Synthesis of the Current Knowledge Concerning the Construction of French Traditional Cob Building for Giving Recommendations

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Bonnet ◽  
Darwish Alzeort ◽  
Philippe Poullain
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Dune Sand ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
The Town

The museum of the “Bourrine du bois Juquaud” is a tourist site located in the town of Saint Hilaire de Riez in France. It presents the daily life of the inhabitants of the marsh in the early twentieth century and their traditional earthen houses called Bourrine. The Bourrine is a cob construction with reed roof. The earth used for walls is soil from marshlands added with dune sand and straw fibres but some part are without fibres like coating applied on walls. By now, the knowledge acquired on the implementation of these mixtures for the lifting of the walls are oral knowledge and it is necessary to ensure the preservation of this traditional heritage. Currently the done reparations present cracks due to shrinkage. This study aims at well defining the mixtures by a scientific approach. The earth and dune sand were analyzed by taking cores from different existing bourrines and also by extracting soil on site. Different mixtures were produced by varying the proportion of earth sand and water. The linear shrinkage were measured. Corrections were done to get the best mixture for manufacturing and repairing the Bourrines.

Vitalistic Discourses of Violin Pedagogy in the Early Twentieth Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-190
Author(s):  
Stefan Knapik
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Final Word ◽  
Collaborative Activity ◽  
Violin Pedagogy ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Joseph Joachim ◽  
Violin Playing

Abstract The pedagogical treatise is generally understood to be a manual of singing or instrumental techniques that is largely practical in approach, yet a critique of violin tutor books dating from the early twentieth century, especially those written by the renowned violinists Joseph Joachim (writing in conjunction with Andreas Moser), Leopold Auer, and Carl Flesch, reveals an extensive engagement with a range of wider ideologies. In a bid to trump the supposedly deadening effects of both a historicism resulting from the availability of earlier treatises, as well as the overly scientific approach taken by contemporaneous treatises, these violinist-authors embrace metaphysical ideals of mind or vitality, and the result is a model of violin playing founded on the concept of “singing tone,” an idea developed out of nineteenth-century notions of song/melody as embodying a vital essence. As did Wagner, in his 1869 essay Über das Dirigiren, writers play with the idea that theoretical and performative categories, such as tempo, phrasing, dynamics, vibrato, and types of bow stroke, both conflict with each other and find a deeper unity in a subjectivist ideal of tone. The approach of these texts is not explorative, however, so much as a rather defensive championing of the idea of mind or vitality: ideologies of self, health, and nationalism ultimately prevail over an engagement with historical evidence in Moser's discussion of ornaments, and Auer's intolerance of any mitigating influence that might qualify the artist's final word on aesthetic matters is reminiscent of a reductive, Nietzschean ideal of vitality. Nevertheless, writers struggle to reconcile it with the messier realities of performing, as an embodied and collaborative activity, and subsequently what speaks louder in their texts are anxieties over affronts to notions of self, expressed using pathological notions common to the era. Whereas at times writers encourage students of the violin to share in their lauding of vitalistic ideals, more often than not they try to impose disciplinary measures as a means of inculcating them.

The “Sticky Sediment” of Daily Life: Radical Domesticity, Revolutionary Christianity, and the Problem of Wealth in Britain from the 1880s to the 1930s

2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Koven
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Justice ◽  
Ethical Imperative ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

This essay examines an early twentieth-century Christian revolutionary habitus—a “technique of Christian living”—based on the conviction that everyday life was an essential site for reconciling the claims of individual and community, the material and the spiritual. The pacifist-feminist members of London’s first “people’s house,” Kingsley Hall, linked their vision of Jesus’s inclusive and unbounded love for humanity to their belief in the ethical imperative that all people take full moral responsibility for cleaning up their own dirt as part of their utopian program to bring social, economic, and political justice to the outcast in London, Britain, and its empire. In imagining what a reconstructed post-World War I Britain might become, Kingsley Hall’s cross-class band of workers used mundane practices to unmake and remake the late-Victorian and Edwardian philanthropic legacy they inherited.

“A Season in Hell”

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 632-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Rees
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Women Travelers ◽  
The City ◽  
Travel Accounts

Australian women travelers in early twentieth-century New York often recoiled from the frenetic pace of the city, which surpassed anything encountered in either Britain or Australia. This article employs their travel accounts to lend support to the growing recognition that modernity took different forms throughout the world and to contribute to the project of mapping those differences. I argue that “hustle” was a defining feature of the New York modern, comparatively little evident in Australia, and I propose that the southern continent had developed a model of modern life that privileged pleasure-seeking above productivity. At a deeper level, this line of thinking suggests that modernization should not be conflated with the relentless acceleration of daily life; it thus complicates the ingrained assumption that speed and modernity go hand-in-hand.

The Bedouins, the Ottoman Civilizing Mission and the Establishment of the Town of Beersheba

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (02-03) ◽  
pp. 189-212
Author(s):  
Nadav Solomonovich ◽  
Ruth Kark
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Tribal Population ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Civilizing Mission ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Town

According to Ottoman historiography, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the Ottoman state adopted the European civilizing mission and discourse towards the nomadic tribal population in the empire. This phenomenon was usually referred to as ‘borrowed colonialism’. However, recently, new studies began to challenge that view, arguing that officials used civilizing discourse to justify their failures in dealing with the nomads, or that they used derogatory references strategically towards specific ends. Interestingly, studies from both groups use the establishment of the town and sub-district of Beersheba in southern Palestine to support their views. Based on Ottoman sources, the main argument of this article is that the fact that the Bedouins were perceived by the state as ‘ignorant’ and ‘wild’ caused its officials to demonstrate leniency and bestow special treatment upon them in order to integrate them in the Ottoman state and administration.

‘“All found” they used to call it’: genteel boarding houses in early twentieth-century Melbourne

Urban History ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seamus O'Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Nuclear Families ◽  
City Life ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Australian City

This paper investigates genteel, or middle- and upper-class boarding houses in Melbourne in the first decades of the twentieth century. It argues that urban historians have neglected boarding as a facet of Australian city life, preferring instead to use a limited range of statistical sources to focus on the importance of nuclear families, suburbia and home ownership as defining features of the Australian city. Utilizing archival, literary and oral sources, this paper re-creates daily life in a variety of these genteel boarding houses and calls for a more ethnological approach to uncovering the urban past.

‘Concentration’ and Awareness in Psychophysical Training: the Practice of Elsa Gindler

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Loukes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Performance Practice ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Body Awareness ◽  
Actor Training ◽  
Performance Training ◽  
Research Journal ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The University ◽  
Performer Training

In this article Rebecca Loukes explores the practice of German psychophysical awareness practitioner Elsa Gindler (1885–1961), whose work influenced twentieth-century performance in a range of ways, but has not previously been documented in this context. Loukes situates Gindler's training and early work amongst key early twentieth-century Gymnastik practitioners before tracing developments in her life and work, drawing from Gindler's 1926 article, her unpublished class notes, and her students' memories. She discusses what Gindler meant by cultivating a state of ‘concentration’, and how this related to breathing, tension, and relaxation, both in the studio and daily life. She then indicates how this can usefully be applied to contemporary pre-performance training or work on the ‘beginning state of the actor’. Rebecca Loukes is a practitioner, performer, and researcher in the area of actor training and psychophysical awareness. She has been training in practices derived from Gindler's work for over ten years. Her recent writing includes ‘Body Awareness in Performer Training: the Hidden Legacy of Gertrud Falke-Heller (1891–1984)’ for Dance Research Journal (in press). She is Lecturer in Performance Practice at the University of Exeter.

scholarly journals Reading social change on a potter's wheel: Chalcis (Euboea) from the Byzantine to the Modern Greek era

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Nikos D. Kontogiannis ◽  
Stefania S. Skartsis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Production And Consumption

In this article, the socio-economic and cultural identity of Chalcis is traced through, and combined with, the story of its material culture and, in particular, of its impressive pottery production and consumption. Through this lens, the historical conditions and daily life over more than ten centuries (from the ninth to the early twentieth century) of this relatively unknown provincial town are closely examined. This makes it possible to detect one field in which local communities reacted to, adjusted to, took advantage of, survived or sometimes succumbed to the wider turmoil of the Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek eras.

scholarly journals Alexander Scriabin's and Igor Stravinsky's Influence upon Early Twentieth-Century Finnish Music: The Octatonic Collection in the Music of Uuno Klami, Aarre Merikanto and Väinö Raitio

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67-85
Author(s):  
Edward Jurkowski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Igor Stravinsky ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Tone Poem ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Jean Sibelius ◽  
Orchestral Works ◽  
Compositional Technique

This article examines a significant shift in musical style and compositional technique that occurred in Finland during the 1920s, a time during which the music of Jean Sibelius exerted a strong influence. Specifically, I discuss how the octatonic collection, a prominent feature in the music of the two early twentieth-century Russian modernists Igor Stravinsky and Alexander Scriabin, is incorporated as a fundamental harmonic resource in three celebrated orchestral works: Uuno Klami's 1935 "The Creation of the Earth" (movement one from his five-movement Kalevala Suite), movement one from Aarre Merikanto's 1924 Ten Pieces for Orchestra, and Väinö Raitio's 1921 tone poem Fantasia estatica.

“Mande Kaba,” the Capital of Mali: A Recent Invention?

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Green
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
West African ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Political Control ◽  
French Translation ◽  
French Studies ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
The Town

Historians who work in certain diaspora areas of the Mande people are frequently told by Mandekan speakers that their ancestors came from “Mande Kaba” (Kaaba). When reporting this, they usually then proceed to explain that Kaba is the Mande term for the French-named town of Kangaba, capital of the Mali empire. However, in my work on the precolonial state of Kong in northeastern Côte d'Ivoire, it became important to question exactly what this phrase means in the context of oral traditions and chronology.The hypothesis equating Kaba, Kangaba, and the capital of the Mali empire dates back in print to the early French studies of ancient Mali, and particularly to Maurice Delafosse, that prolific writer on West African oral traditions, religion, and languages. In his 1912 magnum opus, Haut-Sénégal-Niger, Delafosse cited Kangaba, “sans doute” as the capital of the pre-Sunjata “royaume” of Mali. In his annotation of the French translation of the mid-seventeenth century compilation, Ta'rikh al-Fattash, Delafosse again presented this idea. The Ta'rikh stated that “[t]he town which served previously as the capital of the emperor of Mali was named Diêriba [jāriba]; following, there was another named Niani [Yan.”In a note Delafosse explained that Diêriba “is also the name of the town called Kangaba on our [French] maps, which after having been the first capital of the manding empire, is still today the chief town of the province of Manding or Malli.” He was most likely relaying information from his interpretation of traditions as well as his own personal observations of early twentieth-century Kangaba. The Keita family, claiming descent from Sunjata Keita, the founder of the Mali empire, enjoyed political control of Kangaba, and were recognized as having held this position for some time.

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