The Synthesis of Renewable Hydrocarbons from Different Vegetable Oils and Soapstock by Hydrotreatment over High Metal Loading Supported Ni Catalyst

2021 ◽  
Vol 903 ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Kristaps Māliņš ◽  
Ilze Malina ◽  
Mara Legzdina
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Ni Catalyst ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Hydrocarbon Production ◽  
Metal Loading ◽  
Supported Ni Catalyst ◽  
Wide Range

The catalytic hydrotreatment of sunflower (SO), linseed (LO), coconut (CO), rapeseed (RO), and its soapstock derived acid oil (RS) over commercial Ni65%/SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst was investigated to evaluate utilization feasibility of various vegetable oil feedstocks with different fatty acid content, composition, and saturation for marketable hydrocarbon production. The active metal loading of catalyst was characterized by XRF and its textural properties by N2 sorption analysis. The hydrotreatment tests of different vegetable oils were carried out in solvent free medium, under initial H2 pressure 10 MPa, at operating temperature 340 oC, and residence time 15 min using catalyst amount 5%. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis were used for estimation of dominant n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, n-heptadecane, n-octadecane, and other hydrocarbon contents in obtained samples. Under studied hydrotreatment conditions complete conversion of different vegetable oils into marketable liquid renewable hydrocarbons without presence of oxygen containing substances was achieved. Highly active Ni65%/SiO2-Al2O3 has remarkable selectivity to hydrocarbons produced by reaction pathways, where elimination of carbonyl groups occurs. The saturation of fatty acids in feedstock determines H2 consumption, but influence on produced hydrocarbon production is insignificant. Depending on the fatty acid composition different saturated linear hydrocarbons with wide range of carbon chain length C5-C19 and similar calorific value 47.16-47.34 MJ/kg were produced in process. Overall liquid hydrocarbon yields were from 44.6 % to 78.1 %. The highest overall liquid saturated linear hydrocarbon yield was observed for feedstock with high amount of long chain fatty acids – SO, LO, RO and RS. Pure hydrocarbons obtained from vegetable oils depending on hydrocarbon composition can be used in various areas.

The simple method of vegetable oils and oleochemical products acid value determination

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
S.O. Zubenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Color Transfer ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Value Determination ◽  
Visual Indication

Acid value is one of the key technical characteristic of vegetable oils and oleochemicals, obtaining on its basis. The existing standard methods of acid value measurement are relatively complicated and have some disadvantages. There are including utilization of the significant amounts of solvents, throwing out as wastes, and necessity in special equipment for determination. Also, a special issue is visual indication of the equivalence point of indicator transfer from acid to alkali form for intensive colored oils’ samples. Visual indication of the color transfer of phenol-phthalein as indicator (from colorless to pink) is quite difficult. The color transfer of thymolphthalein (from yellow to green) in such condition is not determined. Using of alkali blue 6B is complicated by the necessity of use ethanol and aromatic compounds mixture. In current work the rapid and simple method of acid value determination was proposed. It consists in alkali-acid titration of the sample by sodium butoxide solution in n-butanol with bromothymol blue, n-butanol is also using as solvent. The method was tested on 3 series of the mixtures of the refined sunflower oil and free fatty acids (distilled fatty acids of sunflower and rapeseed oils and chemical grade oleic acid). The fatty acid content in tested mixtures was in range 1-50 % wt. Some disadvantages of traditional methods, such as the necessity of mixed solvents’ and relatively complicated laboratory equipment use, titration in a hot state, effect of temperature changes in the laboratory and difficulties with visual indication of color transfer, were overcame. Proposed method requires only the simplest laboratory glassware (conic flasks, non-calibrated pipettes, hermetically sealed glass vessels for titrant) and technical laboratory scales (weighting accuracy ±0.01 g). The method allows to determine the acid value in wide range of samples, including the samples with intense coloration. The relatively high accuracy of acid value determination was shown. The method sensitivity is 0.02-0.10 mg KOH/g. The time for analyze is enough short (about 5-15 minutes).

scholarly journals Nutritional change due to climate warming: an analysis of fatty acid content of pasture plants common to Southern Ontario

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Morris
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Homeoviscous Adaptation ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Climate change will produce a wide range of challenges for grassland ecosystems, including increased global surface air temperature. Increased temperature can increase cell membrane fluidity in plants and other organisms; a response known as homeoviscous adaptation. However, this phenomenon has not been extensively studied in grassland plant species and has not been widely observed in plants from a climate warming perspective. I exposed seven species of agricultural forage plants to a temperature gradient consistent with climate change estimates for Southern Ontario. I compared relative fatty acid composition between temperature conditions, paying particular attention to the relative content of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and essential fatty acids. For most species, I found saturated fatty acid content decreased with increasing temperature, while polyunsaturated fatty acid content and essential fatty acid content increased with increasing temperature. My thesis provides insights into the effects of climate warming on pasture ecosystems.

METABOLIC PATTERNS OF THE FATTY ACIDS OF PERIPLANTETA AMERICANA (L.) DURING ITS EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Kinsella
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Patterns ◽  
Oleic And Linoleic Acids

The fatty acid composition of the various lipid fractions of Periplanteta americana was analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography at successive stages during embryogenesis. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of at least 30 fatty acids during all stages of the life cycle ranging in carbon chain length from C6 through C24. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids composed over 95% of the total fatty acids. The percentage distribution of major fatty acids remained constant throughout the life cycle. Total fatty acid content decreased by 28% during development mainly because of the catabolism of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids. Fatty acid patterns suggest that partially hydrolyzed triglyceride molecules are converted to phospholipid molecules during development.

Similar distribution of trans fatty acid isomers in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and adipose tissue of Canadians

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 718-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Chen ◽  
W. M. N. Ratnayake ◽  
L. Fortier ◽  
R. Ross ◽  
S. C. Cunnane
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Trans Fatty Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Trans Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Isomer Distribution ◽  
Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils

The objective of this study was to evaluate the composition of trans fatty acids in the subcutaneous fat of Canadians relative to the composition of dietary sources of trans fatty acids. The fatty acid composition, total trans fatty acid content, and the geometric and positional isomer distribution of unsaturated fatty acids of subcutaneous adipose tissue of Canadians were determined using a combination of capillary gas–liquid chromatography and silver nitrate thin-layer chromatography. The mean total trans fatty acid content was 6.80% at the abdominal site and 5.80% at the lateral thigh site. Total trans isomers of linoleic acid (18:2n−6) were present at 1.17% in abdominal and 1.59% in thigh adipose tissue, with 9c,12t-18:2 being the most prevalent isomer followed by 9c-13t-18:2 and 9t,12c,-18:2. The oleic acid (18:1) trans isomer distribution in adipose tissue differed from that in butter fat, but it was similar to that in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. The reverse was true for the 18:1 cis isomers. Total 18:1 trans isomers were inversely related to 18:2n−6 content in adipose tissue, suggesting the trans fatty acid intake is inversely related to the intake of linoleic acid. Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils appear to be the major source of trans fatty acids in adipose tissue of Canadians.Key words: trans fatty acids, adipose tissue, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, linoleic acid.

scholarly journals Nutritional change due to climate warming: an analysis of fatty acid content of pasture plants common to Southern Ontario

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Morris
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Homeoviscous Adaptation ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Climate change will produce a wide range of challenges for grassland ecosystems, including increased global surface air temperature. Increased temperature can increase cell membrane fluidity in plants and other organisms; a response known as homeoviscous adaptation. However, this phenomenon has not been extensively studied in grassland plant species and has not been widely observed in plants from a climate warming perspective. I exposed seven species of agricultural forage plants to a temperature gradient consistent with climate change estimates for Southern Ontario. I compared relative fatty acid composition between temperature conditions, paying particular attention to the relative content of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and essential fatty acids. For most species, I found saturated fatty acid content decreased with increasing temperature, while polyunsaturated fatty acid content and essential fatty acid content increased with increasing temperature. My thesis provides insights into the effects of climate warming on pasture ecosystems.

scholarly journals Determination of cholesterol and fatty acid content of commercially sold edible vegetable oils around Dire Dawa, Adama and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 044-056
Author(s):  
Zelalem Gizachew Admassie ◽  
Jibrel Abdulkadir Eman ◽  
Sisay Awoke Endalew
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration

The fatty acids, cholesterol compositions and the ratio between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids are important parameters for the determination of the nutritional value of certain oils. Most oils sold in our markets are claimed they are cholesterol- free and their fatty acid profile is unknown. To determine the cholesterol and fatty acid profile of commercially sold vegetable oils in three places, twelve oil samples were analyzed for their cholesterol and fatty acid compositions. Cholesterol was detected in most sample oils except in nigger seed and peanut oils. Locally produced Sunflower oil has significantly (p < 0.05) highest cholesterol concentration (24.31±0.85) while Modjo oil has the least concentration (0.78± 0.16 mg/l). High saturated fatty acids were found in palm oil (43.87) with predominant presence of palmitic acid. Oleic acid (C16:0) is the predominant one in sunflower oil. Hamaressa and Modjo oils contained 46.12%, 16.7% Erucic acid (C20:1) respectively. Linoleic acid (C18:2 6c) was predominant in soybean oils (52.45–59.54%), corn oil (61.73%) and sunflower oil (43.54%). The highest percentage composition of alpha-linolenic acid was found in Hamaressa oil (1.27%) followed by Modjo oil (0.5%). Sesame, peanut and sunflower ( high oleic acid) oils were found to be better for salad and cooking purposes than other oils due to lower saturated and higher monounsaturated fatty acid contents. In general, the research output disclosed the quantity of cholesterol detected in sample oils contradicts the label of cholesterol claimed by most of the producers and marketers.

scholarly journals Trans-fatty acids in cooking oils in Bogota, Colombia: changes in the food supply from 2008 to 2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 3260-3264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Moynihan ◽  
Eduardo Villamor ◽  
Constanza Marin ◽  
Mercedes Mora-Plazas ◽  
Hannia Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Regular Monitoring

AbstractObjectiveLong-chain n-3 fatty acid intake in Colombia is low because fish consumption is limited. Vegetable oils with high n-3 fatty acid content are recommended, but their concentrations of trans fats were high in previous studies. Thus, regular monitoring of the fatty acid composition of vegetable oils is required. Our objective was to quantify the fatty acid composition in commercially available oils in Bogota, Colombia and determine if composition changed from 2008 to 2013.DesignCross-sectional study. We obtained samples of all commercially available oils reported in a survey of low- and middle-income families with a child participating in the Bogota School Children Cohort.SettingBogota, Colombia.SubjectsNot applicable.ResultsSunflower oil had the highest trans-fatty acid content (2·18 %). Canola oil had the lowest proportion of trans-fatty acids (0·40 %) and the highest n-3 fatty acid content (9·37 %). In terms of percentage reduction from 2008 to 2013 in 18:1 and 18:2 trans-fatty acids, canola oil had 89 % and 65 % reduction, mixed oils had 44 % and 48 % reduction, and sunflower oil had 25 % and 51 % reduction, respectively. Soyabean oil became widely available in 2013.ConclusionsThe content of trans-fatty acids decreased in all oils from 2008 to 2013, suggesting a voluntary reduction by industry. We believe that regular monitoring of the fatty acid composition of oils is warranted.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Fertilisation and Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum on the Fatty Acid Profile of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Seeds

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 941
Author(s):  
Ewa Szpunar-Krok ◽  
Anna Wondołowska-Grabowska ◽  
Dorota Bobrecka-Jamro ◽  
Marta Jańczak-Pieniążek ◽  
Andrzej Kotecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Soybean Cultivars

Soybean is a valuable protein and oilseed crop ranked among the most significant of the major crops. Field experiments were carried out in 2016–2019 in South-East Poland. The influence of soybean cultivars (Aldana, Annushka), nitrogen fertilizer (0, 30, 60 kg∙ha−1 N) and inoculation with B. japonicum (control, HiStick® Soy, Nitragina) on the content of fatty acids (FA) in soybean seeds was investigated in a three-factorial experiment. This study confirms the genetic determinants of fatty acid composition in soybean seeds and their differential accumulation levels for C16:0, C16:1, C18:1n9, C18:2, C18:3, and C20:0 as well saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. Increasing the rate from 30 to 60 kg ha−1 N did not produce the expected changes, suggesting the use of only a “starter” rate of 30 kg ha−1 N. Inoculation of soybean seeds with a strain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (HiStick® Soy, BASF, Littlehampton, UK and Nitragina, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation–State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland) is recommended as it will cause a decrease in SFA and C16:0 acid levels. This is considered nutritionally beneficial as its contribution to total fatty acids determines the hypercholesterolemic index, and it is the third most accumulated fatty acid in soybean seeds. The interaction of cultivars and inoculation formulation on fatty acid content of soybean seeds was demonstrated. An increase in the value of C16:0 content resulted in a decrease in the accumulation of C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 acids. The content of each decreased by almost one unit for every 1% increase in C16:0 content. The dominant effect of weather conditions on the FA profile and C18:2n6/C18:3n3 ratio was demonstrated. This suggests a need for further evaluation of the genetic progress of soybean cultivars with respect to fatty acid composition and content under varying habitat conditions.

scholarly journals Optimization Model of Phenolics Encapsulation Conditions for Biofortification in Fatty Acids of Animal Food Products

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 881
Author(s):  
Roberta Tolve ◽  
Fernanda Galgano ◽  
Nicola Condelli ◽  
Nazarena Cela ◽  
Luigi Lucini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Wide Range

The nutritional quality of animal products is strongly related to their fatty acid content and composition. Nowadays, attention is paid to the possibility of producing healthier foods of animal origin by intervening in animal feed. In this field, the use of condensed tannins as dietary supplements in animal nutrition is becoming popular due to their wide range of biological effects related, among others, to their ability to modulate the rumen biohydrogenation and biofortify, through the improvement of the fatty acids profile, the derivate food products. Unfortunately, tannins are characterized by strong astringency and low bioavailability. These disadvantages could be overcome through the microencapsulation in protective matrices. With this in mind, the optimal conditions for microencapsulation of a polyphenolic extract rich in condensed tannins by spray drying using a blend of maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA) as shell material were investigated. For this purpose, after the extract characterization, through spectrophotometer assays and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF) mass spectrometry, a central composite design (CCD) was employed to investigate the combined effects of core:shell and MD:GA ratio on the microencapsulation process. The results obtained were used to develop second-order polynomial regression models on different responses, namely encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and tannin content. The formulation characterized by a core:shell ratio of 1.5:5 and MD:GA ratio of 4:6 was selected as the optimized one with a loading capacity of 17.67%, encapsulation efficiency of 76.58%, encapsulation yield of 35.69%, and tannin concentration of 14.46 g/100 g. Moreover, in vitro release under varying pH of the optimized formulation was carried out with results that could improve the use of microencapsulated condensed tannins in animal nutrition for the biofortification of derivates.

scholarly journals Effect of Pork Meat Replacement by Fish Products on Fatty Acid Content, Physicochemical, and Sensory Properties of Pork Pâtés

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Piotr Skałecki ◽  
Agnieszka Kaliniak-Dziura ◽  
Piotr Domaradzki ◽  
Mariusz Florek ◽  
Ewa Poleszak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Control Group

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of the addition of fish raw materials (roe or fish meat) on the quality and nutritional value of pork pâtés. The control group (n = 4) consisted of pork pâtés, I experimental group (n = 6) of pâtés with 20% addition of roe (perch and pike), and II group of pâtés with 20% addition of fish (perch and pike meat) (n = 6). The pâtés’ pH, color, and profiled texture analysis were instrumentally measured and water, protein, fat, ash, and fatty acid content were determined by reference methods. To assess the oxidative stability of lipids the measurement of peroxide number, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and content of conjugated dienes and trienes was used. The degree of fat hydrolysis was determined on the basis of acid value. Sensory analysis was carried out using the scaling method, taking into account 12 unit quality characteristics. Products with roe and meat contained less fat (accordingly 15.9% and 14.1%) and showed lower calorific value (accordingly 225.6 and 208.6 kcal/100 g) compared to pork pâtés (20.2% of lipids, 267 kcal/100 g). Moreover, the addition of fish raw materials improved the index of nutritional quality for protein (from 3.2 to 3.9) and beneficially reduced the nutritional index for fat (from 2.2 to 1.9). Fish constituents modified, to a certain extent, the color, texture, and sensory properties of pâtés, while maintaining full acceptability in consumer assessment. The addition of fish roe significantly increased the healthful quality by improving the fatty acid profile of pâtés, in which the significantly highest content of n-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (accordingly 252.21, 43.17, and 107.94 mg/100 g product), as well the highest concentration of saturated branched chain fatty acids were determined (18.75 mg/100 g product).

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