Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Habitat Alteration ◽  
Freshwater Habitat ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Philosophical Viewpoint

<em>Abstract.—</em>We understand our environment through our senses and tend to interpret the behavior of other animals in the context of the world we understand. Butterflies and flowers sometimes show distinctive patterns in ultraviolet light that are important to them but invisible to us. Likewise, the senses of fish and their experience of the world are very different from ours. Many aspects of a salmon’s environment, such as olfactory stimuli, are completely invisible to us. Other factors, like certain aspects of habitat alteration, are visible but unnoticed because they occurred gradually or long ago. Like Poe’s purloined letter they are cryptic—there for us to see if we only knew what to look for. As we build salmon models we base them on what we understand is important to the fish. However, our anthropocentric bias may cause us to overlook or misinterpret factors of importance. In addition, our necessarily simplified models, when applied to management, may result in a pernicious simplification of the salmon populations we wish to preserve. For example, if we model and manage for a dominant (or highly visible or easily monitored) salmon life history we may inadvertently eliminate other life histories of equal importance, or reduce diversity in ways that affect population viability. We should actively seek to identify important factors missing from our models and be aware of critical assumptions. Recognizing that our models are tools used to understand and manage salmon, we should try to understand the broader implications of these models to the future of the salmon we hope to preserve. In this essay, I offer speculation about what we may be missing in freshwater habitat, life history diversity, metapopulation dynamics, ocean survival, and water chemistry. I also consider the question of scale, and the effect our philosophical viewpoint may have on the direction and application of our modeling efforts and the likelihood of successful outcomes.

scholarly journals Islamophobia The New Dimensions In 21st Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Rani Erum
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Present State ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Human Psychology ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
The Common ◽  
Harmful Effects

Anti-Muslim emotions are not new for the world. It was present since the rise of Islam. West was furious after facing Muslims in battle ground and constantly defeated by those who were less equipped but obtained high morals. Initially they were frightened due to the novelty and unique approach of faith and its execution, therefore, they try to fabricate the original manuscripts, making false stories and molesting the last prophet’s life history. Islamophobia transformed after 9/11 and become more intensified and dangerous. It effected the common men worldwide without any boundaries. The respective research is based on the fact that hatred is the negative notion whether it related with nobility or wicked perception. It creates harmful effects on human psychology which subsequently created abusive mindset and actions. When any form of ideology identified as phobia means uncontrolled envy combine with the concept and turn it into a form of frenzied connotation. The fight between East and West was ancient which now convert among religions particularly Islam and others. The research is intend to provide the journey of anti-Islamism from past to present as well its significant elements and its present state. It also discusses the future prospects of clash of religions.  

Imagining Otherwise

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-619
Author(s):  
Bess Collins Van Asselt
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Youth Of Color ◽  
School Life ◽  
Transgender Youth ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ways Of Thinking

Abstract This article explores the life history of Sam, a queer and transgender youth of color who contests standardized futures in secondary schools. Sam's school life is rife with expectations that seek to confine Sam and their way of being in the world. In response to their school life, Sam forwards new ways of thinking of the future that rely on remaining present, contesting identity politics and questioning the contours of humanity.

Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Fish Habitat ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
History Of

<em>Abstract.—</em>Salmon have complex life histories that have been extensively studied, particularly in freshwater, yet most salmon management relies on models that ignore much of salmon life history. For instance, calculation of optimal escapement for most Pacific salmon stocks summarizes their entire life history into a single relationship between spawners and subsequent recruits. Similarly, most analyses of salmon habitat have used models that fail to integrate the complex life history of salmon and have often considered only a single “limiting factor.” Computational methods and models are now being used to incorporate life history and habitat information directly into evaluations of both harvesting and habitat management policies. Challenges and opportunities in using life history models include (1) the need for better dynamic understanding of how habitat affects survival, (2) turning current “expert system” analysis into statistical estimation, (3) application of life history models to hatchery/wild interaction, (4) quantifying essential fish habitat using life history models, (5) using real data and modeling stock structure in evaluation of harvest strategies, and (6) use of such models to explore salmon/ocean interactions.

Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Fish Habitat ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Fisheries Act

<em>Abstract.</em>—The 1996 Sustainable Fisheries Act states that all federal fisheries management plans should contain a description of essential fish habitat (EFH). While much emphasis has been placed on estimating EFH for marine stocks, very little attention has been paid to doing so for Pacific salmon <em>Oncorhynchus </em>spp., in part due to their complex life histories. An earlier assessment of EFH for Pacific salmon across the west coast of the United States focused on the freshwater component of EFH due to limited knowledge about marine distributions. That analysis concluded that a more in-depth and smaller-scale examination was needed to assess how freshwater habitat affects the various life stages. Here we use a detailed life history model for Pacific salmon to estimate the freshwater component of EFH for two threatened populations of Chinook salmon within a large watershed draining into Puget Sound, Washington, USA. By accounting for proposed harvest rates, hatchery practices, and habitat structure, we identified 23 of 50 subbasins as EFH for ensuring no significant decrease in the total number of spawners relative to current average escapement. Our analytical framework could be easily applied to other populations or species of salmon to aid in developing recovery and management plans.

scholarly journals Birds of the World: A global reference for avian life histories and a case study of incompatible taxonomies

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Gerbracht
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Neotropical Birds ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Biodiversity Information

Life history accounts and taxonomic monographs are a series of publications covering a higher taxonomic group where each account is a compilation of existing knowledge detailing many aspects of a species life history. These life history accounts are extensively used by researchers, ornithologists and conservationists as a main source for the current state of knowledge of a species. Birds, being one of the more easily seen and studied taxa, have a number of specialized life history accounts where data from a wide variety of disciplines are combined into a single easily accessible resource. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology (CLO) currently manages two of these series focused on different regions of the world, Birds of North America (BNA) and Neotropical Birds (NB). Lynx Edicions has published the Handbook of Birds of the World (HBW), an extensive set of avian monographs covering every species of bird in the world. A recently announced collaboration between CLO and Lynx Edicions provides us with the opportunity to bring together the extreme detail of the life history accounts from Birds of North America with the global coverage of HBW to produce a global, in-depth treatment of every species of bird in the world. The integration of life history information from these existing projects with different underlying taxonomies presents a variety of real-world examples of the challenges to be overcome to bring these life history accounts into alignment and provide the scientific and lay communities with taxonomically accurate and up to date information. The Handbook of Birds of the World currently follows the HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v3 (with 11,126 species recognized) while Birds of North America and Neotropical Birds both follow the eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018 (with 10,585 species recognized). Of the roughly 11,000 species of birds, nearly 9,500 are direct matches between HBW/BirdLife and Clements at the species or species to subspecies levels. The remaining concept mismatches fall into several basic categories including lump and split differences as well as differences in which subspecies are included or excluded. In this talk we will discuss the challenges we have faced with managing and merging life history accounts where the underlying taxonomies are fundamentally different. With a requirement to ensure that life history accounts remain accurate when the underlying concepts of the original sources differ, we employ a variety of processes, some very labor intensive and some requiring in-depth taxonomic knowledge to produce consolidated species accounts. Existing resources are integral to these type of integrations and in addition to the taxonomies themselves, cross-taxonomy mapping databases such as Avibase are key. Working through this process of consolidating life history accounts highlights the basic need for taxonomic management and publication toolsets built on underlying taxonomic and life history standards. Cross institutional collaboration to produce these toolsets will be key to their development and successful adoption across the biodiversity and taxonomic communities. I will also discuss and propose a set of taxonomic management tools based on taxonomic concepts, some which already exist and are used by bird taxonomists to annually update the Clements Checklist and some which need to be implemented before we can accurately manage and consolidate biodiversity information and the evolving taxonomies on which those data are based.

Life histories of colonial invertebrates

Paleobiology ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith E. Winston
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Selection Experiments ◽  
The Future

Life history theory has undergone considerable scrutiny since Stearns (1976) pointed out that neither the deterministic nor the stochastic theories, then current, provided an adequate fit for much of the empirical data he reviewed. Today, opinions on the future of life history studies may vary according to one's view of the mode of operation of evolution itself, the gradualist recommending detailed intraspecific studies and selection experiments, and the punctuationist aiming toward models involving laboratory speciation experiments (Stearns 1980).

scholarly journals Compreensão de Sentidos Atribuídos à Ayahuasca: Percursos Terapêuticos do Uso Ritualístico

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-174
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Tavares de ASSISI ◽  
Maria Inês Gandolfo CONCEICAO
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Gestalt Therapy ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Therapy Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Biomedical Field

Ayahuasca is a psychoactive drink of Amazonian origin prepared from vine known as jagube and/or mariri (Banisteriopsis caapi) and chacrona bush (Psychotria viridis). Its cultural and ritualistic use have been recognized from millennia by indigenous ethnic groups in the Western Amazon and gained worldwide influence in the 1980s through the expansion of it religious use. In the biomedical field, studies have attested the safety in the administration of the beverage in humans and found features of physical and mental wellbeing on users. This article aims to discuss the results of a research that investigated life histories of people with therapeutic itineraries connected to the ritualistic use of ayahuasca, from a phenomenological-existential understanding and gestalt-therapy approach. The methodology was based on a phenomenological stance and in life history method, enabling an apprehension of lived experience of the rituals. Thus, it was verified that the ritualistic experiences and the therapeutic itineraries contributed in the participants' recognition that health is a posture of maturity or wisdom associated to their relations with the world, attributing to ayahuasca the capacity to operate re-significations in the daily process of self-care and, above all, in love of oneself.

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