JUDGMENT NUMBER REDUCTION: AN ISSUE IN THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS

2010 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 175-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
LONG-TING WU ◽  
XIA CUI ◽  
RU-WEI DAI
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy Process ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Priority Vector ◽  
Judgment Error ◽  
Scale Error ◽  
The Analytic Hierarchy Process ◽  
Hierarchy Process

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) uses pairwise comparison to evaluate alternatives' advantages to a certain criterion. For decision-making problem with many different criteria and alternatives, pairwise comparison causes a prolonged decision-making period and rises fatigue in decision-makers' mentality. A question of practical value is if there exists a way to reduce judgment number and what influence the reduction will have on the overall evaluation of alternative ratings. To answer this question, we introduce scale error and judgment error into AHP judgment matrix. By expanding the scales defined in the AHP, scale error is eliminated. Taking judgment error as random variable, a new estimator to calculate priority vector is presented. In the end, an example is proved to show lowering judgment number will increase the probability of larger errors appearing in priority vector computation.

scholarly journals Causes, frequency and avoidance of diagnostic errors in newborns and children of the first year of life

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
O. K. Kirilochev
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Errors ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
First Year ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Judgment Error ◽  
Diagnostic Difficulties ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Death Cases

The article presents research methods to detect the frequency of diagnostic errors.Objective: to compare clinical and pathological diagnoses in order to determine the frequency, causes and ways of avoiding diagnostic errors in children with infectious pathology specific to the perinatal period. The authors studied 234 death cases in the intensive care unit for newborns in 2006–2018, and they found diagnostic errors in 18,3% of cases. 53,4% of the diagnostic errors were associated with unrecognized infectious diseases specific to the perinatal period. The authors found that the correct intravital diagnosis was impossible for objective reasons in 65% of cases. Those objective reasons were mainly caused by diagnostic difficulties due to the lack of characteristic clinical data or the atypical course. Almost in every third patient the diagnostic errors were caused by subjective reasons and were associated with the diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and neonatal sepsis. The subjective errors were often caused by the so-called doctor’s bona fide delusion due to a lack of knowledge, skills, experience. As the judgment error was the most common reason for misdiagnosis we need to improve the clinicians’ cognitive condition. Based on the audit results, the authors proposed the additional diagnostic approaches for certain diseases. One way to reduce errors is to improve educational initiatives for doctors.

Localization of a Time-Delayed, Monocular Virtual Object Superimposed on a Real Environment

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. McCandless ◽  
Stephen R. Ellis ◽  
Bernard D. Adelstein
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Time Delays ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Virtual Object ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Object Position ◽  
Real Environment ◽  
Judgment Error ◽  
Projected Position ◽  
Apparent Stability

Observers adjusted a pointer to match the depicted distance of a monocular virtual object viewed in a see-through, had-mounted display. Distance information was available through motion parallax produced as the observers rocked side to side. The apparent stability of the virtual object was impaired by a time delay between the observers' head motions and the corresponding change in the object position on the display. Localizations were made for four time delays (31 ms, 64 ms, 131 ms, and 197 ms) and three depicted distances (75 cm, 95 cm, and 113 cm). The errors in localizations increased systematically with time delay and depicted distance. A model of the results shows that the judgment error and lateral projected position of the virtual object are each linearly related to time delay.

scholarly journals Don't Just Judge the Spelling! The Influence of Spelling on Assessing Second-Language Student Essays

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-65
Author(s):  
Thorben Jansen ◽  
Cristina Vögelin ◽  
Nils Machts ◽  
Stefan Daniel Keller ◽  
Jens Möller
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Spelling Errors ◽  
Judgment Error ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Practical Implications

When judging subject-specific aspects of students’ texts, teachers should assess various characteristics, e.g., spelling and content, independently of one another since these characteristics are indicators of different skills. Independent judgments enable teachers to adapt their classroom instruction according to students’ skills. It is still unclear how well teachers meet this challenge and which intervention could be helpful to them. In Study 1, N = 51 pre-service teachers assessed four authentic English as a Second Language (ESL) essays with different overall text qualities and different qualities of spelling using holistic and analytic rating scales. Results showed a negative influence of the experimentally manipulated spelling errors on the judgment of almost all textual characteristics. In Study 2, an experimental prompt was used to reduce this judgment error. Participants who were made aware of the judgment error caused by spelling errors formed their judgments in a less biased way, indicating a reduction of bias. The determinants of the observed effects and their practical implications are discussed.

Ranked Set Sampling: Ranking Error Models and Estimation of Visual Judgment Error Variance

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramzi W. Nahhas ◽  
Douglas A. Wolfe ◽  
Haiying Chen
Keyword(s):  
Error Variance ◽  
Ranked Set Sampling ◽  
Visual Judgment ◽  
Error Models ◽  
Judgment Error ◽  
Ranking Error

scholarly journals Predictive Learning, Prediction Errors, and Attention: Evidence from Event-related Potentials and Eye Tracking

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Wills ◽  
A. Lavric ◽  
G. S. Croft ◽  
T. L. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Selective Visual Attention ◽  
Predictive Learning ◽  
Judgment Error ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Rate Of Learning

Prediction error (“surprise”) affects the rate of learning: We learn more rapidly about cues for which we initially make incorrect predictions than cues for which our initial predictions are correct. The current studies employ electrophysiological measures to reveal early attentional differentiation of events that differ in their previous involvement in errors of predictive judgment. Error-related events attract more attention, as evidenced by features of event-related scalp potentials previously implicated in selective visual attention (selection negativity, augmented anterior N1). The earliest differences detected occurred around 120 msec after stimulus onset, and distributed source localization (LORETA) indicated that the inferior temporal regions were one source of the earliest differences. In addition, stimuli associated with the production of prediction errors show higher dwell times in an eye-tracking procedure. Our data support the view that early attentional processes play a role in human associative learning.

scholarly journals Reasoning Method between Polynomial Error Assertions

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Peng Wu ◽  
Ning Xiong ◽  
Juxia Xiong ◽  
Jinzhao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Quantifier Elimination ◽  
Critical Systems ◽  
Elimination Method ◽  
Zero Sets ◽  
Judgment Error ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Error Coefficient ◽  
Specific Error ◽  
Error Coefficients

Error coefficients are ubiquitous in systems. In particular, errors in reasoning verification must be considered regarding safety-critical systems. We present a reasoning method that can be applied to systems described by the polynomial error assertion (PEA). The implication relationship between PEAs can be converted to an inclusion relationship between zero sets of PEAs; the PEAs are then transformed into first-order polynomial logic. Combined with the quantifier elimination method, based on cylindrical algebraic decomposition, the judgment of the inclusion relationship between zero sets of PEAs is transformed into judgment error parameters and specific error coefficient constraints, which can be obtained by the quantifier elimination method. The proposed reasoning method is validated by proving the related theorems. An example of intercepting target objects is provided, and the correctness of our method is tested through large-scale random cases. Compared with reasoning methods without error semantics, our reasoning method has the advantage of being able to deal with error parameters.

scholarly journals Design and Research of a Foul Detector for Long Jump Stepping on a Jump Line Based on the Wireless Sensor Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Liao Jiang ◽  
Hong Yan
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Judgment Error ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
System Data ◽  
Detection Instrument

In view of the problems of the judgment of the referee in international long jump competition, such as the omission and wrong judgment, a real-time, accurate, and effective detection instrument is designed. The sensor carried on the athlete is used as the detection element of the foul, which ensures the accuracy and timely information acquisition and effectively prevents the wrong judgment and the missed judgment. The system data is transmitted by the wireless sensor network, which is highly safe and reliable. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional artificial judgment results, the long jump crossover line foul detector based on the wireless sensor network can realize the accurate detection of the number of fouls. The judgment error is lower than the requirements of track and field rules for detection tools, which has great practical value and economic significance.

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