The Random Factor

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Mark R. Rank
Keyword(s):  
Random Factor

scholarly journals The state of Spanish /s/ variation in Concepción, Chile: Linguistic and social trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-153
Author(s):  
Brandon M. A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Central City ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
The State ◽  
Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Social Demographics

AbstractThe current study examines /s/ variation in the southern-central city of Concepción, Chile and its relation to a variety of linguistic and social factors. A proportional-odds mixed effects model, with the random factor of “speaker”, was used to treat the categorically coded data on a continuum of acoustical variation ([s] > [h] > ∅). The results presented show that contrary to the previous assertions, heavy sibilant reduction, especially elision, in Concepción, Chile is the rule, rather than the exception, to the extent that it is no longer a marker of certain social demographics as has been reported previously. Furthermore, based on the trends reported, it is likely that this has been the case for several decades. Finally, the overall observed trends are indicative that the rates of /s/ elision will continue to increase across social demographics and different phonetic and phonological contexts in Concepción, Chile.

The Influence of Training Phase on Error of Measurement in Jump Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristie-Lee Taylor ◽  
Will G. Hopkins ◽  
Dale W. Chapman ◽  
John B. Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Training Phase ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Mean Error ◽  
Overload Training ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Error Of Measurement

The purpose of this study was to calculate the coefficients of variation in jump performance for individual participants in multiple trials over time to determine the extent to which there are real differences in the error of measurement between participants. The effect of training phase on measurement error was also investigated. Six subjects participated in a resistance-training intervention for 12 wk with mean power from a countermovement jump measured 6 d/wk. Using a mixed-model meta-analysis, differences between subjects, within-subject changes between training phases, and the mean error values during different phases of training were examined. Small, substantial factor differences of 1.11 were observed between subjects; however, the finding was unclear based on the width of the confidence limits. The mean error was clearly higher during overload training than baseline training, by a factor of ×/÷ 1.3 (confidence limits 1.0–1.6). The random factor representing the interaction between subjects and training phases revealed further substantial differences of ×/÷ 1.2 (1.1–1.3), indicating that on average, the error of measurement in some subjects changes more than in others when overload training is introduced. The results from this study provide the first indication that within-subject variability in performance is substantially different between training phases and, possibly, different between individuals. The implications of these findings for monitoring individuals and estimating sample size are discussed.

O-196 The impact of providing couples with their IVF-prognosis on the expectations and anxiety of women and men

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Devroe ◽  
K Peeraer ◽  
T D’Hooghe ◽  
J Boivin ◽  
J Vriens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Linear Mixed Models ◽  
Gender Effect ◽  
Prognostic Models ◽  
Fresh Embryo Transfer ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Study question What is the impact of providing couples with their IVF-prognosis on expectations and anxiety in women and men on the day of embryo transfer? Summary answer Only couples with a less than average IVF-prognosis updated their high expectations and IVF-prognosis was negatively associated with anxiety, especially in women. What is known already Female IVF-patients are known to expect a pregnancy rate per IVF-cycle of no less than 49-55%. Qualitative interviews and a survey showed that well informed women expect unrealistically high pregnancy rates as they think that their (family’s) fertility and their clinic is better than average. Several prognostic models have recently been published. The adapted van Loendersloot model including clinical and laboratory characteristics proved performant for our clinic (AUC=0.74) and was validated internally (Devroe et al, BMJ Open, 2020). The impact of providing couples with their IVF-prognosis on expectations and wellbeing of female and male patients has yet to be studied. Study design, size, duration A prospective survey, questioning a final sample of 148 partnered individuals, completing their 2nd-6th IVF-cycle (2019-2020) in a University clinic, on the days of oocyte aspiration (OA) and fresh embryo transfer (ET). Thirty other partnered individuals declined participation (participation rate=85%) and 26 were excluded due to ET-cancellation. The IVF-prognosis (live birth rate, LBR, per completed IVF-cycle including fresh and frozen ETs from the same ovarian stimulation) was calculated with the adapted van Loendersloot model. Participants/materials, setting, methods Each partner reported their perception of their expected IVF-LBR on a visual analogue scale on the day OA. After being informed on their IVF-prognosis by gynaecologists, they re-rated their expected IVF-LBR and filled out the reliable ‘STAI-State-Anxiety Inventory’ on the day of fresh ET. Linear mixed models, taking account of partnering and assessing the association with gender, explored whether individuals updated their expected IVF-LBR after receiving their IVF-prognosis and whether IVF-prognosis and anxiety were associated. Main results and the role of chance The mean IVF-prognosis was 30.9% (±16.8). The 148 partnered individuals had a mean expected IVF-LBR of 59.1% (±20.0) on the day of OA (no gender effect; p = 0.079). After being informed on their IVF-prognosis (day of ET), women’s and men’s mean expected IVF-LBR was 50.9% (±24.5) and 58.1% (±22.1), respectively (gender effect; p = 0.002). Linear mixed models, including couple and time as random factors, did not show an effect of time on expected IVF-LBRs (p = 0.15). Although women were more likely than men to update their expected IVF-LBR (p = 0.002), the updates were not significantly different from the IVF-LBR expected on the day of OA (p = 0.10). Women were more anxious than men (41.5±10.6 and 21.9±7.2, respectively, p < 0.001) after being given their IVF-prognosis. Linear mixed models, including couple as a random factor, showed an association between IVF-prognosis and anxiety (p = 0.016), especially in women (gender effect; p = 0.004). Subgroup analysis showed that partnered individuals with lower than average prognoses (n = 78) did update their expected IVF-LBR (p = 0.036) while others (n = 70) did not update their expected IVF-LBR (p = 0.761). Among the subgroup with lower prognoses women were more likely to update their expected IVF-LBR than men (p = 0.013), while no gender effect was observed among the subgroup with higher IVF-prognoses (p = 0.078). Limitations, reasons for caution This is an explorative study in preparation of an adequately powered randomized controlled trial, testing whether couples who are informed on their IVF-prognosis update their expected IVF-LBR and whether this causes anxiety, as compared to care as usual in which couples are not informed on their IVF-prognosis. Wider implications of the findings Men and especially women with a less than average prognosis update their IVF-expectations after having received this prognosis which may trigger anxious reactions. These findings should be re-examined in an RCT. Following up the effect of sharing IVF-prognoses on longer-term distress and IVF-discontinuation would be interesting. Trial registration number not applicable

PSXI-14 Enteric methane and nitrogen emissions in cattle consuming tanniferous and non-tanniferous legumes, grass or a ration

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 347-348
Author(s):  
Juan J Villalba ◽  
Jennifer MacAdam ◽  
Raul Guevara
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Grass Meadow ◽  
Angus Heifers ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Abstract Incorporation of legumes into forage systems has been a widely adopted strategy to increase pasture productivity and forage nutritive value, while reducing N inputs. In addition, some legumes contain beneficial chemicals like condensed tannins (CT), which could enhance the efficiency of energy and protein use in ruminants relative to other forages. We assessed (i) animal performance, (ii) methane emissions (SF6 technique), and (iii) concentration of nitrogen in urine and blood in cattle grazing a CT-containing legume (birdsfoot trefoil; BFT), a legume without tannins (cicer milkvetch; CMV), a grass (meadow brome; MB), or in cattle fed a total mixed ration (TMR). Fifteen Angus heifers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment pastures: (1) BFT, (2) CMV, and (3) MB. Each treatment had 5 spatial replications, randomly divided into three paddocks (64 × 57m), seeded with BFT, CMV or MB, and one heifer was assigned to each paddock. Five Angus heifers were randomly assigned to individual adjacent pens and received a TMR ration (25% of alfalfa hay, 25% corn silage and 50% chopped barley) during the same period. Response variables were analyzed as a split-plot design, with experimental units as the random factor and treatment as a fixed factor with day as the repeated measure. Cows grazing BFT (1.9% condensed tannins) or fed the TMR showed greater weight gains than cows grazing CMV or MB (P = 0.0006). Methane emissions did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05; Table 1). Blood urea nitrogen concentrations were similar in cows grazing BFT or CMV (P = 0.1202), but greater than in animals grazing MB or fed TMR (P < .0001). Urinary nitrogen concentrations were similar among treatments (P = 0.5266). These results suggest grazing tanniferous legumes enhanced BW gains with similar methane and urinary nitrogen emissions to grass and confinement alternatives and greater levels of production than grass or CMV.

scholarly journals PSV-19 Effect of yeast bioactive compounds on the reproductive performance of sows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 198-198
Author(s):  
Ricardo M Garcia ◽  
Rhuan Chaves ◽  
Gabriel Arruda ◽  
Maíra Resende ◽  
Jéssica Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Body Change

Abstract Prebiotics has been used in sow diets as an alternative to minimize the impacts of hyperprolificity, such as variability coefficient and poor litter performance. However, the additive inclusion is generally high and costly. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of the low inclusion of yeast bioactive compounds (YBC), in gestation and lactation diets, on sows reproductive performance. Five hundred sows were assigned in two treatments in a block design considering parity as a random factor, using each sow as an experimental unit with for gestation (n = 500) and lactation period (n = 80). The treatments were control diet (CON) and diet with 0.036% of YBC inclusion (YBC). Back fat thickness was measured at 30 and 70 days of gestation, at farrowing day, at 14 days of lactation and weaning day. Sows were weighted at the farrowing barn entry day and at weaning. The corporal mobilization was accessed following the equation: Body change = Weight at weaning - [Weight at lactation entry - (Litter weight at birth + Placenta weight)]. After cross-fostering and at weaning the litters were weighed to calculate the daily weight gain. Differences were considered significant when p ≤ 0.05 and tendencies were considered when p > 0.05 and p < 0.10. No difference was found regarding the reproductive performance (total born, born alive, mummified and stillborns) (P > 0.05). YBC tended to have greater litter final weight than CON group, 59.08 kg versus 56.70 kg (P = 0.057). Backfat thickness tended to be lower (5.20%) in YBC (16.03 mm) than CON group (16.91 mm) during gestation period (P = 0.075). However, at weaning day no difference for backfat thickness was found between treatments (P > 0.05). YBC had lower loss weight during lactation than CON group, 0.0 kg versus 4.99 kg, respectively (P = 0.011). Low inclusion of YBC enhances litter performance and improves body condition of lactating sows.

scholarly journals Mathematical modelling of waste activated sludge thermal disintegration

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 00027
Author(s):  
Sylwia Myszograj ◽  
Magdalena Wojciech
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Waste Activated Sludge ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Factor Measurement ◽  
The Impact

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) solubilisation was used to evaluate the impact of thermal pretreatment on the transfer of sewage sludge from particulate to soluble phase. It was gathering the experimental data needed for building of empirical mathematical model describing the relation between applied temperature and time and rate of COD solubilisation and degradation. In view of repeated measurements, in order to describe the relationship between changes in the fraction of dissolved COD and the time and temperature, mixed models have been adopted where by fixed factor measurement conditions have been adopted: time and temperature, while the random factor changes the characteristics of waste activated sludge. Linear and logistic nonlinear mixed models were analyzed. The tests demonstrated that all variables are statistically significant in assessing their impact on the efficiency of liquefaction of sludge. On the basis of the estimated model, the temperature rise of 10°C increases degree of disintegration 1.7% above the average treatment time for 0.5h, by 2.6% for 1 hour, and by 3.9% for 2h. COD values decrease between 3 to 23% at temperatures in the range of 55 to 115°C. At higher temperatures COD was reduced in the range of 32 to 44%. Disintegration time did not have the significant impact on the degradation effect.

Solving Task of Multi-Intelligence Agents on Energy Model with Spline Finite Strip Method in Cold Forming

2013 ◽  
Vol 401-403 ◽  
pp. 882-885
Author(s):  
Jun Cai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Work ◽  
Energy Model ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Cold Forming ◽  
Dynamic Task ◽  
Finite Strip ◽  
Strip Method ◽  
Finite Strip Method ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Spline Finite Strip

Spline finite strip method is the basic theory to analyze the cold-bending formation. Based on principle of virtual work by spline finite strip method, energy model of strip element was established. The qualitative forming factors which are difficult to quantify, and the constraint conditions to form model were given into information description. Combing with specialist experience, solving task system of multi-Agent was established. By amending the Agent of knowledge containers and social relationships, every random factor influencing on forming quality effected objectively in the multi-Agent systems based on the changing environment. Then, the formation of dynamic task is solved. This work can provide theoretical guidance for complex design of steel in roll pass.

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