scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF FREIGHT WAGON PARAMETERS ACCORDING TO THE SPECIFIED CRITERIA OF THE TRAIN BRAKING EFFICIENCY (four-axle gondola cars, covered cars, platforms, dump cars)

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Safronov ◽  
◽  
Yurii Vodiannikov ◽  
Olena Makeieva
Keyword(s):  
Axial Load ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Freight Train ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Brake Pads ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Braking Distance

The lack of normative values of the actual coefficients in the new rules of HOST 34434-2018 do not allow to implement and determine the optimal characte-ristics of the brake according to pre-accepted conditions of braking efficiency (braking distance), which causes uncertainty in solving this problem. The uncertainty is that the choice of characteristics of the braking system of the freight wagon has to be done by searching a large number of options. In this regard, the paper provides tools for determining the actual pressing force of the brake pads on the wheels, which complies with the specified braking performance of the freight train. As a tool, universal formulas are used in the form of a power relationship between the actual force of the brake pads and the braking distance of the freight train. The coefficients of universal formulas are obtained on the basis of computer modeling. Numerous examples show that the error in the use of universal formulas in calculation studies does not exceed 1% compared with the calculation method according to HOST 34434-2018. The values of the actual coefficients depending on the axial load of the wagon and the speed at which the braking distances of the freight train satisfy the normative minimum allowable values are given. It is shown that calculation studies performed according to the universal formulas in the EXCEL environment allows to fully automating the computational process. A method for determining the gear ratio of the brake lever of a freight wagon, according to which the specified braking efficiency is performed, is proposed. The proposed procedure allows you to perform a variety of studies to select the optimal parameters of the braking system of freight wagons that meet the specified requirements of braking efficiency, and greatly facilitates the calculation studies. Key words: аctual coefficient, braking distance, speed, axial load, power dependence, coefficients, gear ratio.

EVALUATION OF THE HOMOGENEITY OF THE WORKING SURFACE OF CAST IRON BRAKE DISCS

Tribologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 276 (6) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Grzegorz KINAL ◽  
Marta PACZKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Corrosive Wear ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Brake Disc ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Brake Pads ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Brake Discs ◽  
The One ◽  
Friction Surfaces

This article deals with the one of the most important elements of modern braking systems, which is a brake disc. A brake disc is the one of more stressed parts of the braking system, and its quality and design largely determine the braking performance of the vehicle. The article describes the technology of manufacturing disc brake pads that is important from the point of view of the wear processes occurring between two friction surfaces: the brake disc and the brake pad lining. The research of the cast iron ventilated brake disc surface measured the values of the selected roughness parameters at this site. In the context of measurements, it was also determined to be able to maintain a certain value of selected geometric parameters at a given location for the group of brake discs tested of a specific type and manufactured by a particular manufacturer. The work was carried out in the aspect of the research to create a surface layer to protect the brake discs from the effects of corrosive wear.

Optimization of Design of Railway Disc Brake Pads

1996 ◽  
Vol 210 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Benseddiq ◽  
D Weichert ◽  
J Seidermann ◽  
M Minet
Keyword(s):  
Element Model ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Disc Brake ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Bearing Surface ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Brake Pads ◽  
Disc Brakes ◽  
Dimensional Finite Element

High temperatures are one of the main problems encountered in disc brakes, contributing to rapid wear and poor braking performance. In this paper, a two-dimensional finite element model using a thermomechanical algorithm is used to predict the evolution of the bearing surface and temperature distribution at the interface between the disc and pad. After determination of the temperature of a conventional brake configuration, the behaviour of several modified friction pad designs is simulated numerically in order to improve contact and so to achieve lower surface temperatures.

scholarly journals Studi Eksperimental Performa Kampas Rem Serbuk Tebu dengan Menggunakan Motor Satria Fu 150

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-170
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sabri ◽  
Nofiqbal Annisa
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Fiber Material ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Brake Pads ◽  
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Braking Distance ◽  
Brake Lining

Kampas rem adalah suatu komponen rem yang paling penting dalam kinerja pengereman, kampas rem adalah suatu material komposit yang tersusun dari beberapa bahan penyusun dan pengikat. Kampas rem ada dua jenis yaitu Abestos yaitu 40 s/d 60%, resin 12% s/d 15%, BaSO4 14% s/d 15%, sisanya karet ban bekas, tembaga sisa kerajinan dan frictdust.dan kampas rem non asbestos yang terbuat dari aramyd atau Kevlar, rockwool, fiberglass, potasiumtitanate, carbonfiber, graphite, cellulose, vemiculate, steelfiber, BaSO4, resin phenolic, nitrile butadiene rubber. Pada penelitian ini peneliti membuat kampas rem non asbestos dari material serat tebu dengan variasi kompoisi 20% serat tebu, 15% MgO, 15% Al dan 25% resin epoxy 25% hardener.25% serat tebu, 15% MgO, 10% Al dan 25% resin epoxy 25% hardener.30% serat tebu, 15% MgO, 5% Al dan 25% resin epoxy 25% hardener. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan performa kampas rem menyerupai performa kampas rem non asbestos yang ada dipasaran seperti federal. Pengujian performa kampas rem yang diteliti berupa jarak pengereman, waktu pengereman, koefisien gesek kampas rem dengan disk break, dan pertambahan panas yang dihasilkan karena gesekan yang terjadi. Performa yang mendekati performa kampas rem merek federal dengan nilai jarak pengereman 17.28 m, waktu pengereman 1.94 s, panas yang dihasilkan 46.66667oC, dan koefisien gesek 0.812 pada kecepatan 60km/h dengan gaya tekan pedal rem sebesar 30N, dari standar performa jarak yang mendekati adalah komposisi C 17.45 m, Waktu pengereman komposisi C 1.98s. koefisien gesek komposisi C 0.804, dan panas komposisi C 48.6667oC. Brake lining is the most important brake component in braking performance. Brake lining is a composite material consists of several constituent materials and binders. There are two types of brake pads, namely Abestos 40% to 60%, resin 12% to 15%, BaSO4 14% to 15%, the rest are rubber tires, remaining copper craft and frictdust. While non asbestos brake shoes are made from aramyd or Kevlar, rockwool, fiberglass, potasiumtitanate, carbonfiber, graphite, cellulose, vemiculate, steelfiber, BaSO4, resin phenolic, and nitrile butadiene rubber. In this study, the researchers created non asbestos brake shoes from sugar cane fiber material with variation composition i.e. 20% sugar cane fiber, 15% MgO, 15% Al and 25% epoxy resin 25% hardener; 25% sugarcane fiber, 15% MgO, 10% Al and 25% epoxy resin 25% hardener; and 30% sugarcane fiber, 15% MgO, 5% Al and 25% epoxy resin 25% hardener. The purpose of this study is to obtain brake lining performance which resembling the performance of non-asbestos brake linings available in market such as federal brand. Brake lining performance were examined by testing the braking distance, braking time, brake pad friction coefficient with disk break, and the heat generated due to friction occurred. Performance which approaches the performance of federal brand brake shoes with a braking distance value of 17.28 m, braking time of 1.94 s, the heat generated was 46.66667 0C, and friction coefficient of 0.812 at a speed of 60 km/h with a brake pedal press force of 30 N, from similar standard performance distance was composition C 17.45 m, braking time composition C 1.98 s, friction coefficient composition C 0.804, and heat composition C 48.6667 0C.

scholarly journals Optimization of Vehicle Braking Distance Using a Fuzzy Controller

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3022
Author(s):  
Peter Girovský ◽  
Jaroslava Žilková ◽  
Ján Kaňuch
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Controller ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Vehicle Model ◽  
Matlab Simulink ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Braking Distance ◽  
Critical Situations

The paper presents the study of an anti-lock braking system (ABS) that has been complemented by a fuzzy controller. The fuzzy controller was used to improve the braking performance of the vehicle, particularly in critical situations, for example, when braking a vehicle on wet road. The controller for the ABS was designed in the MATLAB/Simulink program. The designed controller was simulated on a medium-size vehicle model. During testing, three braking systems were simulated on the vehicle model. We compared the performance of a braking system without an ABS, a system with a threshold-based conventional ABS, and a braking system with the proposed ABS with a fuzzy controller. These three braking systems were simulation tested during braking the vehicle on a dry straight road and on a road with combined road adhesion. A maneuverability test was conducted, where the vehicle had to avoid an obstacle while braking. The results of each test are provided at the end of the paper.

Fuzzy Control of Automobile ECBS on Varying Pavement

2011 ◽  
Vol 383-390 ◽  
pp. 7338-7344
Author(s):  
Ren Yun Sun ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Yong Fu Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Fuzzy Controller ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Braking Distance ◽  
Automobile Electronic ◽  
Better Than

The Fuzzy control method in an automobile Electronic Control Braking System (ECBS) on varying pavement is studied. According to the characteristics of an automobile ECBS which adapts to the varying pavement, the ECBS fuzzy control system is established. The ECBS fuzzy controller based on slip is designed. When the automobile is braking on uniform pavement and varying pavement, the computer simulation is fulfilled for the deceleration threshold value control and the slip fuzzy control of the automobile ECBS by using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the automobile ECBS using fuzzy control can obtain better fundamental braking performance on varying pavement, wheel locking doesn’t appear, both braking distance and braking time are short, the fluctuation of the wheel periphery velocity is little and smooth, its braking performance is obviously better than the deceleration threshold value control.

scholarly journals ASPECTS OF BRAKING EFFICIENCY CRITERIA FOR FREIGHT WAGONS UNDER THE LATEST RULES OF HOST 34434-18

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Safronov ◽  
◽  
Yurii Vodiannikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Load ◽  
Axial Loads ◽  
Pressure Force ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Freight Train ◽  
Pressing Force ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Actual Force ◽  
Braking Distance ◽  
Freight Wagons

The paper deals with the analysis of the braking efficiency criteria for freight trains formed with wagons that have increased axle load up to 294.3 kN (30 ts) when moving at speeds up to 120 km/h inclusive. Increasing the efficiency of freight trains by increasing the technical and economic performance of cars by increasing the axial load to 294.3 kN (30 ts) and train speeds up to 160 km/h led to the development of technical requirements and rules for braking systems set out in HOST 34434-18. According to the new rules and requirements, the following are accepted as criteria for the braking efficiency of freight wagons, that is, up to the maximum values of the braking distances of the freight train on the site in the specified intervals of speeds of axial loads; calculated coefficients of force of pressing of composite blocks on wheels at braking; the pressing force of the composite pads on the axis in terms of cast iron pads. The calculation of the maximum allowable value of the braking distance of the freight train is performed based on the actual pressing forces and the actual friction coefficients. The paper shows that the specific braking forces obtained using the actual pressing forces exceed the calculated specific braking forces using the calculated coefficients. Based on the above-mentioned, it is concluded that the braking efficiency criteria with reference to the maximum allowable values of the braking distances and the calculated coefficients of the pressing force have a significant discrepancy between each other. It is proposed to use the actual pressure force coefficients instead of the calculated coefficients to assess the braking efficiency of the freight train. The paper presents the permissible values of the actual force values of pressing the pads on the wheels for wagons with axial load (230.5 - 294.3) kN at speeds up to 120 km/h inclusive, for which the braking distance criterion of the freight train is observed. Key words: criterion, braking efficiency, freight train, axial load, braking distance, specific braking force, calculated coefficients, actual coefficient.

scholarly journals Assessment of the functional functionality of passenger car brake systems by changing the braking distance during operation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-86
Author(s):  
Alexander Nazarov ◽  
◽  
Vitalii Kashkanov ◽  
Ivan Nazarov ◽  
Yevhen Ivanchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Braking Distance ◽  
Braking Force ◽  
Braking Process ◽  
Relative Change

The article discusses a methodology for assessing the functional suitability of brake systems to change the braking path of passenger cars, taking into account various operating conditions. The goal is achieved by using the method of mathematical modeling of the emergency braking process, taking into account the possible operating conditions of cars performing emergency braking at certain initial speeds, in particular, exceeding 100 km / h. Based on the analysis of scientific sources, it has been established that the determination of the braking efficiency of a vehicle classically occurs on the verge of blocking all wheels with known methods of distributing braking forces between the axles of the vehicle. In this case, the standards set the maximum value of the minimum deceleration and braking distance. In addition, the jump in the maximum possible value of the braking force between the wheels of each axle makes it possible to compare it with the requirements of DSTU 3649: 2010, and the assessment of the magnitude of this jump for each braking of the car is to establish its functional suitability. As a result, according to the magnitude of the jump in the maximum possible value of the braking distance, the change in the maximum allowable braking force of the car sets, and according to the magnitude of its jump, it is possible to assess the functional suitability of its braking system. As a result, the use of expert information on the value of jumps in the maximum possible value of the braking force of a car, affecting the braking torques and braking coefficient, can reduce the amount of experimental research and significantly reduce the time to reach an objective decision on the functional suitability of the brake systems of operated cars. The paper presents the results of theoretical studies of passenger cars Chevrolet Aveo, Lada Priora and Forza with different loads, performing emergency braking at an initial speed of 40-150 km / h on a road with dry asphalt concrete. The boundaries of the coefficient of the relative change in the braking distance of the tested passenger car, at which it is possible to make a conclusion about the functional suitability of its braking system, have been established.

scholarly journals SOFTWARE APPLICATION FOR DETERMINATION OF BRAKE EFFICIENCY OF FREIGHT TRAINS ACCORDING TO THE RULES OF GOST 34434-2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-119
Author(s):  
O.M. Safronov ◽  
◽  
Y.Y. Vodiannikov ◽  
O.G. Makeieva
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Axial Load ◽  
Disc Brake ◽  
Calculation Algorithm ◽  
Freight Train ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Complete Automation ◽  
Computational Research

Calculation algorithm for braking distances of a freight train and recalculation on cast iron brake shoes in accordance with new rules of GOST 34434-2018 "BRAKE SYSTEMS OF FREIGHT CARS. Technical requirements and calculation rules " is given. According to the above mentioned algorithms, a program was drawn up in the Excel environment, intended to complete automation of the process of computational research to determine the braking efficiency of a freight train. The program is universal, as it allows studying brake systems of different design: with one and two brake cylinders; with one-sided and two-sided application of brake shoes on wheels; with disc brake. Examples of calculation studies of the braking efficiency of the open-top car with an axial load of 25 tons are shown.

scholarly journals SELECTION OF INTERVAL FOR BRAKING TIME PARTIONING TO DETERMINE THE BRAKING DISTANCE OF A FREIGHT TRAIN

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
O.G Makeieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Intervals ◽  
Freight Train ◽  
Time Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Method Of Determination ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Train Operation ◽  
Braking Distance ◽  
Selection Of

According to GOST 34434-2018 the brake distance of the freight train is determined by summing up increase of the brake distance at intervals of the braking time. Value of the braking distance will depend on the value of the temporary interval at which the braking time is divided from the begging of the braking to the full stop of the freight train. For this reason it is necessary to choose the temporary interval value at which calculated braking distance of the freight train will correspond to real values. The task was solved by the method of determination of the freight train braking distance for a given range of the intervals values Δti: from (0,07 – 1,2) with a step of 0,01 s and 0,1 s. It is shown that a value of the temporary interval influences the braking distance. The range of interval values was determined (0,07 – 0,1) s, at which braking distances have the maximum value for preserving stability, with this it was determined that beyond the range the values of braking distances were decreased. Integration of the differential equation of the freight train operation ac-cording to the new rules is performed by summing up increases of the braking distance at braking time intervals. It was proposed to determine the braking distance of the freight train according to the temporary interval which is 0,1 s.

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