Peculiarities of Inheriting Coat Colour Shades in the Breed “Golden Retriever”

The Article describes the peculiarities of colour shades in the Golden Retriever breed. The separate attention was given to nowadays existence of different standards of coat colour in this breed across the world, and these standards admit a broad variety of different shades in golden colour. Herewith it has been established that the white pigmentation colour of golden retrievers is unallowable in any of “Kennel Club” standards valid for today. The special focus was put to the genotype of breed, which presupposes the existence of double recessive gene (e/e) that predetermines creamy shade of coat colour. It was discovered that exactly the gene MC1R, its autosomal-recessive inheritance, plays the leading role in defining the coat colour of dogs and in the exterior of the breed. It was assumed how and why this genotype is widespread in population, at which extent sub-populations are distinguished (American and English-European ones), and also there was the option offered related to breeding the pure line on the basis of knowledge about karyotype of dogs, that were obtained in a course of predicative screening of E-locus.

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Muted, a new mutant affecting coat colour and otoliths of the mouse, and its position in linkage group XIV

Genetics Research ◽

10.1017/s0016672300002007 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 163-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Mary F. Lyon ◽

R. Meredith

Keyword(s):

Linkage Group ◽

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Recessive Gene ◽

Coat Colour ◽

Group Xiv ◽

Eye Colour ◽

Autosomal Recessive Gene

The autosomal recessive gene muted, mu, which arose spontaneously, dilutes coat and eye colour and causes absence of otoliths in some but not all homozygotes. Its locus is in linkage group XIV of the mouse, and the order of loci was shown to be bg–Xt–sa–mu–f–pe.

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Congenital dilatation of the large and segmental intrahepatic bile ducts (Caroli's disease) in two Golden retriever littermates : clinical communication

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v77i4.379 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

R.D. Last ◽

J.M. Hill ◽

M. Roach ◽

T. Kaldenberg

Keyword(s):

Bile Ducts ◽

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance ◽

Golden Retriever ◽

Portal Fibrosis ◽

Clinical Communication ◽

Caroli's Disease ◽

Caroli’S Disease ◽

Intrahepatic Bile Ducts ◽

Collecting Ducts

Two, sibling, male Golden retriever puppies, 13 weeks of age, were presented with congenital biliary cysts of the liver involving both hepatic and segmental bile ducts, as well as bilateral polycystic kidney disease. Ultrasonography of the livers of both pups demonstrated segmental cystic lesions that were contiguous with the bile ducts. Histopathology revealed cystic ectatic bile duct hyperplasia and dysplasia with variable portal fibrosis in the liver, while in the kidneys there were radially arranged, cylindrically dilated cysts of the collecting ducts, which extended through the medulla and cortex. This pathology was compatible with that of congenital dilatation of the large and segmental bile ducts (Caroli's disease) described in humans, dogs and rats. In humans Caroli's disease has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, while in rats activation of the MEK5/ERK cascade initiates the biliary dysgenesis of Caroli's disease in this species. However, the exact mode of inheritance and pathogenesis of Caroli's disease in dogs is as yet unknown. Previous reports on congenital hepatic cystic diseases of the dog have described Caroli's disease like lesions in various breeds, but these are believed to be the 1st reported cases in the Golden retriever breed.

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Autosomal recessive inheritance of airway hyperreactivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1989.67.3.1125 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 1125-1132 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

R. C. Levitt ◽

W. Mitzner

Keyword(s):

Airway Hyperresponsiveness ◽

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Present Report ◽

Recessive Gene ◽

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance ◽

Inbred Strains ◽

Airway Hyperreactivity ◽

Recessive Trait ◽

Inbred Strains Of Mice ◽

Airway Response

We have previously reported that airway hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine (ACh) is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in A/J and C3H/HeJ mice and the progeny of crosses between them (FASEB J. 2: 2605–2608, 1988). In the present report, we have extended these studies by evaluating the biological variability in the airway response to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and ACh among multiple genetically standardized inbred strains of mice. The pattern of airway responsiveness to ACh differed significantly from that of 5-HT in nine inbred strains of mice. A/J mice showed nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness to both 5-HT and ACh. DBA/2J mice were hyperresponsive to 5-HT but not to ACh. An airway phenotype that resembled these inbred strains is termed HYPERREACTIVE. The C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J inbred strains were minimally reactive to either ACh or 5-HT. Airway phenotypes that resembled these minimally reactive strains are termed HYPOREACTIVE. The frequency of HYPERRACTIVE and HYPOREACTIVE offspring from crosses between A/J and C3H/HeJ mice or DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice is consistent with a single autosomal recessive gene, primarily determining airway hyperresponsiveness to 5-HT. We report linkage studies which suggest that these genes are not closely linked and that 5-HT and ACh airway hyperresponsiveness is inherited independently. The results of these studies suggest that murine nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness is determined by multiple genes.

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Pelizaeus Merzbacher phenotype with epilepsy and autosomal recessive inheritance in two siblings

Neuropediatrics ◽

10.1055/s-2006-953589 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 37 (03) ◽

Author(s):

U Gaiser ◽

J Neuberger ◽

E Regel ◽

R Emmert ◽

M Ries

Keyword(s):

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance ◽

Recessive Inheritance

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TYPICAL CASES OF ISOLATED GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY WITH AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0630618 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 618-624 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Y. Kumahara ◽

Y. Okada ◽

K. Miyai ◽

H. Iwatsubo

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Growth Hormone Deficiency ◽

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance ◽

Adult Subject ◽

Hormone Deficiency ◽

Recessive Inheritance ◽

Arginine Infusion ◽

Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency ◽

Male Dwarf

ABSTRACT A 25-year-old male dwarf and his sister, a 31-year-old woman were investigated. Their respective heights were 114 and 97 cm with proportional statures. Their bone ages were that found in the adult subject. Thyroid functions and metyrapone test were normal and the total urinary gonadotrophin was determined in both cases. HGH secretion was not stimulated by insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, arginine infusion or exercise. Their parents and six other siblings were normal in height. The two patients were therefore assumed to be suffering from an isolated growth hormone deficiency with autosomal recessive inheritance.

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Clinical and immunological effects of mRNA vaccines in malignant diseases

Molecular Cancer ◽

10.1186/s12943-021-01339-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Annkristin Heine ◽

Stefan Juranek ◽

Peter Brossart

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Immune Escape ◽

Special Focus ◽

Potential Efficacy ◽

Protective Antibodies ◽

Technological Developments ◽

Broad Variety ◽

Antigen Loss

AbstractIn vitro-transcribed messenger RNA-based therapeutics represent a relatively novel and highly efficient class of drugs. Several recently published studies emphasize the potential efficacy of mRNA vaccines in treating different types of malignant and infectious diseases where conventional vaccine strategies and platforms fail to elicit protective immune responses. mRNA vaccines have lately raised high interest as potent vaccines against SARS-CoV2. Direct application of mRNA or its electroporation into dendritic cells was shown to induce polyclonal CD4+ and CD8+ mediated antigen-specific T cell responses as well as the production of protective antibodies with the ability to eliminate transformed or infected cells. More importantly, the vaccine composition may include two or more mRNAs coding for different proteins or long peptides. This enables the induction of polyclonal immune responses against a broad variety of epitopes within the encoded antigens that are presented on various MHC complexes, thus avoiding the restriction to a certain HLA molecule or possible immune escape due to antigen-loss. The development and design of mRNA therapies was recently boosted by several critical innovations including the development of technologies for the production and delivery of high quality and stable mRNA. Several technical obstacles such as stability, delivery and immunogenicity were addressed in the past and gradually solved in the recent years.This review will summarize the most recent technological developments and application of mRNA vaccines in clinical trials and discusses the results, challenges and future directions with a special focus on the induced innate and adaptive immune responses.

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Curly-whiskers and its linkage with tail-kinks in linkage group II of the mouse

Genetics Research ◽

10.1017/s0016672300009952 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 111-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

D. S. Falconer ◽

J. H. Isaacson

Keyword(s):

Linkage Group ◽

Inbred Strain ◽

Recessive Gene ◽

Coat Colour ◽

Group Ii ◽

Research Institute

Curly-whiskers (cw) is a recessive gene which was found in 1958 by Mr C. J. W. Smith of the Chester Beatty Research Institute, London. It arose in a subline of the CBA/Cbi inbred strain. The first mutant animals were one male and one female in a litter of five. The two mutants were mated together and a sib-mated subline was continued from them in which 500 mice were bred, all of which were curly-whiskered. This established the mutant to be fully penetrant. Curly-whiskers resembles the hair-waving genes in causing waving of the vibrissae, but it has no obvious waving effect on the hairs of the coat. The coat texture is, however, slightly abnormal and Mr Smith noted also that on the CBA background there was an appreciable darkening of the coat colour. Homozygotes (cw/cw) are easily classifiable soon after birth by the curled vibrissae. Heterozygotes (+/cw) often have slightly curled vibrissae, and the gene is therefore not fully recessive; but the distinction between +/cw and +/+ could not be relied on, and in the linkage tests cw was treated as a recessive gene.

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