scholarly journals Amersfoort’s city walls

Bulletin KNOB ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Van de Pol
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
City Council ◽  
First Wall ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
City Wall ◽  
City Walls ◽  
The City ◽  
Southern Section ◽  
Historical Centre

The development of Amersfoort’s two city walls can be divided into five periods. The first city wall was built in the first period 1259-1379. Although Amersfoort had been granted a charter in 1259, construction of the wall did not commence until after a serious assault by troops from the duchy of Gelre (Geulders) in 1274. The defensive wall was made stronger on that side, probably in expectation of more attacks from that direction. Between 1380 and 1500 Gelre troops attacked Amersfoort on multiple occasions and offensive firepower increased. Interestingly, Amersfoort opted to build a second city wall rather than reinforcing the existing one, considerably increasing the size of the city in the process. However, the project proved difficult to finance, defend and maintain, most likely due to the stagnating economy. Instead of being demolished after the second wall was in place, the first wall was reinforced with abutting houses, thereby becoming a kind of rampart within a rampart. The new fortifications turned out to be ineffective and in 1501 the city council decided to demolish the first city wall. This freed up space for a second generation of wall houses, mostly built from reused stone and with their front elevation on the trajectory of the first wall, with the exception of the houses along Krankeledenstraat and the southern section of Breestraat. In this same period, up until 1644, there was an attempt to strengthen Amersfoort’s defences. Several fortification plans were drawn up, none of which was implemented in its entirety, most probably due to a lack of financial resources. The ramparts that were realized are concentrated in the south-west since in this period the possibility of a new Spanish incursion was greater than any threat from Gelre. In the third period, 1645-1828, the council’s approval of additional openings in the city wall marked the beginning of a gradual deterioration of the defensive works. They had always been a big budget item, yet they had not been particularly effective. Accordingly, the council decided to convert the fortifications into lucrative functions. The Davidsbolwerk, for example, was turned into a cemetery. The most extensive demolition probably started in 1778 when it was also decided to dismantle various outer and inner gates in the second city wall. By 1829 the fortifications had entirely lost their defensive function and the city council proposed converting the outer line into a green pathway encircling the city, which would have resulted in the disappearance of all remaining traces of the wall. However, this was averted in 1844 by a national ban on the demolition of fortifications and they were subsequently integrated with the walking route. City planners continued to submit applications for demolition but encountered fierce resistance from heritage organizations. In addition, many remnants avoided demolition because most urban expansion occurred outside the historical centre. This resulted in a concomitant shift in the economic focus so that the fortifications no longer needed to be sacrificed to industrial development. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, with appreciation for the heritage value of fortifications growing, money became available for their restoration and Amersfoort’s historical centre was declared a conservation area.

Preservation Strategies of Longdong Ancient City Walls in Systematic Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Yu ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
Lina Wang
Keyword(s):  
Point System ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
System Planning ◽  
City Wall ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Historic Landmark ◽  
City Walls ◽  
The City ◽  
Great Portion

City wall is an important symbol of ancient Chinese cities with unique geographical and cultural characteristics. Thus, the preservation of this historic landmark is considered significantly important. However, numerous residential construction activities and changes in ecological environment have destructed a great portion of the city walls in recent years. This study looks into the preservation of the ancient city walls from the systematic perspective and in line with the actual characteristics of Longdong Region to provide guideline measures for the protection and restoration of such landmark. Cognition and preservation are adopted extensively to investigate the specific situation of and the factors that influence the ancient city walls in this region. Preservation strategies for the city walls, including the “Axis-Point” system, planning control, and authenticity readability, are presented. The ancient city walls in Longdong Region can be preserved by protecting the entire region, the city, and the main wall body. The systematic method and preservation strategies at the “macro perspective,” “medium perspective” and “micro perspective” levels can solve the preservation problems of the ancient city walls in Longdong Region effectively.

scholarly journals STUDY ON EXTRACTION AND EXPRESSION METHODS OF BULGING DISEASES IN ANCIENT CITY WALLS

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W20 ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Q. Song ◽  
Y. G. Hu ◽  
M. L. Hou
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
City Wall ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
City Walls ◽  
Scan Data ◽  
The City

Abstract. The ancient city wall contains rich cultural values. Due to environmental and human factors, there are many diseases in the ancient city wall: bulging, cracking, etc., which will lead to the collapse or even death of the ancient city wall. Therefore, the monitoring and protection of the ancient city wall is imminent. This paper proposes a new scheme for bulging monitoring for wall bulging. The feature plane is fitted according to the actual scan data, the degree of bulging, the trend and the area size are determined, and the bulging deformation of the city wall is displayed in the form of an image. Simplify workflow, improve data processing efficiency, and display more intuitively.

scholarly journals Walk the Wall Athens: An Experiential Walk in the City

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Karagiannopoulou
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
City Wall ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Interactive Map ◽  
The City ◽  
Historical Centre

Athens is a historic capital widely known for its legacy left to Western civilization and its publicly recognized and well-studied monuments of world heritage. But what do we really know about the Athenian antiquities that have been integrated into the city’s modern canvas? In how many ways can the urban landscape of Athens be re-introduced to the modern traveler? Walk the Wall Athens is a bilingual mobile application that allows the user to wander, literally and metaphorically, through the streets of Athens in order to explore the traces of the Themistoclean city wall and to recover this important monument from oblivion. Just as the ancient city wall surrounds Athens as a historical chain that crosses all the neighbourhoods of the modern city’s historical centre, the route provided by the interactive map of the application introduces the visitor to the layout of the modern Athenian metropolis. Through a walk on the remains of the ancient fortification, the application Walk the Wall Athens attempts to spark the interest and excite the curiosity of the Athenian traveller of the 21st century, introducing him to a journey of 2,500 years of history.

Euergetism and city-walls in the Italian city of Telesia

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
Richard Ramanius
Keyword(s):  
City Wall ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Italian City ◽  
City Walls ◽  
The City ◽  
Insight Into

Six inscriptions relating to the construction of the fortifications of the southern Italian town of Telesia were analyzed and compared to three inscriptions of the same type from the Italian town of Grumentum. The purpose of this was to gain insight into how Italian towns funded and organized the construction of city-walls during the Late Republic. The city-walls were built progressively in both towns, and in both cases were probably funded by private citizens, even if they were acting as magistrates. In Grumentum an older city-wall was gradually replaced by letting each new, annually elected magistrate build a new section. It would seem that in Telesia the walls were built first. The subsequent construction of the towers probably followed the plan of the local senate and was paid for by the magistrates themselves. The expressions pro ludeis/ludis on some inscriptions suggest that they were built instead of giving games.

scholarly journals Manufacturers and Industrial Development Policy in Hamilton, 1890-1910

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana J. Middleton ◽  
David F. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Development Policy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
City Council ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The City

After failing to establish Hamilton as a major wholesaling centre, businessmen in the city concentrated their attentions increasingly on the manufacturing sector. City Council policies were extremely supportive of this focus, particularly in the period from 1890 to 1910, which is examined in this paper. Manufacturers themselves, however, are shown to have played a minor role in Council's activities. None of the key figures in promoting pro-development policies in Hamilton were manufacturers, despite the fact that those policies were designed primarily to stimulate manufacturing. At the forefront, rather, were professional men with business interests, supported mainly by merchants.

scholarly journals Forum provinciae in Sarmizegetusa

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Ádám Szabó ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Empty Space ◽  
Exact Match ◽  
City Wall ◽  
Imperial Cult ◽  
The Third ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
City Walls ◽  
The City ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Made In

L. F. Marsigli represented three archaeological structures on the map of Colonia Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, made in 1699 and published in 1726 – the city walls, the amphitheatre and a rectangular, double-walled building which encloses an empty space, and which has a square-shaped niche on one side (Pl. I/2). The map, compared in scale to the results of archaeological excavations and geophysical surveys shows an exact match with the currently known groundplan of the city wall, its northeastern corner and the amphitheatre. The third building may be identified as the centre of the provincial assembly (concilium provinciae)1 and the provincial imperial cult, namely the forum provinciae, that was situated within the territory of the Area sacra (Pl. I/1; Pl. II), approximately 20 metres to the northwest from the location given by Marsigli. The two textual fragments previously found in the area also support the assessment of the structure of forum provinciae. The dislocation of the third building on the map was presumably due to misprinting or Marsigli’s field error. Today, the area is still unexplored, only future archeological excavations can justify or refute the exact characteristics, structure and periodisation of the third building depicted on Marsigli’s map.

scholarly journals PRESERVING THE VENETIAN FORTRESS OF BERGAMO: QUICK PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY FOR CONSERVATION PLANNING

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W11 ◽  
pp. 873-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mirabella Roberti ◽  
V. M. Nannei ◽  
P. Azzola ◽  
A. Cardaci
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Planning ◽  
Cultural Relevance ◽  
City Council ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
World Heritage List ◽  
The World ◽  
City Walls ◽  
The University ◽  
The City ◽  
Maintenance Plan

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The historical and cultural relevance of the City Walls built by the ‘Serenissima’ Republic of Venice in the second half of 16th century was recognized in 2017 by the insertion of Bergamo, together with other Venetian Fortresses in Italy, Croatia and Montenegro, in the World Heritage List of UNESCO as transnational site. In the framework of the nomination to the WHL, the City Council together with the University of Bergamo started a campaign of studies and surveys aimed to prepare a conservation planning. The goal of this plan is to assure a constant monitoring of this artwork, so that a strict routine of controls, cleaning and small strengthening works would prevent more relevant interventions, which could corrupt the material integrity of the building.</p><p>This paper delineates the methodological and operational workflow applied to the preparation of the maintenance plan, now in progress, for the Venetian City Walls of Bergamo, where the photogrammetric survey by means of UAV plays an important role. The different working phases, the adopted instrumentation, the difficulties encountered and the choices made are described, and some case studies are also illustrated that represent well the typical problems encountered for the conservation of the Walls.</p>

scholarly journals L’economia napoletana e il commercio internazionale tra ‘800 e ‘900: I Magazzini Generali e il Deposito Franco = The Neapolitan economy and international trade between 800 and 900: The Magazzini Generali and the Free Warehouse

2013 ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Serena Potito
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
City Council ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The City

<p>I Magazzini Generali, creati su modello dei <em>docks</em> inglesi e dei magazzini francesi -e regolamentati da una legge del 1871- si diffusero nelle maggiori città italiane, con alterna fortuna: comune era lo scopo di provvedere alla custodia delle merci, rilasciando speciali titoli di commercio, e di agevolare l’incontro tra produttore e acquirente, riducendo i tempi di negoziazione.</p> <p>Essi sono, dunque, da annoverare fra gli strumenti commerciali con cui si intendeva intensificare e favorire i traffici di merci nel periodo in cui il commercio internazionale su larga scala andava riducendo le barriere tra paesi, accompagnato dallo sviluppo e ammodernamento delle infrastrutture.</p> <p>Nell’ambito del dibattito sul tentativo italiano di ritagliarsi un ruolo durante la prima globalizzazione -con la crescita della liberalizzazione del commercio internazionale e, nello stesso tempo, lo sviluppo del protezionismo moderno- la presente ricerca mette a fuoco l’esperienza della costituzione dei Magazzini Generali di Napoli, per alcuni decenni i più importanti d’Italia. La Società Meridionale dei Magazzini Generali ne assunse la gestione nel 1874 e -attraverso lo studio di testimonianze dell’epoca, degli Atti del Consiglio Comunale e della Camera di Commercio, di dati di bilancio presenti nell’Archivio di Stato di Napoli- questo saggio ne ripercorre l’iter costitutivo e le vicende dei primi anni. Oltre a offrire un quadro della situazione politica ed economica del Mezzogiorno d’Italia, ed in particolare di Napoli, nella congiuntura economica tra fine ‘800 e inizio ‘900, emergono spunti interessanti relativi all’ammodernamento delle infrastrutture portuali cittadine, e alla questione della creazione di un punto franco (uno degli ipotetici cardini dello sviluppo industriale della città): in un quadro di occasioni mancate ed ostacoli legati alle caratteristiche del processo storico, dal confronto con economie di differenti realtà europee.</p><p>The <em>Magazzini Generali</em>, created on the model of the British docks and of the French <em>magasins généraux</em> -and regulated by an Act of 1871- became widespread in major Italian cities, with varying success: common purpose was to provide for the custody of the goods, issuing special bonds trade, and to facilitate the meeting between producer and buyer, reducing the time of negotiation. They are -therefore- to be counted among the commercial tools with which it was intended to intensify and facilitate the traffic of goods in the period in which international trade -on a large scale- was reducing the barriers between countries, accompanied by the development and modernization of infrastructure. In the debate on the Italian attempt to carve out a role during the first globalization -with the growth of international trade liberalization and, at the same time, the development of modern protectionism- the present research focuses on the experience of the constitution of Magazzini Generali of Naples, for several decades the most important ones in Italy. The <em>Società Meridionale of Magazzini Generali</em> took over the management in 1874 and -through the study of contemporary testimonies, of the Acts of the City Council and of the Chamber of Commerce, of balance sheet data present in the State Archives of Naples- this essay traces its incorporation process and the events of the early years. In addition to providing an overview of the political and economic situation of Southern Italy, especially in Naples, during the economic situation between the end of '800 and '900, interesting ideas emerge relating to the modernization of port infrastructure, and about the question of creating a free point (one of the hypothetical cornerstones of the industrial development of the city): in a framework of missed opportunities and of obstacles related to the characteristics of the historical process, by comparing with the economies of different European realities.</p>

scholarly journals An urban extent dataset in late imperial China in 15th–19th centuries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaofeng Xue ◽  
Xiaobin Jin ◽  
Yinong Cheng ◽  
Xuhong Yang ◽  
Yinkang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
City Wall ◽  
Late Imperial China ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
City Walls ◽  
Urban Extent ◽  
The City

Abstract. Long-term urban extent data are highly desirable for understanding urban land use patterns and achieving sustainable development goals. However, urban observation data based on remote sensing are typically confined to recent decades. In this study, we advance in this arena by reconstructing the urban extents for China that extend back from 15th century to 19th century based on multiple historical documents. Cities in late imperial China (the Ming and the Qing Dynasties, 1368–1911) generally had city walls, and these walls were usually built around the urban built-up area. By restoring the scope of the city walls, the urban extend in this period could be restored. Firstly, we collected the years of construction or reconstruction of city walls from the historical data. Specifically, the period in which the scope of the city wall keeps unchanged is recorded as a lifetime of it. Secondly, specialization of the scope of the city wall could be conducted based on the urban morphology method, and variety of documentation, including the historical literature materials, the military topographic maps of the first half of the 20th century, and the remote sensing images of the 1970s. Correlation and integration of the lifetime and the spatial data would produce China City Wall Areas Dataset (CCWAD) in late imperial. Based on the proximity to the time of most of the city walls, we generated China Urban Extent Dataset (CUED) in the 15th–19th centuries in six representative years (i.e., 1400, 1537, 1648, 1708, 1787, and 1866). These datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14112968.v1

A stronger predecessor to the M 6.2 Petrinja, Croatia earthquake in Antiquity – archaeoseismology of the 4th century Siscia event

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miklós Kázmér ◽  
Rosana Škrgulja
Keyword(s):  
Peak Ground Acceleration ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
First Wall ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
City Wall ◽  
Loose Soil ◽  
The City ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

&lt;p&gt;Archaeological excavations of the Roman city of Siscia (Sisak, Croatia) found walls of the city, up to 2 m thick, toppled in the moat. Brick masonry wall segments were found in various orientations: tilted, rotated, twisted, toppled, overturned. Foundations display features of twisting and shearing. There are additional shearing planes within the fallen walls, which allowed the segments to extend during collapse. Much of construction material was robbed in later centuries, so original dimensions are estimates only. Subsoil is alluvial sandy clay. We suggest that a major earthquake damaged the city wall of Siscia. Excitated by site effects of loose soil, high peak ground acceleration caused the wall to be sheared off from its foundation, landing it ultimately in the adjacent moat. Rebuilding of the city wall in the late antique period suggests that the first wall collapsed between the beginning of the 3rd and the middle of the 4th century. This earthquake between ~200 AD and ~350 AD is missing from historical catalogues. Both the Antique and the modern earthquakes were of intensity IX. The St. Quirinus site at Siscia is 12 km from the fault which caused the destruction in Petrinja on 29 December 2020, mere 3 km from the fault. We suggest that the Antique earthquake was stronger than the M 6.2 modern event.&lt;/p&gt;

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