Egypt) is covered with thick layers of soot; this is especially the case in the sanctuary of Osiris. These layers may have been accumulated during the occupation of the temple by Christians, fleeing the Romans in the first centuries A.D.. Soot particulates are one of the most common deposits to be removed during conservation-restoration activities of (Egyptian) wall paintings. They usually mask the painted reliefs and reduce the permeability of the painted surface. A Polyvinyl alcohol-borax/agarose (PVA-B/AG) double network gel was selected for this task since its properties were expected to be compatible with the cleaning treatment requirements. The gel is characterized by its flexibility, permitting to take the shape of the reliefs, while also having self-healing properties, featuring shape stability and an appropriate capacity to retain liquid. The gel was loaded with several cleaning reagents that proved to be effective for soot removal. Two sets of soot removal tests were conducted with these gel composites. The cleaned surfaces were examined in situ with the naked eye and with a digital microscope in order to select the best gel composite. The gel composite, loaded with a solution of 5% ammonia, 0.3% ammonium carbonate, and 0.3% EDTA yielded the most satisfactory results and allowed to safely remove a crust of thick soot particles from the surface. Thus, during a third phase of the study, it was used successfully to clean a larger area of the ceiling.

Identification of Mixed-Layer Mineral of Cambodian Clays and their Phase Changes upon Firing

2012 ◽  
Vol 620 ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Bun Kim Ngun ◽  
Mohamad Hasmaliza ◽  
Kiyoshi Okada ◽  
Phat Bone ◽  
Zainal Arifin Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Rational Analysis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Mineral Phases ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
Layer Mineral

Representative of clay deposits from central Cambodia were analyzed in terms of their mineral phases, mineralogical composition and phase changes after firing by qualitative and quantitative XRD analysis. To examine the phase changes, the samples were prepared and fired from 950 to 1200 °C. Results show that Cambodian clays contained quartz, illite, kaolinite, and chlorite-vermiculite mixed-layer as dominant mineral phases and the minor phases of albite and calcite also appeared in the samples. The rational analysis shows that chlorite-vermiculite was the main mineral in all Cambodian clays. After the samples were preceded upon firing, new phases of mullite, hematite and crystobalite were appeared above 1050 °C.

Sol-Gel Derived Two-Dimensional Nanostructures of Calcium Phosphates

2014 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Prichodko ◽  
V. Jonauske ◽  
M. Cepenko ◽  
A. Beganskiene ◽  
A. Kareiva
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Calcium Phosphates ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Calcium Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Dip Coating ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Main Components

Calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, CHAp), tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2, TCP) and calcium oxide (CaO) are the main components of inorganic part of human bones. Such synthetic nanocomposites could be very important implantable materials and using as substitute material for human hard tissues (bones and teeth). In this study, an aqueous sol-gel chemistry route has been developed to prepare nanostructured CHAp thin films on stainless steel substrate. For the preparation of thin films dip-coating and spin-coating techniques were used. The final samples were obtained by calcination of coatings for different time at 1000 °C. For the characterization of surface properties, the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the contact angle measurements were recorded.

PLSR as a new XRD method for downstream processing of ores: – case study: Fe2+ determination in iron ore sinter

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (S1) ◽  
pp. S78-S83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe König ◽  
Thomas Degen ◽  
Nicholas Norberg
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Rietveld Method ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Wet Chemistry ◽  
Iron Ore Sinter

The use of high-speed detectors made X-ray diffraction (XRD) become an important tool for process control in mining and metal industries. Decreasing ore qualities and increasing prices for raw materials require a better control of processed ore and a more efficient use of energy. Traditionally quality control of iron ore sinter has relied on time-consuming wet chemistry. The mineralogical composition that defines the physical properties such as hardness or reducibility is not monitored. XRD analysis in combination with Rietveld quantification and statistical data evaluation using partial least-squares regression (PLSR) has been successfully established to determine the mineralogical composition and the Fe2+ content of iron ore sinter within an analysis time of less than 10 min per sample. A total of 35 iron ore sinter samples were measured and evaluated using PLSR and the Rietveld method. The results were compared with wet chemistry data. PLSR results show accuracy for the Fe2+ content of ±0.14%. No pure phases, crystal structures, or complex modeling of peak shapes are required. The Rietveld method was used to quantify the total phase composition of the samples. The Fe2+ content could be calculated from all phases present. Both methods take the full XRD pattern into account and can be simultaneously applied on the same measurement. PLSR was found to be the more robust method if only Fe2+ results are required. The Rietveld method helps predict other parameters such as the compressional strength of the sinter by monitoring all existing phases (e.g., larnite, C2S, or silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum phases).

scholarly journals Why Are Wet Wipes So Difficult to Preserve? Understanding the Intrinsic Causes

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Paul Salama ◽  
Ariel Gliksberg ◽  
Matan Cohen ◽  
Inbal Tzafrir ◽  
Noa Ziklo
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Nonwoven Fabric ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Physicochemical Interactions ◽  
Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Natural Fabrics ◽  
Made In

Over the last two decades, significant advances have been made in developing disposable baby wet wipes. Wet wipes consist of two main components: nonwoven fabric and liquid. Being more than 90% water, wet wipes are more susceptible to microbial growth than typical personal care products; hence, high concentrations of preservative compounds are often used to ensure extended protection against contamination. However, there is an obvious tendency to minimize the concentration of irritating actives. Baby wet wipes should contain particularly mild surfactants, well-tolerated preservatives, and a buffer system maintaining the formulation pH at a suitable level for the infant’s skin. Efforts have been centered on removing ingredients with irritation potential, such as phenoxyethanol. In addition, a move towards more natural fabrics is occurring. However, these modifications provoke new challenges in preserving the final products. The nature and composition of the fiber can influence the interactions between the preservative and the wipe, subsequently affecting the performance of the preservative system. In this study, we analyzed the causes of the challenge in preserving wet wipes. We found that fabrics containing natural fibers are the main source of contamination, promoting the generation of biofilms on their surfaces. Moreover, the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) was utilized to rationalize the physicochemical interactions between the fabric and the preservatives.

scholarly journals Treatment and remediation by the stabilization/solidification process based on hydraulic binders of soil contaminated by heavy metals

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-178
Author(s):  
Rachid Sahnoune ◽  
Karim Moussaceb
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Metallic Elements ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract Nature and the environment are affected by various human industrial and/or urban discharges. Remediation for this problem requires first and foremost an in-depth analysis and an overall characterization of the intrinsic properties of the pollution-receiving environments. Secondly it is necessary to predict in these environments the behavior of dangerous chemical species (here particularly heavy metals) in the long term. This study focuses mainly on a detailed characterization of 4 soil samples sampled in vicinity of wild dump-BOULIMAT located 15 km west of the city of Bejaia-Algeria. The samples were characterised by atomic absorption spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Fluorescence X and Infrared spectroscopy. The data showed high concentrations of metallic elements especially Zn (2,651.8 mg.kg−1) and Ni (163.44 mg.kg−1) in the soil samples. For their remediation, the stabilization/solidification (S/S) process with hydraulic binders appeared promising in reducing the polluting power of metal. This approach has considerably reduced the content of pollutants; 98 % removal was obtained for Ni and 99 % for Zn. The XRD analysis technique revealed the occurrence or absence of metallic elements in the crystallized phases.

scholarly journals Phase and chemical composition analysis of pigments used in Cucuteni Neolithic painted ceramics

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Constantinescu ◽  
Roxana Bugoi ◽  
Emmanuel Pantos ◽  
Dragomir Popovici
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Oxides ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Manganese Minerals ◽  
Chemical Composition Analysis ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Phase And Chemical Composition

Two analytical methods – 241Am-based X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Diffraction (SR-XRD) – were used to investigate the elemental and mineralogical composition of pigments which decorate some Cucuteni Neolithic ceramic sherds. Local hematite and local calcite were the main components for red and white pigments, respectively. For black pigments, iron oxides (e.g. magnetite) were used. They were often mixed with manganese oxides (e.g. jacobsite), which originated from Iacobeni manganese minerals deposits on the Bistrita River. Taking into account the results of the experiments, several conclusions regarding manufacturing procedures employed, and potential trade routes during the Neolithic were drawn.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic degradation of reactive black 5 on the surface of tin oxide microrods

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 773-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanza Rauf Khan ◽  
Muhammad Umar Khalid ◽  
Saba Jamil ◽  
Songnan Li ◽  
Aiman Mujahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Reactive Black 5 ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract A simple co-precipitation technique is proposed for synthesis of tin oxide (SnO2) microrods. Stannous chloride and urea were used during synthesis. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the annealed product consists of SnO2 microrods having tetragonal unit cells, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed the rod-like morphology of a synthesized product. These synthesized microrods are used as photocatalyst for the degradation of reactive black 5 (RB5). Degradation kinetics of RB5 are monitored under daylight in different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and catalyst. The percentage of RB5 conversion is also calculated at various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and catalyst which demonstrate that RB5 shows high catalytic degradation at high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and catalyst.

Advanced Early Strength Agent Development and Mechanism Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 261-263 ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Zhong Shi ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Peng Song ◽  
Li Li Jia
Keyword(s):  
Cement Hydration ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Mineral Formation ◽  
Early Strength ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Agent Development

Preparation of advanced early strength agent ,the main components including organic A, organic B and calcium nitrate. Then tested advanced early strength agent performance for concrete. Though text, we find, the compressive strength and flexural strength of the specimen, use of the advanced early strength agent is greatly improved than with its much better not to use advanced early strength agent. With the passage of time, advanced early strength agent added does not make the strength of concrete worse, but better.Use SEM and XRD analysis technology text advanced early strength agent by adding performances of concrete, including the degree of cement hydration, the morphology of hydration products and the composition of mineral formation. analysis of the role of advanced early strength agents from the perspective of the mechanism. Identified advanced early strength agent impact on the cement hydration, for the further development of early strength agent to provide a theoretical basis.

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