Soak Colored Zirconia Ceramics and its Colorimetric Plate

2011 ◽  
Vol 492 ◽  
pp. 362-365
Author(s):  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Huai Xiu Lu ◽  
Long Quan Shao ◽  
Yuan Fu Yi ◽  
Bin Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Space ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Zirconia Ceramics ◽  
Staining Solution ◽  
Black Background ◽  
Basic Layer ◽  
Angle Difference ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Colorimetric Data ◽  
Saturation Difference

Objective: To test specimens of soak-colored Vita In-Ceram YZ zirconia ceramics and the colorimetric data of staining solution colorimetric plate. Methods: five sets of specimens were prepared, soaking and coloring them with LL1 to LL5 staining solution for 2 min respectively. Specimens were sintered for 2 h at 1530°C, and grinded one side of the specimens to 1.5 mm in thickness. The colors of the specimens and staining solution colorimetric plate were tested by spectrophotometer in black background. The chromatic aberration between the specimens and colorimetric plate were calculated as well as measured the lightness difference, hue angle difference, and saturation difference. Results: the colorimetric data of the dyed specimens are L: 59.81 ~ 78.93; a: 0.36 ~ 9.36; b: 19.62 ~ 26.91. The color space of the specimens and staining solution colorimetric plate was similar and the chromatic aberration was 4.02-6.96 NBS units. The biggest difference between them was the hue angle difference, mean 7.38, followed by the saturation difference, mean 2.31; minimum lightness difference, mean 2.29. Conclusion: staining solution colorimetric plate was suitable to be colorimetric reference for the color-matching of the basic layer of the ceramic. Proper chromatic aberration leaves color revision space for the translucent porcelain veneer.

scholarly journals Color Measurement and Analysis of Fruit with a Battery-Less NFC Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Lazaro ◽  
Marti Boada ◽  
Ramon Villarino ◽  
David Girbau
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Cloud Service ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Classification Algorithms ◽  
Measurement And Analysis ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Color Data ◽  
The Magnetic Field

This paper presents a color-based classification system for grading the ripeness of fruit using a battery-less Near Field Communication (NFC) tag. The tag consists of a color sensor connected to a low-power microcontroller that is connected to an NFC chip. The tag is powered by the energy harvested from the magnetic field generated by a commercial smartphone used as a reader. The raw RGB color data measured by the colorimeter is converted to HSV (hue, saturation, value) color space. The hue angle and saturation are used as features for classification. Different classification algorithms are compared for classifying the ripeness of different fruits in order to show the robustness of the system. The low cost of NFC chips means that tags with sensing capability can be manufactured economically. In addition, nowadays, most commercial smartphones have NFC capability and thus a specific reader is not necessary. The measurement of different samples obtained on different days is used to train the classification algorithms. The results of training the classifiers have been saved to the cloud. A mobile application has been developed for the prediction based on a table-based method, where the boundary decision is downloaded from a cloud service for each product. High accuracy, between 80 and 93%, is obtained depending on the kind of fruit and the algorithm used.

Difference Analysis of Different Standard Illuminants on Yellow-Green to Green Jadeite-Jade

2011 ◽  
Vol 492 ◽  
pp. 374-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Wang ◽  
Ying Guo ◽  
Ye Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Yellow Tint ◽  
True Color ◽  
Spectrum Power Distribution

Under A, CWF, D55, D65, D75 five different illuminants, color differences of 53 natural oval Jadeite-jade with fine texture are analyzed, which color is yellow-green to dark green. All 5 tested lighting sources were compared based on the uniform color space CIE 1976L*a*b*. Jadeite-jade’s lightness L* is increasing when color temperatures of five different standard illuminants increase, and it can reach the very top of 45.72 under D75, so it appears brighter and lighter than any other illuminants and it influences the appraisal of the samples’ color. The spectrum power distribution of D75, D65 and D55 reveal the strong radiant energy in the range from 500 to 570nm, so consequently the color coordinates a*, b* and chroma C* is higher than the other two illuminants. But samples’ lightness and chroma under D55 are weaker compared to D65 and the color under D55 is dark. Meanwhile, D65 stands for the average daylight and color under D65 close to the true color of samples. Because of weakest radiant energy in the range from 500 to 540nm (green area) and strongest radiant energy in the range from 540 to 570nm (orange area) in CWF’s spectrum power distribution, the absolute value of a*=14.01 is lowest and b*=12.93 is highest under CWF, so samples’ color under CWF is green with a yellow tint. The maximum hue angle h0 is 150.42 under A, and the absolute value of a* is higher than that under CWF, so it shows stronger green tone than CWF. It is concluded that D65 is preferred to be ideal illuminants for the evaluation of jadeite-jade color green especially compared with other 4 illuminants.

scholarly journals Evaluating Hawaii-grown Papaya for Resistance to Internal Yellowing Disease Caused by Enterobacter cloacae

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1357-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate A. Nishijima ◽  
Marisa M. Wall ◽  
Maureen M. Fitch ◽  
Lionel S. Sugiyama ◽  
Ronald C. Keith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Concern ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Infected Tissue ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Yellowing Disease ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Symptomatic Tissue

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivars and breeding lines were evaluated for resistance to Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) Hormaeche & Edwards, the bacterial causal agent of internal yellowing disease (IY), using a range of concentrations of the bacterium. Linear regression analysis was performed and IY incidence was positively correlated with increasing inoculum concentrations for susceptible cultivars Kapoho Solo and Laie Gold but not for resistant cultivars or lines. It was determined that the inoculum concentration of 9 to 10 Log10 colony-forming units per milliliter (cfu/mL) was able to reliably differentiate resistant and susceptible papaya germplasm. Red-fleshed cultivars SunUp and Sunrise were the most resistant papaya groups evaluated at this dose concentration. Yellow-fleshed cultivars, Kapoho Solo and Laie Gold, were susceptible to E. cloacae. ‘Rainbow’, an F1 hybrid between ‘SunUp’ and ‘Kapoho Solo’ that is yellow-fleshed, was moderately resistant to E. cloacae, exhibiting limited symptoms of the disease. Yellow-fleshed I-Rb F5/F6, an advanced inbred line derived from ‘Rainbow’, is resistant and offers the potential of improving resistance of yellow-fleshed commercial cultivars. A colorimeter was used to objectively measure internal flesh color and distinguish between infected and non-infected tissue in red- and yellow-fleshed papayas using L*C*H* color space analysis. Symptomatic tissue (72.4 and 79.0°) had higher hue angle means than non-symptomatic tissue (62.8 and 75.0°) for all cultivars or lines in red- and yellow-fleshed papayas, respectively. Yellow (“Y”) hue color also distinguished infected tissue from non-infected tissue. Symptomatic tissue that had Y hue color resulted in 79 to 81° hue angle means among red- or yellow-fleshed papayas. Our results demonstrated the usefulness of colorimetry to help detect infected papaya tissue. In surveys of naturally infected papaya, high populations (8.57 × 107 cfu/g) of E. cloacae were recovered in infected fruit of ‘Kapoho Solo’ and represent a food safety concern for fresh and processed papaya. In isolations from inoculated fruits, we observed decreases of ≈1 to 2 Log10 cfu/g in final bacterial populations when high-dose range inoculum concentrations (9 to 12 Log10 cfu/mL) were used. This dose range may represent a saturation range for E. cloacae inoculation.

scholarly journals High-efficiency phenotyping for vitamin A in banana using artificial neural networks and colorimetric data

Bragantia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Fernandes Aquino ◽  
Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão ◽  
Alcinei Mistico Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Least Mean Square ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Colorimetric Data ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Hidden Layer

ABSTRACT Banana is one of the most consumed fruits in Brazil and an important source of minerals, vitamins and carbohydrates for human diet. The characterization of banana superior genotypes allows identifying those with nutritional quality for cultivation and to integrate genetic improvement programs. However, identification and quantification of the provitamin carotenoids are hampered by the instruments and reagents cost for chemical analyzes, and it may become unworkable if the number of samples to be analyzed is high. Thus, the objective was to verify the potential of indirect phenotyping of the vitamin A content in banana through artificial neural networks (ANNs) using colorimetric data. Fifteen banana cultivars with four replications were evaluated, totaling 60 samples. For each sample, colorimetric data were obtained and the vitamin A content was estimated in the ripe banana pulp. For the prediction of the vitamin A content by colorimetric data, multilayer perceptron ANNs were used. Ten network architectures were tested with a single hidden layer. The network selected by the best fit (least mean square error) had four neurons in the hidden layer, enabling high efficiency in prediction of vitamin A (r2 = 0.98). The colorimetric parameters a* and Hue angle were the most important in this study. High-scale indirect phenotyping of vitamin A by ANNs on banana pulp is possible and feasible.

Measuring the Infinite Optical Thickness of Dentine Porcelain of the IPS E.max

2011 ◽  
Vol 492 ◽  
pp. 349-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Quan Shao ◽  
Lin Lin Wang ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
Bin Deng ◽  
Ning Wen
Keyword(s):  
Optical Thickness ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
White Background ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Determination Coefficient ◽  
Black Background ◽  
Regression Formula ◽  
Color System ◽  
Best Fit

Dentine porcelain disc specimens 13.0 mm in diameter with thicknesses of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 mm, were made using IPS E.max color systems B, C, and D and their chromatic aberration values (ΔE) under the standard black background and the standard white background were measured using a Minolta CM-5 spectrophotometer. Then, the cubic regression formula of best fit was used to calculate the thicknesses of dentine porcelains of various color numbers at a ΔE of 1.0 and 1.5. The determination coefficient of the regression formula of color system B was 0.990–0.995, that of color system C was 0.989–0.997, and that of D was 0.993–0.998; and R2is close to 1. The results show that the regression formulas of the 11 thickness groups have good fit. The infinite optical thickness values of the IPS E.max dentine porcelains were as follows: for B1–B4, 3.263–2.711 (ΔE = 1.0) and 2.910–2.493 (ΔE = 1.5); for color system C, 2.727–2.611 (ΔE = 1.0) and 2.473–3.365 (ΔE = 1.5); and for color system D: 2.928–3.694 (ΔE = 1.0) and 2.656–2.458 (ΔE = 1.5). When the chromatic aberration tolerance is 1.5, the thickness of dentine porcelain required to reach the infinite optical thickness is less than the numerical value at ΔE = 1.0. As the thickness increases, the influence of the background diminishes and the specimen looks truer to its inherent color. The results prove that thickness of dentine porcelain positively correlates with its masking ability and that its thickness must exceed its infinite optical thickness so that its color will not be influenced by the background color.

Metamerism of Tanzanite Under Altered Illuminators

2013 ◽  
Vol 591 ◽  
pp. 305-308
Author(s):  
Ma Ye ◽  
Ying Guo
Keyword(s):  
Color Space ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Color Appearance ◽  
Visual Effect ◽  
Space Analysis ◽  
Commercial Grade ◽  
Angle Change ◽  
Violet Color ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Difference Form

The color parameters of 19 pieces purity transparent and color uniform commercial grade tanzanites were measured by colorimeter Color i5 and this article introduces the concept of Metamerism and calculates the color quantitatively, based on CIE1976 L*a*b* uniform color space, analysis the contribution of different illuminators to the bluish-violet color of tanzanite. The change of hue-angle h0 is in contrast to the actual visual effect, this is called abnormal hue-angle change of the gemstone tanzanite; both of the contributions of lightness difference and chroma difference play the same role to the change of the color difference, form the bluish-violet of tanzanite; it is shown that Metamerism indexes (Mt) of different samples are different and the same sample’s main wavelength follows the change while illuminators altered. Therefore, while illuminators altered, the color of tanzanite samples change from blue to bluish-violet, and the Mt larger, the change of color is greater, namely, the violet hue is more clear, with the better color appearance.

The Influences of Lightness Variation of the Non-Color Background on the Color of the Blood Amber

2014 ◽  
Vol 633 ◽  
pp. 524-535
Author(s):  
Ya Xiao ◽  
Ying Guo ◽  
Da Peng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Color Space ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
Color Parameters ◽  
Color Saturation ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Color Background ◽  
The One

In this study, based on CIE L*a*b* uniform color space, the Color i5 measurement instrument was used to measure the color parameters of seven blood amber samples under the D65 illuminant. In addition, the influences of lightness variation of the non-color background on the lightness, the color saturation and the hue of the blood amber were also investigated and discussed. The results show that the lightness of the blood amber is significantly enhanced with the increased lightness of the non-color background and the blood amber with higher transparency is more sensitive to the change of the non-color background; the color saturation of the blood amber increases gradually with the raise of the lightness of the non-color background, which means that the blood amber on the high-lightness background looks more bright-colored than the one on the low-lightness background; the red color hue angle range of blood amber turns out to be diffusing with the increase of the lightness of the non-color background, which means that a slight difference of the hue can be more easily discriminated on the high-brightness background. Thus, it can be concluded that the blood amber with higher transparency is much easier to be influenced by the non-color background; and the increase of the lightness of the non-color background can lead to higher lightness, more bright-colored saturation and diffused hue angle range of the blood amber; and the blood amber is more bright-colored and the color difference can be more easily discriminated on the background with higher lightness.

Influence of Fe2+ on the Color Appearance of Yellow-Green Peridot

2011 ◽  
Vol 492 ◽  
pp. 370-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xi Tang ◽  
Ying Guo ◽  
Li Xia Ma
Keyword(s):  
Color Space ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Color Appearance ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Difference Formula ◽  
Chromaticity Coordinates ◽  
Cie Lab

Twenty-eight yellow-green color of uniform, high clarity and similar thickness of 5 mm × 7 mm oval faceted peridots from Jiaohe Jilin province were examined by LA-ICP-MS and Color i5 to test their chemical compositions and L*, C* and ho. The correlations between Fe2+ and color parameters were analyzed, in order to establish the influence on the color appearance of Fe2+. The chemical formula of the twenty-eight peridots is (Mg1.84,Fe0.19)2.04[(Si0.982,Al0.001)0.983O4], which was calculated by oxygen atom. It reveals that 0.19 mol Fe2+ is concluded in one mol peridot, and Fe2+ is the colorant of peridot. Based on the CIE 1976 L*a*b* uniform color space, relationships between chromaticity coordinates a*, b* and chromaticity C* were analyzed by Two-way ANOVA, of which the results showing that the influence of b* on C* (rb*×C*=0.996) is much more prominent than a* on C* (ra*×C*= -0.383). By partial correlation analysis of the results calculated through CIE LAB color-difference formula, it can be discovered that lightness difference DL* has a better correlation with chromatic aberration DE* than DC* and DH*, whereas the significance level ρDC*×DE* > 0.05, rDH*×DE* > 0.05, it reveals that DE* is more sensitive to DL*. At the same time, L* changes the most with the contributions of Fe2+ compared with other parameters of peridot. It is concluded that, with the help of L*, Fe2+ has a further influence on the color appearance of peridot.

Simulating Discrimination for Quality Evaluation of Rubelite Red

2016 ◽  
Vol 680 ◽  
pp. 567-573
Author(s):  
Shuang Shi ◽  
Ying Guo ◽  
Yu Ling Yang
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Color Coordinates ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Light Medium

To evaluate the quality and simulate the discrimination of rubelite red, 310 rubelite red samples are measured by color i5 colorimeter, based on CIE 1976 L*a*b* uniform color space. Conclusions show that the hue angle of rubelite red can be classified into four series, such as red, pink, purple and violet, and the chroma can be divided into light, medium and intense, vivid with increasing quality, then its lightness can be graded into five levels as dark, slightly dark, medium, slightly bright and bright under standard light source D65. Take the three parameters and the cluster analysis of color coordinates, the rubelite red can be grade into five levels, and it is supposed to predict unknown samples furthermore.

The Correlation between Play-of-Color Effect and SiO2 Cavities Size of Australian Blue Opal

2011 ◽  
Vol 492 ◽  
pp. 366-369
Author(s):  
Ying Guo ◽  
Zhi Xuan Dai ◽  
Hong Juan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Dominant Wavelength ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Color Effect ◽  
The World ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Purple Color

Its play-of-color effect of Australian opal makes it unique and much more precious than any other gemstones in the world. More than 50 Australian opals were chosen to conduct the experiments, including boulder and black opals with blue-green to blue-purple color. Spectropotometer Color i5 was used to analyze the color of opal samples with CIE L*a*b* uniform color space. Dominant wavelength was put into comparison with hue angle. SEM and AFM were the main means to analyze the internal structure of opal samples, and the diameter and size of cavities of SiO2 were measured and discussed. It is revealed that the hue angle of blue-purple opal is 302.15° with 449nm as its dominant wavelength, and so the size of SiO2 cavities in the sample is about 155.32nm; the hue angle of blue opals is between (256°, 286°) with the dominant wavelength between (471nm, 485nm), and so their size of SiO2 cavities is between (154.35nm, 182.54nm); the hue angle of blue-green opal is between (183°, 213°) with the dominant wavelength between (489nm, 500nm) and so their size of SiO2 cavities is between (172.95nm, 193.66nm). Besides, the diameter and size of SiO2 cavities were analyzed against the dominant wavelength, hue angle, lightness, and saturation to reveal their correlation. It is indicated that the diameter and size of SiO2 cavities are in positive correlation with the dominant wavelength, but negative correlation with the hue angle. As the diameter and size of SiO2 cavities grow, the dominant wavelength increases but the hue angle decreases. Also they are in positive correlation with lightness but their correlation with saturation was not discovered.

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