scholarly journals Description on the Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Different Systems of the Body

2021 ◽  
pp. 272-275
Author(s):  
Dr. K. Rama Subba Reddy ◽  
Dr. T V Bala Krishna Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Maximal Exercise Test ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Exercise Programmes

The purpose of this study is to explore various changes occur in different physical and physiological systems of the body with respect to the relevant chronic exercises. Acute and Chronic exercise programmes develops physiological adaptations in different systems of the body, due to the stress places on the systems. Acute exercise refers to short duration exercise, such as a cycle ergometer or a treadmill maximal exercise test. Chronic refers to extended or long term exercise, such a physical training programme of four to six months duration.

scholarly journals Adaptation of mammalian protein metabolism to amino acid supply

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (02) ◽  
pp. 215-225
Author(s):  
Hamish N. Munro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Mammalian Protein

The metabolism of the animal is equipped to adapt to changes in both the internal and the external environment. Among internal factors are activity versus rest and sleep, and the menstrual cycle in the case of the female. Metabolism must also respond to variations in the external environment, such as heat and cold, and notably the availability of food. Metabolic adaptation to nutrient supply is of two kinds. First, there are transient physiological adaptations to the intermittent intake of nutritionally adequate meals. These short-lived adaptations account for a large part of the diurnal variations that have been observed in the protein metabolism of mammals (Wurtman, 1969). Secondly, long-term adaptive reactions occur when there is a decrease in availability of an essential nutrient in the diet. Under such circumstances, tissue constituents are lost to varying degrees from different parts of the body. It is proposed to discuss here mainly short-term physiological adaptations to variations in amino acid supply and their relevance to the needs of the body for dietary protein. Adaptive changes resulting from long-term protein deficiency are considered in the paper by Waterlow & Stephen (1969).

Intraerythrocyte and plasma osmolality during graded exercise in humans

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Buono ◽  
P. E. Faucher
Keyword(s):  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Maximal Exercise Test ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Exercise In Humans

The purpose of this study was to measure intraerythrocyte and plasma osmolality during graded exercise in humans. Eight volunteers performed a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte water content were not significantly (P less than 0.05) affected by the exercise bout in spite of a significant mean increase of 6.7% in plasma osmolality. Interestingly, intraerythrocyte osmolality also increased significantly during the exercise bout, paralleling the response seen in the plasma. In fact, plasma osmolality and intraerythrocyte osmolality demonstrated a significant linear relationship (r = 0.91). These data suggest that during exercise the human erythrocyte has the ability to increase its osmolality in vivo to match that of the plasma. Therefore, this mechanism allows for erythrocyte volume to remain relatively unchanged during exercise despite a significant increase in plasma osmolality.

Organ-Specific Physiological Responses to Acute Physical Exercise and Long-Term Training in Humans

Physiology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 421-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilkka Heinonen ◽  
Kari K. Kalliokoski ◽  
Jarna C. Hannukainen ◽  
Dirk J. Duncker ◽  
Pirjo Nuutila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Oxygen Oxygen ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Acute Physical Exercise ◽  
Hormonal Milieu

Virtually all tissues in the human body rely on aerobic metabolism for energy production and are therefore critically dependent on continuous supply of oxygen. Oxygen is provided by blood flow, and, in essence, changes in organ perfusion are also closely associated with alterations in tissue metabolism. In response to acute exercise, blood flow is markedly increased in contracting skeletal muscles and myocardium, but perfusion in other organs (brain and bone) is only slightly enhanced or is even reduced (visceral organs). Despite largely unchanged metabolism and perfusion, repeated exposures to altered hemodynamics and hormonal milieu produced by acute exercise, long-term exercise training appears to be capable of inducing effects also in tissues other than muscles that may yield health benefits. However, the physiological adaptations and driving-force mechanisms in organs such as brain, liver, pancreas, gut, bone, and adipose tissue, remain largely obscure in humans. Along these lines, this review integrates current information on physiological responses to acute exercise and to long-term physical training in major metabolically active human organs. Knowledge is mostly provided based on the state-of-the-art, noninvasive human imaging studies, and directions for future novel research are proposed throughout the review.

Endurance training alters basal erythrocyte MCT-1 contents and affects the lactate distribution between plasma and red blood cells in T2DM men following maximal exercise

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Opitz ◽  
Edward Lenzen ◽  
Andreas Opiolka ◽  
Melanie Redmann ◽  
Martin Hellmich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Monocarboxylate Transporter ◽  
Acute Bout ◽  
Cycle Ergometer Test ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Ergometer Test

Chronic elevated lactate levels are associated with insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, lactacidosis plays a role in limiting physical performance. Erythrocytes, which take up lactate via monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) proteins, may help transport lactate within the blood from lactate-producing to lactate-consuming organs. This study investigates whether cycling endurance training (3 times/week for 3 months) alters the basal erythrocyte content of MCT-1, and whether it affects lactate distribution kinetics in the blood of T2DM men (n = 10, years = 61 ± 9, body mass index = 31 ± 3 kg/m2) following maximal exercise (WHO step-incremental cycle ergometer test). Immunohistochemical staining indicated that basal erythrocyte contents of MCT-1 protein were up-regulated (+90%, P = 0.011) post-training. Erythrocyte and plasma lactate increased from before acute exercise (= resting values) to physical exhaustion pre- as well as post-training (pre-training: +309%, P = 0.004; +360%, P < 0.001; post-training: +318%, P = 0.008; +300%, P < 0.001), and did not significantly decrease during 5 min recovery. The lactate ratio (erythrocytes:plasma) remained unchanged after acute exercise pre-training, but was significantly increased after 5 min recovery post-training (compared with the resting value) (+22%, P = 0.022). The results suggest an increased time-delayed influx of lactate into erythrocytes following an acute bout of exercise in endurance-trained diabetic men.

scholarly journals Effects of Exercise-Induced ROS on the Pathophysiological Functions of Skeletal Muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Fan Wang ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Yiping Liu ◽  
Zhenghong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Redox System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stress Fatigue

Oxidative stress is the imbalance of the redox system in the body, which produces excessive reactive oxygen species, leads to multiple cellular damages, and closely relates to some pathological conditions, such as insulin resistance and inflammation. Meanwhile, exercise as an external stimulus of oxidative stress causes the changes of pathophysiological functions in the tissues and organs, including skeletal muscle. Exercise-induced oxidative stress is considered to have different effects on the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Long-term regular or moderate exercise-induced oxidative stress is closely related to the formation of muscle adaptation, while excessive free radicals produced by strenuous or acute exercise can cause muscle oxidative stress fatigue and damage, which impacts exercise capacity and damages the body’s health. The present review systematically summarizes the relationship between exercise-induced oxidative stress and the adaptions, damage, and fatigue in skeletal muscle, in order to clarify the effects of exercise-induced oxidative stress on the pathophysiological functions of skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals Circulating microRNAs in acute and chronic exercise: more than mere biomarkers

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 702-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Sapp ◽  
Daniel D. Shill ◽  
Stephen M. Roth ◽  
James M. Hagberg
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Circulating Micrornas ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Fitness And Health

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNAs that influence biological processes by regulating gene expression after transcription. It was recently discovered that miRNAs are released into the circulation (ci-miRNAs) where they are highly stable and can act as intercellular messengers to affect physiological processes. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the studies to date that have investigated the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on ci-miRNAs in humans. Findings indicate that specific ci-miRNAs are altered in response to different protocols of acute and chronic exercise in both healthy and diseased populations. In some cases, altered ci-miRNAs correlate with fitness and health parameters, suggesting causal mechanisms by which ci-miRNAs may facilitate adaptations to exercise training. However, strong data supporting such mechanisms are lacking. Thus, a purpose of this review is to guide future studies by discussing current and novel proposed roles for ci-miRNAs in adaptations to exercise training. In addition, substantial, fundamental gaps in the field need to be addressed. The ultimate goal of this research is that an understanding of the roles of ci-miRNAs in physiological adaptations to exercise training will one day translate to therapeutic interventions.

A Primer on Exercise Pharmacology

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Jacobs ◽  
Ethan Ruderman ◽  
Mackenzie McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Good Reason ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Drug Effectiveness ◽  
The Public ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Regulatory Bodies

A traditional focus of exercise scientists studying the interaction of drugs and exercise has been on the effects of drugs on exercise performance or functional capacity. In contrast, there is limited information available about the effects of exercise on the efficacy of drugs that have been prescribed and ingested for therapeutic reasons. Those requesting the approval for the manufacture, distribution, and sale of new drugs to the public are required to submit evidence of drug effectiveness and safety to drug regulatory bodies. But, there is no associated requirement to include among that evidence the interactions of exercise with drugs. However, the physiological adaptations to acute and chronic exercise are such that there is good reason to suspect that exercise has the potential to significantly influence drug absorption and bioavailability, drug distribution within the body, and drug elimination from the body. This paper reviews the potential for interaction between exercise and pharmacokinetics.

scholarly journals Adaptation of mammalian protein metabolism to amino acid supply

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish N. Munro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Mammalian Protein

The metabolism of the animal is equipped to adapt to changes in both the internal and the external environment. Among internal factors are activity versus rest and sleep, and the menstrual cycle in the case of the female. Metabolism must also respond to variations in the external environment, such as heat and cold, and notably the availability of food. Metabolic adaptation to nutrient supply is of two kinds. First, there are transient physiological adaptations to the intermittent intake of nutritionally adequate meals. These short-lived adaptations account for a large part of the diurnal variations that have been observed in the protein metabolism of mammals (Wurtman, 1969). Secondly, long-term adaptive reactions occur when there is a decrease in availability of an essential nutrient in the diet. Under such circumstances, tissue constituents are lost to varying degrees from different parts of the body. It is proposed to discuss here mainly short-term physiological adaptations to variations in amino acid supply and their relevance to the needs of the body for dietary protein. Adaptive changes resulting from long-term protein deficiency are considered in the paper by Waterlow & Stephen (1969).

scholarly journals Not chronic exercise but acute exercise is related with increased cell survival, enhanced cell proliferation and decreased cell apoptosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Postula ◽  
Z Wicik ◽  
C Eyileten ◽  
A Soplinska ◽  
P Czajka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Survival ◽  
Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Kegg Pathways

Abstract Background Endurance training can be described as long-time activity characterized by high dynamic and low to high power and was proven beneficial in CVD prevention. Nevertheless, studies reported that excessive endurance training can act as double-edged sword inducing the inflammatory response and cell apoptosis. This negative effect can be the reason of exercise duration. Purpose In order to investigate the effect of the training duration we compared and analysed acute vs chronic exercise by using in silico technique and we performed two different bioinformatics analysis: tissue-specific and cardiovascular process specific. Materials Bioinformatics analysis miRNA targets predictions, data filtering and visualization as interaction networks were performed. We used multiMiR 1.4 R package, hemopoiesis, angiogenesis, cardiac muscle functions, muscle hypertrophy process was performed a screening of the GO terms for the presence of the key words using the biomaRt package in R, Gene-gene interaction data were retrieved from String App, Cytoscape. Enrichment analysis of Reactome and KEGG pathways using String App. p&lt;0.05. Results Enrichment analysis of Reactome and Kegg pathways revealed strong regulation of senescence-related pathways, RUNX1 expression and activity, Ca2+ signaling involving AGO genes. For the first time our in silico analysis showed that AGO, HMGA2 genes may be associated with adaptive changes in response to exercise. Importantly, we found, that PI3K/AKT signalling (pathway incusing cell survival, growth, and proliferation) was present only in acute but not in chronic exercise. Conclusions In our analysis long-term training miRNA-gene target interaction was different than the short-term training. As PI3K/AKT signaling was present only in acute exercise, we suggest that not long-term but short-term training can be related with increased cell survival, enhanced cell proliferation, and decreased cell apoptosis. Genes associated cardiac muscle function Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): “Preludium” from the National Science Center, Poland

scholarly journals Plasma 2-hydroxycatecholestrogen responses to acute submaximal and maximal exercise in untrained women

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl De Crée ◽  
Peter Ball ◽  
Bärbel Seidlitz ◽  
Gerrit Van Kranenburg ◽  
Peter Geurten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Comt Activity ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Ratio Measure

De Crée, Carl, Peter Ball, Bärbel Seidlitz, Gerrit Van Kranenburg, Peter Geurten, and Hans A. Keizer. Plasma 2-hydroxycatecholestrogen responses to acute submaximal and maximal exercise in untrained women. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1): 364–370, 1997.—Exercise-induced menstrual problems are accompanied by an increase in catecholestrogen (CE) formation. It has been hypothesized that hypoestrogenemia may be secondary to an increased turnover from estrogens to CE, which then may disrupt luteinizing hormone release. In addition, the strong affinity of CE for the catecholamine-deactivating enzyme catechol- O-methyltransferase (COMT) has led to speculations about their possible role in safeguarding norepinephrine from premature decomposition during exercise. We investigated whether acute exercise on a cycle ergometer produces any changes in CE homeostasis. Nine untrained eumenorrheic women (body fat, 24.8 ± 3.1%) volunteered for this study. Baseline plasma CE averages for total 2-hydroxyestrogens (2-OHE) were 218 ± 29 (SE) pg/ml during the follicular phase (FPh) and 420 ± 58 pg/ml during the luteal phase (LPh). 2-Methoxyestrogens (2-MeOE) measured 257 ± 17 pg/ml in the FPh and 339 ± 39 pg/ml in the LPh. During incremental exercise, total estrogens (E) increased, but 2-OHE and 2-MeOE levels did not significantly change in either phase. The 2-OHE/E ratio (measure of CE turnover) decreased during exercise in both menstrual phases, whereas the 2-MeOE/2-OHE ratio (correlates with COMT activity) did not significantly change. These findings suggest that there is insufficient evidence to conclude that brief incremental exercise in untrained eumenorrheic females acutely produces increased CE formation.

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