scholarly journals Ecomorphic Structure Transformation of Soil Macrofauna Amid Recreational Impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 30-45
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Zymaroieva ◽  
Tetiana Fedoniuk ◽  
Nadiia Yorkina ◽  
Viktoria Budakova ◽  
Taras Melnychuk
Keyword(s):  
Species Abundance ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Rlq Analysis ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Testing Site ◽  
High Level

The level of reacreation load on the components of urban green areas is increasing, so identifying the effective management tools in these ecosystems is becoming crucial for ensuring the maintenance of soil biota habitats. The purpose of this study is to reveal a pattern of structuring community of soil macrofauna under a recreational impact based on an ecomorphic approach. The article assesses the level of recreational transformation of the soil macrofauna of public green spaces in the city of Melitopol on the territory of Novooleksandrivskyi Park. For research purposes, a testing site was allocated in an area with a high level of recreational load, with samples taken within this site. To collect soil macrofauna and assess soil properties at each point of the testing site, soil and zoological tests were carried out and the following soil indicators were measured: temperature, electrical conductivity, humidity and soil penetration resistance, litter depth and grass stand height. The community ordination was performed using two approaches: OMI and RLQ analysis. The study found that the ecological niches of soil macrofauna in recreational conditions are spatially structured. The main factors for structuring the ecological niche of soil macrofauna within the study area are soil penetration resistance in the range of the entire measured layer, soil moisture, and distance to trees. As for the number of species, the basis of the coenomorphic structure of soil macrofauna are silvants (45.5%) and pratants (24.2%). As for the species abundance, the basis of the coenomorphic structure of macrofauna comprises pratants (64.5%), slightly less stepants (19.1%) and silvants (16.1%), and sporadic occurrence of paludants (0.2%). Such coenomorphic structure can be considered as ecologically labile. Zoophages, hemiaerophobes, and megatrophs are tolerant to a high level of recreational load. The area corresponding to the highest level of recreational load is vacant. This indicates factual absence of soil macrofauna species that could exist amid intense recreational exposure

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Soil Heterogeneity and Cellulolytic Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Galina Zadorozhnaya ◽  
Katerina Andrusevych
Keyword(s):  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Typical Chernozem ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This article examines the relationship between soil heterogeneity and cellulolytic activity. The investigated substrate was a typical chernozem (black soil). Cellulolytic activity was studied by the application method across a regular grid of 7×15 points (21×45 m). The distance between the measurement points was 3 m. Soil heterogeneity determined by the measurement of soil penetration resistance using a hand penetrometer Eijkelkamp. Measurements of soil penetration resistance were fixed to a depth of 100 cm at intervals of 5 cm. Geostatistical analysis showed a high level of spatial dependence of soil cellulolytic activity. Significant correlations were obtained between the spatial distribution of cellulolytic activity and soil penetration resistance at different depths. The results reflect a significant correlation of soil conditions at different depths.

Pollen morphology of some Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) species of Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 151-161
Author(s):  
T. Shagholi ◽  
M. Keshavarzi ◽  
M. Sheidai
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Petal Length ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
High Level ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

Tamarix L. (Tamaricaceae) is a halophytic shrub in different parts of Asia and North Africa. Taxonomy and species limitation of Tamarix is very complex. This genus has three sections as Tamarix, Oligadenia, and Polyadenia, which are mainly separated by petal length, the number of stamens, the shape of androecial disk and attachment of filament on the androecial disk. As there was no palynological data on pollen features of Tamarix species of Iran, in the present study 12 qualitative and quantitative pollen features were evaluated to find diagnostic ones. Pollen grains of 8 Tamarix species were collected from nature. Pollen grains were studied without any treatment. Measurements were based on at least 50 pollen grains per specimen. Light and scanning electron microscopes were used. Multivariate statistical methods were applied to clarify the species relationships based on pollen data. All species studied showed monad and tricolpate (except some individuals of T. androssowii). Some Tamarix species show a high level of variability, in response to ecological niches and phenotypic plasticity, which make Tamarix species separation much more difficult. Based on the results of the present study, pollen grains features are not in agreement with previous morphological and molecular genetics about the sectional distinction.

Shallow Water Table Fluctuations in Relation to Soil Penetration Resistance

Ground Water ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 964-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Shanley ◽  
K. Niclas Hjerdt ◽  
Jeffrey J. McDonnell ◽  
Carol Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Water Table Fluctuations ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance

scholarly journals Compared performance of penetrometers and effect of soil water content on penetration resistance measurements

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 744-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edison Aparecido Mome Filho ◽  
Alvaro Pires da Silva ◽  
Getulio Coutinho Figueiredo ◽  
Fernando Henrique Setti Gimenes ◽  
André Cesar Vitti
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Compaction Processes ◽  
Action Modes ◽  
Correct Data

Modern agriculture techniques have a great impact on crops and soil quality, especially by the increased machinery traffic and weight. Several devices have been developed for determining soil properties in the field, aimed at managing compacted areas. Penetrometry is a widely used technique; however, there are several types of penetrometers, which have different action modes that can affect the soil resistance measurement. The objective of this study was to compare the functionality of two penetrometry methods (manual and automated mode) in the field identification of compacted, highly mechanized sugarcane areas, considering the influence of soil water volumetric content (θ) on soil penetration resistance (PR). Three sugarcane fields on a Rhodic Eutrudrox were chosen, under a sequence of harvest systems: one manual harvest (1ManH), one mechanized harvest (1MH) and three mechanized harvests (3MH). The different degrees of mechanization were associated to cumulative compaction processes. An electronic penetrometer was used on PR measurements, so that the rod was introduced into the soil by hand (Manual) and by an electromechanical motor (Auto). The θ was measured in the field with a soil moisture sensor. Results showed an effect of θ on PR measurements and that regression models must be used to correct data before comparing harvesting systems. The rod introduction modes resulted in different mean PR values, where the "Manual" overestimated PR compared to the "Auto" mode at low θ.

scholarly journals Soil management effect on soil penetration resistance in the vineyard

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Catania ◽  
Mariangela Vallone ◽  
Felice Pipitone ◽  
Gioacchino Francesco Argento ◽  
Giuseppe Spartà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Soil Water Storage Capacity ◽  
The University ◽  
Steep Slopes ◽  
Semi Arid

In environments characterized by steep slopes or arranged in terraces, among the shallow tillage systems, rototilling is extensively used. However, the effect of the repeated use of rototilling has a considerable influence on soil characteristics; it appears finely powdered, soft and without structure. In order to limit these inconveniences, an innovative self-propelled machine equipped with working tools as a spade, to be used in steep slopes or arranged in terraces areas, was designed by the Mechanics Section of the SAF (Scienze Agrarie e Forestali) Department of the University of Palermo in cooperation with Agrotec company, Padua, Italy. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of three machines for shallow tillage: a chisel plough (CP), a rototilling (RT) and a spading machine (SM) on penetration resistance in semi-arid environments of the Mediterranean basin. No tillage was also included. Penetration resistance (PR) was surveyed for all the treatments to a depth of 300 mm with an electronic dynamometer. The treatments consisted in the execution of a shallow tillage to a depth of 150 mm. SP treatment allowed us to obtain PR lower values throughout the tillage profile than RT, CP and NT. It follows that the type of machine used influences soil PR, and then the soil water storage capacity, key factor for the agricultural productions in semi-arid environments as in Sicily.

scholarly journals Comparative genomics and pangenome-oriented studies reveal high homogeneity of the agronomically relevant enterobacterial plant pathogen Dickeya solani

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Motyka-Pomagruk ◽  
Sabina Zoledowska ◽  
Agnieszka Emilia Misztak ◽  
Wojciech Sledz ◽  
Alessio Mengoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Core Gene ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Dickeya Solani ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background: Dickeya solani is an important plant pathogenic bacterium causing severe losses in European potato production. This species draws a lot of attention due to its remarkable virulence, great devastating potential and easier spread in contrast to other Dickeya spp. In view of a high need for extensive studies on economically important soft rot Pectobacteriaceae , we performed a comparative genomics analysis on D. solani strains to search for genetic foundations that would explain the differences in the observed virulence levels within the D. solani population. Results: High quality assemblies of 8 de novo sequenced D. solani genomes have been obtained. Whole-sequence comparison, ANIb, ANIm, Tetra and pangenome-oriented analyses performed on these genomes and the sequences of 14 additional strains revealed an exceptionally high level of homogeneity among the studied genetic material of D. solani strains. With the use of 22 genomes, the pangenome of D. solani , comprising 84.7% core, 7.2% accessory and 8.1% unique genes, has been almost completely determined, suggesting the presence of a nearly closed pangenome structure. Attribution of the genes included in the D. solani pangenome fractions to functional COG categories showed that higher percentages of accessory and unique pangenome parts in contrast to the core section are encountered in phage/mobile elements- and transcription- associated groups with the genome of RNS 05.1.2A strain having the most significant impact. Also, the first D. solani large-scale genome-wide phylogeny computed on concatenated core gene alignments is herein reported. Conclusions: The almost closed status of D. solani pangenome achieved in this work points to the fact that the unique gene pool of this species should no longer expand. Such a feature is characteristic of taxa whose representatives either occupy isolated ecological niches or lack efficient mechanisms for gene exchange and recombination, which seems rational concerning a strictly pathogenic species with clonal population structure. Finally, no obvious correlations between the geographical origin of D. solani strains and their phylogeny were found, which might reflect the specificity of the international seed potato market.

scholarly journals Tahanan Penetrasi Tanah Terhadap Penekanan Plat Dengan Sudut Penekanan dan Ukuran Plat yang Berbeda di Sawah

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-243
Author(s):  
Taufik Rizaldi ◽  
Sumono Sumono
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Compressive Force ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Plate Size ◽  
Measuring Plate

Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Lubuk Bayas Kecapamatan Perbaungan Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai pada lahan sawah bertekstur lempung berpasir dengan kadar air 49.17% dan dry bulk density 1.26 g/cm3. Tahanan penetrasi tanah ditentukan melalui pengukuran tahanan penetrasi plat dengan menggunakan penetrometer secara langsung di sawah. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan ukuran plat 5x5 cm2, 5x10 cm2, 5x15 cm2 dan 5x20 cm2. Sudut penekanan 90o, 75o, 60o, 45o, 30o dan kedalaman penekanan 4 cm, 8 cm, 12 cm, 16 cm dan 20 cm. Dari hasil pengukuran diperoleh bahwa semakin besar ukuran plat maka gaya penekanan semakin besar namun tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin kecil. Sedangkan semakin dalam plat masuk ke tanah maka tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin besar. Semakin besar sudut penekanan tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin besar. Untuk ukuran plat, sudut tekan dan kedalaman penekanan plat yang sama pada kedalaman lumpur yang berbeda akan menghasilkan gaya penekanan dan tahanan penetrasi tanah yang berbeda. The study was conducted in Lubuk Bayas Village, Perbaungan Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai District, in paddy fields with sandy clay texture with a water content of 49.17% and dry bulk density of 1.26 g / cm3. Soil penetration resistance iwas determined by measuring plate penetration resistance using a penetrometer directly in the rice field. Measurements were made with a plate size of 5x5 cm2, 5x10 cm2, 5x15 cm2 and 5x20 cm2. The angle of emphasis was 90o, 75o, 60o, 45o, 30o and the depth of emphasis was 4 cm, 8 cm, 12 cm, 16 cm and 20 cm. Results showed that the larger the plate size found, the greater the compressive force, but the penetration resistance of the soil got smaller. Whereas the deeper the plate entered the ground, the greater the penetration resistance of the soil occurred. The greater the angle of suppression the greater the penetration penetration of the soil. For the plate size, the pressure angle and depth of the same plate compression at different mud depths will result in a different force of suppression and soil penetration resistance.

scholarly journals ГИС-ПОДХОД ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ВЛИЯНИЯ ОБЫЧНЫХ И СДВОЕННЫХ КОЛЕС НА ТВЕРДОСТЬ ПОЧВЫ

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 73-100
Author(s):  
A. V. Zhukov
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Surface Character ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Negative Effect

<p>GIS-APPROACH application has allowed establishing that usual wheels of machine-tractor units carry out considerable influence on soil which exceeds visible borders of a track of wheels on the dimensions. This influence shows in augmentation of soil penetration resistance at 100-155 % in comparison with the control on depth of 0-10 cm and on 20-30 % on depth of 45-50 %. It is impossible to exclude that influence of wheels proceeds more deeply, than tests have been conducted. Critical for cultivated plants value of soil penetration resistance in 3 MPa under the influence of usual wheels of agricultural machinery comes nearer practically to a surface. Character of profile changes of hardness in various regions influences of wheels allows assuming the long season of a relaxation of soil for achievement of background values of soil penetration resistance. The further researches are necessary for an establishment of concrete indicators of dynamics. Negative influence of an overstocking does not confine only deterioration of conditions of growth of assemblages of rootlets of plants. Infringement of processes of moving of moisture in the soil, the accelerated evaporation and the slowed down processes of a filtration and an infiltration, destruction of modular frame, activization of erosive processes is possible. The understanding of these processes will give the chance volume understanding of real influence of running systems of machine-tractor devices on bedrock. Region intensive influence of dual wheels is circumscribed by the top soil layers (0-15 cm). The major feature of influence of dual wheels is absence of an overstocking above critical levels. It is impossible to exclude possible positive influence of moderate inspissations of soil under the influence of dual wheels for growth of agricultural crops and moisture conservation in soil. The cumulative negative effect on soil crossed vehicles traces is probable. The long season of a relaxation of soil after anthropogenic transformation can create a network of traces of vehicles in the field. In region crossings of traces negative effects considerably increase.</p> <p><em>Keywords: hardness of bedrock, GIS-TECHNOLOGY, technique influence</em></p>

Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Halde ◽  
A. M. Hammermeister ◽  
N. L. Mclean ◽  
K. T. Webb ◽  
R. C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Intensive Treatment ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Grazing System

Halde, C., Hammermeister, A. M., McLean, N. L., Webb, K. T. and Martin, R. C. 2011. Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 957–964. In Atlantic Canada, data are limited regarding the effect of grazing systems on soil compaction. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of intensive and extensive rotational pasture management treatments on soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, forage productivity and litter accumulation. The study was conducted on a fine sandy loam pasture in Truro, Nova Scotia. Each of the eight paddocks was divided into three rotational pasture management treatments: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive. Mowing and clipping were more frequent in the intensive than in the semi-intensive treatment. In the extensive treatment, by virtue of grazing in alternate rotations, the rest period was doubled than that of the intensive and semi-intensive treatments. Both soil bulk density (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–25.5 cm) were significantly higher in the intensive treatment than in the extensive treatment, for all seasons. Over winter, bulk density decreased significantly by 6.8 and 3.8% at 0–5 and 5–10 cm, respectively. A decrease ranging between 40.5 and 4.0% was observed for soil penetration resistance over winter, at 0–1.5 cm and 24.0–25.5 cm, respectively. The intensive and semi-intensive treatments produced significantly more available forage for grazers annually than the extensive treatment. Forage yields in late May to early June were negatively correlated with spring bulk density.

Core aeration of sand-based putting greens in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sorokovsky ◽  
M. Krzic ◽  
M D Novak
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Lower Fraser Valley ◽  
Fraser Valley

Core aeration, a management practice originally developed for soil-based putting greens, is still commonly used on sand-based greens. The study objective was to determine the effects of core aeration on soil properties of sand-based putting greens in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The study treatments were regular management practices, including core aeration (CA) carried out in spring and late summer, and regular management practices, but no core aeration (NCA). Each core aeration event impacted 5% of the surface area. Treatments with and without core aeration had similar soil organic matter content, root weight density, and soil bulk density. The CA treatment was generally drier than NCA. Water infiltration was greater on CA than NCA, but only for 1 mo following core aeration. Core aeration generally reduced soil penetration resistance within the mat layer relative to treatment without this practice. On both treatments, soil penetration resistance consistently exceeded 4000 kPa below about 13 cm depth preventing deeper root growth. The limited benefits of the low-surface-area-impact core aeration on the maturing sand-based putting greens in a humid maritime climate suggest that this practice might not be worth doing (at a low surface area impact); however, additional, more detailed studies are needed to confirm this. Key words: Turf management, golf course management, soil penetration resistance, water infiltration

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