Factors Affecting Gelation of Lidocaine Hydrochloride-Loaded Polyelectrolyte Complex Thermosensitivity Gel for Dry Socket Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Nuttawut Supachawaroj ◽  
Sucharat Limsitthichaikoon
Keyword(s):  
Polyelectrolyte Complex ◽  
Gelation Time ◽  
Lidocaine Hydrochloride ◽  
Gelation Temperature ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dry Socket ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Gel Preparation

Dry socket disease, a pocket wound caused by the tooth extraction that resulted in severe acute pain which requires a topical analgesic with rapidly pain reduction and suppress the pain until the wound healed. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting gelation temperature and gelation time of lidocaine hydrochloride (LH)-loaded polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) thermosensitivity gel for treating dry socket wound. The first factor was investigated the effects of the ratio of three different types of polymers as chitosan (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA) and poloxamer407 (P407) on the phase transition caused by temperature. The second factor was examined the effects of gel preparation methods. The results showed that increasing concentration of the cationic polymer as CS induced the separation of the solution to gel (sol-to-gel) system due to the charge of CS and the charge of PEC. The ratio of HA:P407 affected the gel forming which high concentration of P407 reduced the gelation temperature while low concentration of HA disturbed the sol-to-gel state causing coagulation. The viscosity, spreadability, and swelling were significantly increased due to the concomitant increased in each polymer, HA and P407. The particle of the formulation observed under microscope was found to be less than 1 µm. Phase inversion from sol-to-gel was found after a min at 23°C. Since gelation temperature of the purposed formula is supposed to form gel below 37°C within a short period of injection. The results of the study indicate the suitable sol-to-gel forming in the appropriate temperature and time which should be used for further investigation in the efficacy and safety.

scholarly journals Population estimates of Antillean manatees in Puerto Rico: an analytical framework for aerial surveys using multi-pass removal sampling

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1340-1349
Author(s):  
Jaime A Collazo ◽  
Matthew J Krachey ◽  
Kenneth H Pollock ◽  
Francisco J Pérez-Aguilo ◽  
Jan P Zegarra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Detection Probability ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Imperfect Detection ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Aerial Surveys ◽  
Population Size Estimates

AbstractEffective management of the threatened Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) in Puerto Rico requires reliable estimates of population size. Estimates are needed to assess population responses to management actions, and whether recovery objectives have been met. Aerial surveys have been conducted since 1976, but none adjusted for imperfect detection. We summarize surveys since 1976, report on current distribution, and provide population estimates after accounting for apparent detection probability for surveys between June 2010 and March 2014. Estimates in areas of high concentration (hotspots) averaged 317 ± 101, three times higher than unadjusted counts (104 ± 0.56). Adjusted estimates in three areas outside hotspots also differed markedly from counts (75 ± 9.89 versus 19.5 ± 3.5). Average minimum island-wide estimate was 386 ± 89, similar to the maximum estimate of 360 suggested in 2005, but fewer than the 700 recently suggested by the Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center. Manatees were more widespread than previously understood. Improving estimates, locally or island-wide, will require stratifying the island differently and greater knowledge about factors affecting detection probability. Sharing our protocol with partners in nearby islands (e.g., Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola), whose populations share genetic make-up, would contribute to enhanced regional conservation through better population estimates and tracking range expansion.El manejo efectivo del manatí antillano amenazado en Puerto Rico requiere estimados de tamaños de poblaciónes confiables. Dichas estimaciones poblacionales son necesarias para evaluar las respuestas a las acciones de manejo, y para determinar si los objetivos de recuperación han sido alcanzados. Se han realizado censos aéreos desde 1976, pero ninguno de ellos han sido ajustados para detecciones imperfectas. Aquí resumimos los censos desde 1976, actualizamos la distribución, y reportamos los primeros estimados poblacionales ajustados para la probabilidad de detección aparente en los censos de Junio 2010 a Marzo 2014. Las estimaciones poblacionales en áreas de mayor concentración del manatí promedió 317 ± 103, tres veces más abundante que los conteos sin ajuste (104 ± 0.56). Las estimaciones poblacionales en tres áreas fuera de las áreas de mayor concentración del manatí también fueron marcadamente diferentes (75 ± 9.89 vs 19.5 ± 3.5). El estimado mínimo poblacional en la isla entera fue de 386 ± 89, similar al estimado máximo de 360 sugerido en el año 2005, pero menor a los 700 sugeridos recientemente por el Centro de Conservación de Manatíes de Puerto Rico. Documentamos que el manatí tiene una distribución más amplia de lo que se sabía con anterioridad. El mejoramiento de los estimados poblacionales locales o a nivel de isla requerirá que se estratifique a la isla en forma diferente y que se investiguen los factores que influencian a la probabilidad de detección. Compartir protocolos como este con colaboradores de islas vecinas (por. ej., Cuba, Jamaica, Española), cuyas poblaciones de manatíes comparten material genético, contribuiría a la conservación regional mediante mejores estimaciones poblacionales y monitoreo de la expansión de su ámbito doméstico.

Spoilage of Fish in the Vessels at Sea: 2. Treatment on the Deck and in the Hold

1956 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Castell ◽  
W. A. MacCallum ◽  
H. E. Power
Keyword(s):  
Storage Period ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Warm Summer ◽  
Subsequent Storage ◽  
Initial Contamination

A study has been made of some of the factors affecting the spoilage rate of fish in the trawlers at sea. It was found that two conditions were major causes of accelerated spoilage: (1) Treatments that resulted in very heavy initial contamination such as storing the fish directly against the slimy wooden pen boards, and (2) Treatments that resulted in a rise in the temperature of the fish. This latter may be a larger increase in temperature for a short period, such as exposure of the fish on the deck during warm summer weather, or a smaller increase over a longer period, such as results from inadequate or inefficient icing.Other types of carelessness and unsanitary conditions did not have any significant effect on the fish until at least 6 or 7 days, as long as they were well iced during the subsequent storage period in the hold.

scholarly journals Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Vulnerable Medicinal Plant Hedychium spicatum Buch-Ham ex Smith

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Giri ◽  
Sushma Tamta
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Synthetic Seeds ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Secondary Embryogenesis ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Cotyledon Explants ◽  
Short Period

This protocol has been developed for somatic embryogenesis in Hedychium spicatum. Simultaneously, a method has also been developed for the production of synthetic seeds by using somatic embryos. Direct somatic embryos were developed on cotyledon explants of zygotic embryos on MS supplemented with high concentration of NAA (20.0 µM). Induction of secondary embryogenesis was best in 2,4-D supplemented medium fortified with activated charcoal. Germination of somatic embryos was enhanced by using GA3. Besides this, round and semi-hard beads of somatic embryos (synthetic seeds) could be produced by using 2% Na-alginate and 100 mM calcium chloride and more than 30% germination of synthetic seeds was achieved in MS. Well acclimated plants produced via somatic embryogenesis and/or synthetic seeds were transferred to field where more than 60% survived. This simple study enabled us to obtain a number of plantlets throughout the year each cycle requiring a short period of time. Besides propagation, this study provided an ex situ method for conservation of this vulnerable Himalayan species.D. O. I.http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v23i2.17506Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 23(2): 147-155, 2013  (December)

Factors affecting the phenology of the first brood of the sugar-cane froghopper Aeneolamia varia saccharina (Dist.) (Homoptera, Cercopidae) in Trinidad

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. S. King
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Predictive Relationship

AbstractThe size and occurrence of the first brood of adults of Aeneolamia varia saccharina (Dist.) are examined in relation to the pattern of egg eclosion and rainfall. The proportion of eggs hatching within a month of oviposition in the laboratory (short-period eggs) decreased from over 90% in August to less than 20% in January, but the incubation periods of the remaining, long-period eggs were longest in those laid during October and November. The overall hatching distributions tended to be bimodal with most eggs hatching during the early months of the year under moist conditions at 26°C. Dry soil conditions delay eclosion, and eggs obtained from fields during the dry season and then incubated under moist conditions tended to hatch at the normally expected time of the first rains in May. The numbers of eggs expected to produce the first brood, computed from laboratory hatching data and estimates of the numbers and fecundities of froghoppers during the second, third and fourth broods, were less than the actual numbers sampled just before the first rains. There was a close relationship between the first rainfall of over one inch within 48 h and adult emergence 27 and 34 days later, and 85% of field egg populations in May had hatched and/or died by the week after the first rains. However some variation in the date of their occurrence accounted for non-synchrony of first broods over the region. The numbers of diapause eggs in fields sampled during the dry season failed to give a good predictive relationship with first brood adult populations, probably because of density dependent mortality of eggs or hatchling nymphs.

scholarly journals Behavioral and Morphological study of intra-articular high-concentration lidocaine hydrochloride in chronic arthritis rat

PAIN RESEARCH ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Takahiro Ushida ◽  
Motohiro Kawasaki ◽  
Hiroyuki Watanabe ◽  
Tatsunori Ikemoto ◽  
Toshikazu Tani
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Study ◽  
Chronic Arthritis ◽  
Lidocaine Hydrochloride ◽  
High Concentration

Factors Affecting the Viscosity in High Concentration Solutions of Different Monoclonal Antibodies

2010 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 4812-4829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Yadav ◽  
Steven J. Shire ◽  
Devendra S. Kalonia
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Factors Affecting

A Review of Preparation and Tribological Applications of Pickering Emulsion

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Yichen Bao ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Quan Zheng ◽  
Lulu Yao ◽  
Yufu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Pickering Emulsion ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Near Future

Abstract Pickering emulsion is a new type of stable emulsion made by ultra-fine solid particles instead of traditional surfactants as stabilizers, which has received widespread attention in recent years. The preparation methods of stator-rotor homogenization, high-pressure homogenization, and ultrasonic emulsification were compared with others in this work. The main factors affecting the stability of Pickering emulsion are the surface humidity of the solid particles, the polarity of the oil phase, and the oil-water ratio. These factors could affect the nature of the solid particles, the preparation process of Pickering emulsion and the external environment. Consequently, the long-term stability of Pickering emulsion is still a challenge. The tribological investigations of Pickering emulsion were summarized, and the multifunctional Pickering emulsion shows superior prospects for tribological applications. Moreover, the latest development of Pickering emulsion offers a new strategy for smart lubrication in the near future.

Preparation and Application of Biochars for Organic and Microbial Control in Wastewater Treatment Regimes

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Odhiambo Shikuku ◽  
Wilfrida N. Nyairo ◽  
Chrispin O. Kowenje
Keyword(s):  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Control Factors

Biochars have been extensively applied in soil remediation, carbon sequestration, and in climate change mitigation. However, in recent years, there has been a significant increase in biochar research in water treatment due to their stupendous adsorptive properties for various contaminants. This is attributed to their large surface areas, pore structures, chemical compositions, and low capital costs involved making them suitable candidates for replacing activated carbons. This chapter discusses the preparation methods and properties of biochars and their removal efficacy for organic contaminants and microbial control. Factors affecting adsorption and the mechanisms of adsorption of organic pollutants on biochars are also concisely discussed. Biochars present environmentally benign and low-cost adsorbents for removal of both organic pollutants and microbial control for wastewater purification systems.

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