scholarly journals Astroglia in ageing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Alexei Verkhratsky
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Physiological Ageing ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Astroglia are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin responsible for homoeostasis and defence of the central nervous system (CNS). Ageing reduces the functional capacity of all organs, so does that of the nervous system, the latter is evident in the reduction of cognitive abilities, learning and memory. At the same time the progression of these deficits is very much individual and lifestyle dependent, indicating operation of mechanisms counterbalancing age-dependent decline. In physiological ageing astrocytes undergo morphological atrophy and functional asthenia; astrocytic paralysis facilitates progression of age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders. Astroglial status and homoeostatic capabilities are influenced by lifestyle including intellectual engagement, social interactions, physical exercise, and healthy diet. Maintenance of healthy lifestyle is paramount for cognitive longevity.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

scholarly journals Cannabidiol induces autophagy via ERK1/2 activation in neural cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Talita A. M. Vrechi ◽  
Anderson H. F. F. Leão ◽  
Ingrid B. M. Morais ◽  
Vanessa C. Abílio ◽  
Antonio W. Zuardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Autophagic Flux ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Human Neuroblastoma ◽  
Trpv1 Receptor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Catabolic Process

AbstractAutophagy is a lysosomal catabolic process essential to cell homeostasis and is related to the neuroprotection of the central nervous system. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid present in Cannabis sativa. Many therapeutic actions have been linked to this compound, including autophagy activation. However, the precise underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, and the downstream functional significance of these actions has yet to be determined. Here, we investigated CBD-evoked effects on autophagy in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and murine astrocyte cell lines. We found that CBD-induced autophagy was substantially reduced in the presence of CB1, CB2 and TRPV1 receptor antagonists, AM 251, AM 630 and capsazepine, respectively. This result strongly indicates that the activation of these receptors mediates the autophagic flux. Additionally, we demonstrated that CBD activates autophagy through ERK1/2 activation and AKT suppression. Interestingly, CBD-mediated autophagy activation is dependent on the autophagy initiator ULK1, but mTORC1 independent. Thus, it is plausible that a non-canonical pathway is involved. Our findings collectively provide evidence that CBD stimulates autophagy signal transduction via crosstalk between the ERK1/2 and AKT kinases, which represent putative regulators of cell proliferation and survival. Furthermore, our study sheds light on potential therapeutic cannabinoid targets that could be developed for treating neurodegenerative disorders.

scholarly journals Features of formation of the functional state of the central nervous system and cognitive abilities in children and adolescents of the school age

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
N. P. Setko ◽  
E. V. Bulycheva ◽  
O. M. Zhdanova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
General Education ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
School Age ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Objective: The objective is to determine the features of formation of the functional state of the central nervous system (CNS) and cognitive abilities in children and adolescents of the school age.Methods: The study included 300 school children of general education institution of Orenburg. Functional state of CNS was evaluated with variational chronoreflexometry. Cognitive availabilities have been studied with proof-reading test, Landolt ring.Results: From 7–11 y.o. to 16–17 y.o., there was an increase by 1.5 times in parameters of CNS functional state. Students aged from 7–11 y.o. by 12–15 y.o. demonstrated decrease in processing speed by 1.5 times due to increase of cognitive activity to 1.8 times. From 12–15 y.o. by 16–17 y.o., on the contrary, there was an increase of information processing speed by 1.3 times and decrease of cognitive activity by 2.9 times.Conclusions: The detected features of formation of CNS functional state and cognitive abilities in children and adolescents can be taken into account in when organizing personality-oriented training in educational institutions in order to maintain and increase the level of mental performance and academic performance of students. 

scholarly journals Targeting innate immunity for neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin I. Andreasson ◽  
Adam D. Bachstetter ◽  
Marco Colonna ◽  
Florent Ginhoux ◽  
Clive Holmes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Three CanonicalToxoplasmaStrains on Gene Expression in Human Neuroepithelial Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1363-1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianchun Xiao ◽  
Lorraine Jones-Brando ◽  
C. Conover Talbot ◽  
Robert H. Yolken
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Neuroepithelial Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACTStrain type is one of the key factors suspected to play a role in determining the outcome ofToxoplasmainfection. In this study, we examined the transcriptional profile of human neuroepithelioma cells in response to representative strains ofToxoplasmaby using microarray analysis to characterize the strain-specific host cell response. The study of neural cells is of interest in light of the ability ofToxoplasmato infect the brain and to establish persistent infection within the central nervous system. We found that the extents of the expression changes varied considerably among the three strains. Neuroepithelial cells infected withToxoplasmatype I exhibited the highest level of differential gene expression, whereas type II-infected cells had a substantially smaller number of genes which were differentially expressed. Cells infected with type III exhibited intermediate effects on gene expression. The three strains also differed in the individual genes and gene pathways which were altered following cellular infection. For example, gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that type I infection largely affects genes related to the central nervous system, while type III infection largely alters genes which affect nucleotide metabolism; type II infection does not alter the expression of a clearly defined set of genes. Moreover, Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) suggests that the three lineages differ in the ability to manipulate their host; e.g., they employ different strategies to avoid, deflect, or subvert host defense mechanisms. These observed differences may explain some of the variation in the neurobiological effects of different strains ofToxoplasmaon infected individuals.

The Neuroimmune Interface in Prion Diseases

Physiology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 250-255
Author(s):  
Michael A. Klein ◽  
Adriano Aguzzi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Prion Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders of animals and humans. Here we address the role of the immune system in the spread of prions from peripheral sites to the central nervous system and its potential relevance to iatrogenic prion disease.

Biology of Oligodendrocyte and Myelin in the Mammalian Central Nervous System

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 871-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Baumann ◽  
Danielle Pham-Dinh
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Proteolipid Protein ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Demyelination ◽  
Pelizaeus Merzbacher Disease ◽  
Spontaneous Mutants ◽  
Extracellular Environment

Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system (CNS), and astrocytes constitute macroglia. This review deals with the recent progress related to the origin and differentiation of the oligodendrocytes, their relationships to other neural cells, and functional neuroglial interactions under physiological conditions and in demyelinating diseases. One of the problems in studies of the CNS is to find components, i.e., markers, for the identification of the different cells, in intact tissues or cultures. In recent years, specific biochemical, immunological, and molecular markers have been identified. Many components specific to differentiating oligodendrocytes and to myelin are now available to aid their study. Transgenic mice and spontaneous mutants have led to a better understanding of the targets of specific dys- or demyelinating diseases. The best examples are the studies concerning the effects of the mutations affecting the most abundant protein in the central nervous myelin, the proteolipid protein, which lead to dysmyelinating diseases in animals and human (jimpy mutation and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease or spastic paraplegia, respectively). Oligodendrocytes, as astrocytes, are able to respond to changes in the cellular and extracellular environment, possibly in relation to a glial network. There is also a remarkable plasticity of the oligodendrocyte lineage, even in the adult with a certain potentiality for myelin repair after experimental demyelination or human diseases.

scholarly journals Physiology of Astroglia

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei Verkhratsky ◽  
Maiken Nedergaard
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Membrane Transporters ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Levels Of Organization ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Development And Aging

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.

scholarly journals Are astrocytes executive cells within the central nervous system?

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto E. Sica ◽  
Roberto Caccuri ◽  
Cecilia Quarracino ◽  
Francisco Capani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Cerebellar Ataxias ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

ABSTRACT Experimental evidence suggests that astrocytes play a crucial role in the physiology of the central nervous system (CNS) by modulating synaptic activity and plasticity. Based on what is currently known we postulate that astrocytes are fundamental, along with neurons, for the information processing that takes place within the CNS. On the other hand, experimental findings and human observations signal that some of the primary degenerative diseases of the CNS, like frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s dementia, Huntington’s dementia, primary cerebellar ataxias and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, all of which affect the human species exclusively, may be due to astroglial dysfunction. This hypothesis is supported by observations that demonstrated that the killing of neurons by non-neural cells plays a major role in the pathogenesis of those diseases, at both their onset and their progression. Furthermore, recent findings suggest that astrocytes might be involved in the pathogenesis of some psychiatric disorders as well.

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