scholarly journals Basic morphometric parameters of the biostatic donkey body model

2022 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milivoje Urošević ◽  
Darko Drobnjak ◽  
Radomir Mandić ◽  
Ružica Trailović ◽  
Goran Stanišić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Response ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Kinematic Effect ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Equus Asinus ◽  
Body Construction ◽  
Pelvic Muscles ◽  
Muscle Groups

The domestic donkey (Equus asinus) has a very specific body construction. It is built in such a way that the mutual relationship of individual body regions enables great work endurance. The fact that this breed of domestic animal originates from wild ancestors, originated and developed in Africa, clearly shows that the breed developed in harsh climatic and ecological conditions that conditioned the appropriate biological response. The biostatic model causes the biodynamic effect, i.e., the production of biokinetic energy. Movement forwards occurs as a consequence of the creation of biokinetic energy and its transfer from the back part of the body, where it originates, to the front part of the body. The most efficient transfer of biokinetic energy is enabled by the existence of an appropriate biostatic model, i.e., body structure, and this leads to a biodynamic effect that is defined as a movement. For the process of movement, the muscles must be well developed. Two muscle groups are distinguished; a) pelvic muscles, b) external hip and croup joint muscles. The basic lever for the transfer of biokinetic energy is the femur. The generated energy is transferred from the hip joint to the thigh muscles, which shortening leads to the movement of the hind leg forward, its leaning against the ground and pushing the whole body forward. The generated biokinetic energy cause the bio kinematic effect, which is characterized as a movement.

Behavioural and Mechanosensory Neurone Responses to Skin Stimulation in Leeches

1982 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-160
Author(s):  
WILLIAM B. KRISTAN ◽  
STEPHEN J. McGIRR ◽  
GREGORY V. SIMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Voltage Range ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Macrobdella Decora ◽  
Electrical Stimuli ◽  
P Cells

1. Behavioural responses to electrical stimulation of mechanosensory neurones were characterized in two species of leeches, Hirudo medicinalis and Macrobdella decora. 2. Depending upon the site and intensity of stimulation, the stimuli elicited one or a combination of five different responses: local bending, curling, shortening, whole-body bending or swimming. 3. The electrical threshold for activating identified mechanosensory neurones, T (touch) cells and P (pressure) cells, was the same in all regions of the body. 4. The voltage range over which the electrical stimuli produced progressively more mechanosensory impulses was the same as the range that produced different behavioural responses. 5. These results suggest that the T and P mechanosensory neurones provide the entire sensory input for all the behavioural responses. The production of different behavioural responses to stimuli of different intensities at the same location are attributable to different firing rates of the same sensory cells, and different responses to the same stimulus at different locations suggest different interneuronal targets for the T and P cells in different body regions.

scholarly journals Interleukin-6 induces spatially dependent whole-body hypersensitivity in rats: implications for extracephalic hypersensitivity in migraine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Avona ◽  
Theodore J Price ◽  
Gregory Dussor
Keyword(s):  
Intrathecal Injection ◽  
Typical Feature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intraplantar Injection ◽  
Head Pain ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Cutaneous Hypersensitivity ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Background: Migraine is a complex neurological disorder that is characterized by throbbing head pain, increased sensitivity to light, sound, and touch, as well as nausea and fatigue. It is one of the most common and most disabling disorders globally but mechanisms causing migraine are poorly understood. While head pain is a typical feature of attacks, they also often present with cutaneous hypersensitivity in the rest of the body. In contrast, pain conditions in the lower parts of the body do not generally lead to cutaneous hypersensitivity in the head. Previous studies indicate that application of stimuli to the meninges of rodents causes cutaneous facial as well as hindpaw hypersensitivity. In the present study, we asked whether widespread hypersensitivity is a unique feature of dural stimulation or whether body-wide responses occur similarly when the same stimulus is given in other locations.Methods: Rats were given the same dose of IL-6 either via dural, intraplantar, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracisternal, or intrathecal injection. Cutaneous facial and hindpaw allodynia was assessed using Von Frey following injection into each location. Results: Hindpaw allodynia was observed following dural and intraplantar injection of IL-6 in both males and females. Hindpaw allodynia was only observed in females following intracisternal and intrathecal IL-6 injections. In contrast, facial allodynia was only observed in either sex following dural and intracisternal injections, which would activate meningeal afferents and the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC), respectively. Conclusions : Here we show that while stimulation of upper body regions with IL-6 including the meninges and brainstem can cause widespread hypersensitivity spreading to the paws, similar stimulation of the lower body does not cause the spread of hypersensitivity into the head. These data are consistent with the observations that whole body hypersensitivity is specific to conditions such as migraine where pain is present in the head and they may provide insight into co-morbid pain states associated with migraine.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Appendicular Muscles During the Fin-to-Limb Transition: Possible Insights Through Studies of Soft Tissues, a Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohan Mansuit ◽  
Anthony Herrel
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Pelvic Muscles ◽  
Locomotor Muscles ◽  
Forelimb Muscles ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Muscular Architecture

The evolution of the appendages during the fin-to-limb transition has been extensively studied, yet the majority of studies focused on the skeleton and the fossil record. Whereas the evolution of the anatomy of the appendicular musculature has been studied, the changes in the muscular architecture during the fin-to-limb transition remain largely unstudied, yet may provide important new insights. The fin-to-limb transition is associated with the appearance of a new mode of locomotion and the associated shift from pectoral to pelvic dominance. Here, we propose ways to investigate this question and review data on muscle mass and muscle architecture of the pectoral and pelvic muscles in extant vertebrates. We explore whether changes in appendage type are associated with changes in the muscular architecture and the relative investment in different muscle groups. These preliminary data show a general increase in the muscle mass of the appendages relative to the body mass during the fin-to-limb transition. The locomotor shift suggested to occur during the fin-to-limb transition appears supported by our preliminary data since in “fish” the pectoral fins are heavier than the pelvic fins, whereas in tetrapods, the forelimb muscles are less developed than the hind limb muscles. Finally, a shift in the investment in different muscle groups with an increase of the contribution of the superficial groups in tetrapods compared to “fish” appears to take place. Our study highlights the potential of investigating quantitative features of the locomotor muscles, yet also demonstrates the lack of quantitative data allowing to test these ideas.

Changes in Myoglobin Content of the High Altitude Acclimatized Rat

1956 ◽  
Vol 185 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton E. Vaughan ◽  
Nello Pace
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Altitude Exposure ◽  
Cell Plasma ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Cellular Oxidation ◽  
Total Body

A method is described for the assay of myoglobin in all myoglobin containing tissues of the rat, in particular the heart and diaphragm. Total body myoglobin increased 70% above sea level values, both in animals taken from sea level to 12,500 feet and in animals born and reared at 12,500 feet. In comparison with the muscle hemoglobin concentration increase of 50%, the blood hemoglobin concentration increased only 25% above sea level values. Whole body content of myoglobin was determined directly, and this amounted to 17.3 mg/100 gm of body weight, or to 42.3 mg/100 gm of wet muscle. Partition of the body myoglobin among seven muscle groups was ascertained. Heart, diaphragm and the two masseters contain only about 10% of the total myoglobin. Evaluation was made of the factors that have been suggested to explain the disparity in the originally reported myoglobin increases at high altitude of Hurtado et al. and more recent work. It is clear that failure to obtain the increase in the rat is attributable to the use of intermittent rather than continuous high altitude exposure. Evidence for full acclimatization in the animals here used was adduced. The suggestion is made that myoglobin maintains an optimal oxygen gradient between the cell plasma membrane and the mitochondria, and in so doing is involved in dynamic relation to cellular oxidation.

scholarly journals Synthesis of radioactively labelled CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots for in vivo experiments

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2383-2387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon M Stachowski ◽  
Christoph Bauer ◽  
Christian Waurisch ◽  
Denise Bargheer ◽  
Peter Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Colloidal Solutions

During the last decades of nanoparticles research, many nanomaterials have been developed for applications in the field of bio-labelling. For the visualization of transport processes in the body, organs and cells, luminescent quantum dots (QDs) make for highly useful diagnostic tools. However, intercellular routes, bio-distribution, metabolism during degradation or quantification of the excretion of nanoparticles, and the study of the biological response to the QDs themselves are areas which to date have not been fully investigated. In order to aid in addressing those issues, CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs were radioactively labelled, which allows quantification of the QD concentration in the whole body or in ex vivo samples by γ-counting. However, the synthesis of radioactively labelled QDs is not trivial since the coating process must be completely adapted, and material availability, security and avoidance of radioactive waste must be considered. In this contribution, the coating of CdSe/CdS QDs with a radioactive 65ZnS shell using a modified, operator-safe, SILAR procedure is presented. Under UV illumination, no difference in the photoluminescence of the radioactive and non-radioactive CdSe/CdS/ZnS colloidal solutions was observed. Furthermore, a down-scaled synthesis for the production of very small batches of 5 nmol QDs without loss in the fluorescence quality was developed. Subsequently, the radio-labelled QDs were phase transferred by encapsulation into an amphiphilic polymer. γ-counting of the radioactivity provided confirmation of the successful labelling and phase transfer of the QDs.

Izokinetički trening

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Dragana Golik-Perić
Keyword(s):  
Body Movement ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Locomotor Apparatus ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Full Capacity ◽  
Muscle Groups

Human body movement is a complex process which depends on many factors. Insufficient power or disturbed balance of power between muscle groups which move certain parts of the body causing shortness of movement, overload of articular cartilage and ligaments, arthritis, joint pain and immobility, and often of the whole body. Isokinetic functional testing on the isokinetic dynamometer is the most objective method for detailed diagnostics of muscles and joints, as it provides a detailed insight into the state of the locomotor apparatus of each person. The research that was carried out was aimed to determine the effects of four weeks of isokinetic training on morphological characteristics and isokinetic capabilities. The training program on the isokinetic apparatus consisted of maximum intensity exercise, the resistance of which is gradually increased, at different angular velocities, from the first to the fourth week. Training on the isokinetic apparatus enables targeted, faster, better and more efficiently increase of force of deficient upper knee musculature muscle groups. Muscle is dynamically activated to its full capacity, constantly, during the entire range of motion and no load of associated joints, so the work on the knee joint mobility is higher.

scholarly journals International Overview of Somatic Dysfunction Assessment and Treatment in Osteopathic Research: A Scoping Review

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Marco Tramontano ◽  
Federica Tamburella ◽  
Fulvio Dal Farra ◽  
Andrea Bergna ◽  
Christian Lunghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Qualitative Synthesis ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Scoping Reviews

Background: Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is a patient-centred, whole-body intervention aimed at enhance the person’s self-regulation. OMT interventions are focused on somatic dysfunctions (SD) that can be defined as an altered regulative function associated with inflammatory signs palpable in the body framework in different body regions. The conceptual model that sustains SD, as well as its usefulness for the osteopathic profession, is still being discussed by the osteopathic community. Understanding the role and the application of SD is the aim of this scoping review. Methods: A literature search was carried out through the main biomedical databases: Pubmed (Medline), Cochrane, Central (Cochrane), Embase, PEDro and Scopus. Grey literature was considered via Google Scholar and the Osteopathic Research Web. The review was prepared by referring to the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews” (PRISMA-ScR). Results: A total of 37,279 records were identified through database searching and other sources. After the duplicates were removed, 27,023 titles and abstracts were screened. A total of 1495 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. The qualitative synthesis included 280 studies. Conclusions: Treating SD is an important part of osteopathic practice that varies from country to country. SD should be considered as a clinical value that assists in the clinical assessment and guides the decision-making process of osteopathic practitioners. Further studies should be designed to better understand why and how to choose the different assessment and intervention modalities to approach SD and to evaluate new osteopathic models.

scholarly journals Interleukin-6 induces spatially dependent whole-body hypersensitivity in rats: implications for extracephalic hypersensitivity in migraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Avona ◽  
Theodore J Price ◽  
Gregory Dussor
Keyword(s):  
Intrathecal Injection ◽  
Typical Feature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intraplantar Injection ◽  
Head Pain ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Cutaneous Hypersensitivity ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Background Migraine is a complex neurological disorder that is characterized by throbbing head pain, increased sensitivity to light, sound, and touch, as well as nausea and fatigue. It is one of the most common and most disabling disorders globally but mechanisms causing migraine are poorly understood. While head pain is a typical feature of attacks, they also often present with cutaneous hypersensitivity in the rest of the body. In contrast, primary pain conditions in the lower parts of the body are less commonly associated with cephalic hypersensitivity. Previous studies indicate that application of stimuli to the meninges of rodents causes cutaneous facial as well as hindpaw hypersensitivity. In the present study, we asked whether widespread hypersensitivity is a unique feature of dural stimulation or whether body-wide responses occur similarly when the same stimulus is given in other locations. Methods Rats were given the same dose of IL-6 either via dural, intraplantar, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracisternal, or intrathecal injection. Cutaneous facial and hindpaw allodynia was assessed using Von Frey following injection into each location. Results Hindpaw allodynia was observed following dural and intraplantar injection of IL-6 in both males and females. Hindpaw allodynia was only observed in females following intracisternal and intrathecal IL-6 injections. In contrast, facial allodynia was only observed in either sex following dural and intracisternal injections, which would activate meningeal afferents and the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC), respectively. Conclusions Here we show that while stimulation of upper body regions with IL-6 including the meninges and brainstem can cause widespread hypersensitivity spreading to the paws, similar stimulation of the lower body does not cause the spread of hypersensitivity into the head. These data are consistent with the observations that whole body hypersensitivity is specific to conditions such as migraine where pain is present in the head and they may provide insight into co-morbid pain states associated with migraine.

A Simple and Inexpensive Clinical Whole Body Counter

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
A. K. Basu ◽  
S. K. Guha ◽  
B. N. Tandon ◽  
M. M. Gupta ◽  
M. ML. Rehani
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Body Counter ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Whole Body Counter ◽  
Single Detector ◽  
Background Index ◽  
Iodide Crystal

SummaryThe conventional radioisotope scanner has been used as a whole body counter. The background index of the system is 10.9 counts per minute per ml of sodium iodide crystal. The sensitivity and derived sensitivity parameters have been evaluated and found to be suitable for clinical studies. The optimum parameters for a single detector at two positions above the lying subject have been obtained. It has been found that for the case of 131I measurement it is possible to assay a source located at any point in the body with coefficient of variation less than 5%. To add to the versatility, a fixed geometry for in-vitro counting of large samples has been obtained. The retention values obtained by the whole body counter have been found to correlate with those obtained by in-vitro assay of urine and stool after intravenous administration of 51Cr-albumin.

Radioimmunszintigraphie mit SPECT: Methodik, Probleme und klinische Erfahrungen

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (05) ◽  
pp. 202-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fass ◽  
S. Truong ◽  
U. Büll ◽  
V. Schumpelick ◽  
R. Bares
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Blood Clearance ◽  
Planar Scintigraphy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Carcinomas ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Body Retention ◽  
Klinische Erfahrungen

Radioimmunoscintigraphy (RIS) with 111ln- and 131 I-labelled monoclonal anti bodies (MAbs) against CEA and/or CA 19-9 was performed in 83 patients with various gastrointestinal carcinomas. A total of 276 body regions could be examined. The results of planar scintigraphy and SPECT were compared intraindividually. Using 111 In-labelled MAbs the sensitivity of RIS was significantly improved by SPECT (88.9 vs. 52.4% with planar scintigraphy, p <0.01). For131 l-labelled MAbs the effect was smaller (83.9 vs. 65.6% with planar scintigraphy, n.s.). This finding can be explained by different kinetics and biodistribution of the used MAb preparations.111 In-labelled MAbs with long whole-body retention and rapid blood clearance reveal ideal qualities for SPECT; on the other hand, the short whole-body retention of131 l-labelled MAbs leads to small count rates and therefore long counting times that make delayed SPECT unsuitable in clinical practice

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document