scholarly journals Characteristics of meat, pet, and research rabbit farms in Brazil: An overview based on twelve farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Kassy Gomes da Silva ◽  
Tâmara Duarte Borges ◽  
Leandro Batista Costa ◽  
Cristina Santos Sotomaior
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Cage System ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Basic Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Great Growth ◽  
Wire Cage

<p>Rabbit production has great growth potential in a country where animal production is very important. However, there is little data about this industry in Southern and Southeast Brazil. The aim of this study was to describe Brazilian rabbit farms that provide meat, pets and animals for learning or research. Three pet farms, four meat farms and five research rabbit farms were visited, and the production and farm characteristics data were collected between June 2018 and March 2019. A total of 1170 rabbits and 617 cages were evaluated. Most farms had 21 to 60 (58.3%) does. Considering all farms, the farmers reported an average rate of conception of 71.8%, prolificacy rate of 6.7 kits per parturition, average interval between parturitions of 65 d and 6.3 parturitions/doe yr. The mean mortality rate for breeding rabbits was 10.4%, compared to 1.7% for growing rabbits (rabbits post-weaning until slaughter or sale). The average area of a cage was 0.43±0.1 m², with an average stocking density for growing rabbits of 3 rabbits/m². The most common cage system used by farmers was a flat-deck (66.7% of farms) system with a wire cage (91.7%). Metal (41.7%) and clay (33.3%) feeders were the most common types of feeders, and automatic nipple drinkers were present in 75% of the farms. Dirt accumulation was observed in 11.2% of the cages and 5.7% of the drinkers, but not in feeders. A total of 4.1% of the cages were considered unsafe, and 0.8% had problems with the drinkers. The farms studied ranged from small to medium in size, used an extensive reproductive rhythm and followed basic production techniques. Animal health and management aspects need to be reviewed by the farmer if the rabbit production conditions are to improve.</p>

scholarly journals Optimizing fish structure in angling ponds focusing on white fish

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
József Molnár ◽  
Balázs Csorbai ◽  
Gergely Bernáth ◽  
Levente Várkonyi ◽  
Béla Urbányi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Larval Rearing ◽  
Cage System ◽  
Leuciscus Idus ◽  
Rearing Experiment

According to new amendments of laws, commercial fishing licenses of natural waters shall not be issued from the calendar year 2016 in Hungary. However, the most settlement of white fish to angler ponds originated from natural waters. Currently, there is no sufficient quantity of fish species belonging to this group available to fulfil the settlement commitments of fish farmers. The aim of this recent study is to develop a breeding and production technology that is suitable for settlement of large quantities of this fish species of appropriate length of (4–5 cm). The following methods are investigated: aquaculture cage system (pond-in-pond system), monoculture and mixed population with different ratio of white fish in fish structure. Due to the different environmental needs of different fish species, many parameters need to be investigated, for example: stocking density, feeding, oxygen level, monoculture or mixed populations, growth potential and mortality. A preliminary experiment was carried out following the artificial propagation of ide (Leuciscus idus) following a 21-day larval rearing experiment in which the effect of different stoking density was investigated for mortality and growth. On the basis of the expected results, the optimal conditions for the aquaculture cage system will be described, regarding to the white fish stock.

Heat balance, haematology and serum chemistry of layers under varying stocking density reared in locally fabricated metal-type cage system

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-103
Author(s):  
K. O. Bello ◽  
A. E. Adiatu ◽  
M. O. Osunlakin ◽  
O. O. Oni
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Fabricated Metal ◽  
Cage System ◽  
Chemical Measurements ◽  
Metal Type

One hundred and thirty five 18weeks old Bovans Nera Black strain pullets were used in a 10week study to determine their heat balance and blood profile under varying stocking density in locally fabricated metal-type cage system. The cages were stocked 2, 3 and 4birds/cell. Daily ambient temperature and relative humidity of the cage and rectal temperature of the birds were taken and heat balance calculated. Record of Packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin concentration (Hb), Red blood cell (RBC), White blood count (WBC) and differential of the birds were taken at beginning and end of the study for the haematological indices while blood glucose, total protein, Albumin and blood urea were taken for the bio-chemical measurements. Ambient temperature, relative humidity, and heat balance showed no significant (P>0.05) difference with cage stocking density. Cage stocking density had significant (P<0.05) effect on rectal temperature of layers. Bird stocked 3/cell recorded the least (41.14oC) rectal temperature while those stocked 4/cell recorded the highest (41.27oC). All the haematological parameters of the birds were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by stocking density of the cage type. Bio-chemical measurements were not significantly (P>0.05) different among layers under varying stocking density of the cage except total protein (P<0.05). Layers stocked 4/cell recorded highest (5.22g/dl) total protein while those stocked 3/cell had the least value (4.37g/dl). However, the values were within the normal range recommended for healthy chicken. The study concluded that locally fabricated metal-type battery cage could be used to rear layers and stocking density of 3birds/cell is ideal without compromising the welfare of the birds.

Growth and Normal Puberty

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 102 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 507-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Val Abbassi
Keyword(s):  
Adult Height ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Pubertal Stage ◽  
Pubertal Growth ◽  
Velocity Peak ◽  
The Mean

We reviewed the growth characteristics of American boys and girls from published studies, including age at takeoff, age at peak height velocity, peak height velocity, duration of puberty, and the magnitude of the pubertal contribution to adult height. Age at takeoff is highly variable and sex-dependent. The mean takeoff age in children growing at an average rate is ∼11 years in boys and 9 years in girls, and peak height velocity occurs at a mean age of 13.5 years and 11.5 years, respectively, in these children. Whole-year peak height velocity is 9.5 cm/y in boys and 8.3 cm/y in girls, with slight variations in the different studies. The contribution of pubertal growth to final height is ∼30 to 31 cm in boys, accounting for 17% to 18% of the final height, and 27.5 to 29 cm in girls, accounting for 17% of the final height. The magnitude of pubertal growth has a negative correlation with age at takeoff, but no correlation with final height. Age at takeoff, however, correlates highly with pubertal stage, but correlates negatively with duration of puberty.

Detecting SARS-CoV-2 by Realtime RT-PCR in clinical samples collected in the North of Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Hoang Vu Mai Phuong ◽  
Ung Thi Hong Trang ◽  
Nguyen Vu Son ◽  
Le Thi Thanh ◽  
Nguyen Le Khanh Hang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Ct Value ◽  
The North ◽  
Viral Load Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

From January to August 2020, Northern Viet Nam faced a COVID-19 outbreak, up to September 2020, there were 1122 confrmed cases of SARS-CoV-2, of which 465 cases were imported from Europe, America and Asia, 657 cases were identifed domestically. A total of 30,686 samples were collected during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Northern Viet Nam and examined by Real-time RT-PCR using primers and probe from Charite - Berlin protocol. This study showed the initial results of SARS-CoV-2 detection and RNA quantitative in positive samples. The positive rate was 0.8%, ranging from 0.4 to 3.5% according to collection sites. Out of 251 positive samples, the mean Ct value was 28 (IQR: 22.3-32; range 14 - 38). The positive samples had a Ct value below 30 was 68.5%, there was no signifcant difference between the Ct value of the group ≤ 30 and > 30. The mean of the RNA copies/µl was 8.4.107, (IQR: 2.29.106 - 1.83.109 RNA copies/µl, range: 1.95.103 – 4.95.1011). In the group of imported COVID-19 cases, the rate of virus at low level was 29%, an average was 56% and at high level was 15%. In the community groups, the viral load data showed that the average rate at low, intermediate and high level were 20%, 63% and 17% respectively. The proportion of high-level viral load may raise an alert to start the quarantine process to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Arterial-alveolar CO2 equilibration in exercising dogs during prolonged rebreathing

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 1654-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Loeppky ◽  
P. Scotto ◽  
H. Rieke ◽  
M. Meyer ◽  
J. Piiper
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Full Agreement ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Simultaneous Measurements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
End Tidal

Arterial-alveolar equilibration of CO2 during exercise was studied by normoxic CO2 rebreathing in six dogs prepared with a chronic tracheostomy and exteriorized carotid loop and trained to run on a treadmill. In 153 simultaneous measurements of PCO2 in arterial blood (PaCO2) and end-tidal gas (PE'CO2) obtained in 46 rebreathing periods at three levels of mild-to-moderate steady-state exercise, the mean PCO2 difference (PaCO2-PE'CO2) was -1.0 +/- 1.0 (SD) Torr and was not related to O2 uptake or to the level of PaCO2 (30–68 Torr). The small negative PaCO2-PE'CO2 is attributed to the lung-to-carotid artery transit time delay which must be taken into account when both PaCO2 and PE'CO2 are continuously rising during rebreathing (average rate 0.22 Torr/s). Assuming that blood-gas equilibrium for CO2 was complete, a lung-to-carotid artery circulation time of 4.6 s accounts for the observed uncorrected PaCO2-PE'CO2 of -1.0 Torr. The results are interpreted to indicate that in rebreathing equilibrium PCO2 in arterial blood and alveolar gas are essentially identical. This conclusion is at variance with previous studies in exercising humans during rebreathing but is in full agreement with our recent findings in resting dogs.

scholarly journals Effects of stocking density on growth of zebrafish (Danio rerio, Hamilton, 1822)

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Golam Rabbane ◽  
Md Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Md Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Md Anwar Hossain ◽  
Md Anwar Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Laboratory System ◽  
Zebra Fish ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Length Gain

The effect of stocking density on growth of zebra fish was examined. Total five different stocking densities (5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 individuals per 2 liters of water) were maintained in triplicate for a period of 60 days. One month old zebrafish were randomly stocked into 15 tanks and fish were fed with commercial diet. The mean weight gain, specific growth rate and length gain for treatment 1 (5 fish/2liter) and treatment 2 (15 fish/2 liter) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than treatment 3 (25 fish/2 liter), treatment 4 (35 fish/2 liter) and treatment 5 (45 fish/2 liter). The gender weight gain, survival rate and condition factor did not show any significant (p > 0.05) difference among treatments. The result of this study suggests that the stocking density of zebrafish could be 15 fish per 2 litre of water in a laboratory system with aeration.Bangladesh J. Zool. 44(2): 209-218, 2016

scholarly journals MRSA colonisation rates on a neonatal and paediatric intensive care unit

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
Rebecca Borg ◽  
David Pace
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Invasive Infection ◽  
The Mean

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonisation is a challenge in healthcare institutions worldwide. In this retrospective nation-wide study, the rates of MRSA colonisation and infection from 2012 to 2015, on the only neonatal and paediatric intensive care unit (NPICU) in the country, were determined. Mean local rates were compared to rates of MRSA colonisation reported in units in North America, Asia and Europe between 2001 and 2010. The average rate of MRSA colonisation on admission to NPICU from 2012 to 2015 was 3.71% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.17–5.25), while the mean rate of acquired colonisation was 14.60% (95% CI 6.16–23.04). Both were significantly higher than in units abroad: 1.9% and 4.1%, respectively ( P = 0.04 and P < 0.001). There were no cases of invasive MRSA infection, while the mean rate of non-invasive infection was 0.77% (95% CI 0.54–1.01). Improved adherence to infection control measures and newer molecular diagnostic techniques are needed to further decrease the acquisition of MRSA.

scholarly journals Effects of a single initial and delayed release implant on arrival compared with a non-coated initial implant and a non-coated terminal implant in heifers fed across various days on feed

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1182-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary K Smith ◽  
Ben P Holland ◽  
Alyssa B Word ◽  
Grant I Crawford ◽  
Wade N Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

Abstract Two experiments evaluated the effect of implant number, type, and total steroidal dose on live animal performance and carcass traits in heifers fed for three different days on feed (DOF). In experiment 1, heifers (n = 3,780; 70 heifers/pen and 9 pens/treatment; initial body weight [BW] = 309 kg) were used in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were as follows: 1) implant (all from Merck Animal Health, De Soto, KS): 200 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA) and 20 mg estradiol-17β (E2) administered on arrival (SINGLE), or 80 mg TBA and 8 mg E2 administered on arrival followed by 200 mg TBA and 20 mg E2 after approximately 90 d (REPEATED) and 2) duration of DOF: harvested after approximately 172, 193, and 214. In experiment 2, heifers (n = 3,719; 65 to 70 heifers/pen and 9 pens/treatment; initial BW = 337 kg) were used with the same factors as experiment 1, except DOF were 150, 171, and 192. No implant × DOF interaction (P ≥ 0.06) was noted for any performance parameters in either experiment. Heifers administered REPEATED had improved (P ≤ 0.05) live gain to feed ratio (G:F) and carcass-adjusted G:F and tended (P = 0.09) to have greater hot carcass weight (HCW) in experiment 1. Increasing DOF resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.01) live and carcass-adjusted final BW and decreased (P = 0.01) live ADG in experiment 1. As DOF increased, HCW, HCW gain, and dressing% (P ≤ 0.01) increased in experiment 1. The mean carcass transfer was 79.6% across the 42 d terminal window in experiment 1. In experiment 2, REPEATED had improved (P = 0.03) carcass-adjusted G:F compared with SINGLE, but HCW was not different (P = 0.36) between treatments. Increased DOF resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.01) final live and carcass-adjusted BW, decreased (P ≤ 0.01) live and carcass-adjusted ADG, and poorer (P ≤ 0.01) live and carcass-adjusted G:F in experiment 2. In experiment 2, dressing percentage was greater (P = 0.02) in REPEATED compared with SINGLE. Heifers given SINGLE had greater (P = 0.01) back fat and estimated empty body fat (EBF), whereas REPEATED had fewer (P = 0.01) Yield Grade 4 carcasses and greater (P = 0.01) longissimus muscle (LM) area. Increased DOF resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.04) HCW, HCW gain, dressing%, back fat, LM area, marbling, EBF%, and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Prime-grading carcasses, Yield Grade 4 and 5, and over 454-kg carcasses in experiment 2. Carcass ADG and carcass transfer indicate a 0.70 kg carcass ADG between 150 and 192 DOF, resulting in an average carcass transfer of 72.2% in experiment 2. Although feedlot growth performance and HCW did not differ between the implant regimens tested, increasing DOF resulted in decreased live growth performance while increasing the proportion of USDA prime carcasses and HCW.

122 TIMED ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN WOOD BISON USING FROZEN-THAWED SEMEN

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Adams ◽  
S. X. Yang ◽  
J. M. Palomino ◽  
M. Anzar
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Semen Cryopreservation ◽  
Wood Bison ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intravaginal Device ◽  
Synchronization Procedure

Recent progress with methods to control ovulation and semen cryopreservation in Wood Bison was the impetus to test the feasibility of timed AI to facilitate reclamation of this threatened species. A 2 × 2 design was used to compare the efficacy of 2 ovulation synchronization techniques and 2 semen cryopreservation protocols. Female Wood Bison were assigned randomly to 2 groups (n = 24/group) in which ovarian synchronization was induced by ultrasound-guided ablation of follicles >5 mm or intramuscular treatment with 2.5 mg of estradiol 17B + 50 mg of progesterone (E+P) in canola oil. A progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) was placed at the time of follicle ablation (for 5 days) or E+P treatment (for 8 days) in the respective groups. A luteolytic dose of prostaglandin was given at the time of PRID removal, and 2500 IU of hCG was given IM 3 days later. Bison were inseminated 24 and 36 h after hCG treatment using frozen-thawed semen. The semen was collected by electro-ejaculation from 4 Wood Bison bulls, pooled, and divided into aliquots diluted in either egg-yolk extender (EY) or cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin extender (CLC). Half the bison in each synchronization group were inseminated with either EY- or CLC-extended semen. Bison were examined by ultrasonography every 12 h beginning on the day of hCG treatment for 3 days or until ovulation was detected, whichever occurred first. Pregnancy diagnosis was made by ultrasonography 34–36 days after insemination. Two bison were excluded during the experiment because of handling difficulty; therefore, the total number of bison used was 46. Ovulation rate and interval to ovulation were compared between synchronization groups by chi-square and t-test, respectively. Pregnancy rates were compared among groups by 2-way ANOVA after transforming data to arcsin. The ovulation rate was not different between synchronization groups [combined mean, 37/46 (80%)], nor was the degree of synchrony, as assessed by the residuals (variation from the mean) in the respective groups. However, the diameter (mean ± standard error of the mean) of the dominant follicle at the time of hCG treatment was smaller in the follicle ablation group than in the E+P group (10.5 ± 0.6 v. 13.9 ± 0.6; P < 0.04), and the interval from hCG treatment to ovulation tended to be longer (35.3 ± 1.6 v. 31.8 ± 1.3 h; P ≤ 0.10). Pregnancy rate was not affected by synchronization procedure, but pregnancy was detected only in the EY-inseminated group (9/23 v. 0/23; P < 0.01). Despite that post-thaw sperm motility was similar for EY and CLC semen (41.7 ± 2.9 and 44.6 ± 3.3%; respectively), CLC-treated semen failed to impregnate bison in vivo. We concluded that synchronization and timed insemination with frozen-thawed semen is feasible in Wood Bison. Of the 23 bison inseminated with EY-extended semen, 21 ovulated (91%), and of those that ovulated 9 became pregnant (43%). Both synchronization schemes were effective, but the ablation protocol may be improved by an additional day between ablation and hCG treatment. We thank Vetoquinol Canada and Merck Animal Health for providing hormone treatments.

scholarly journals Density-dependent Growth of Endangered Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822) in Nursery Ponds

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
MA Samad ◽  
MM Rasid ◽  
MR Haque ◽  
AK Paul ◽  
H Ferdaushy
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Labeo Bata ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dependent Growth

The effect of stocking density on growth performance and survival rate of endangered Labeo bata, was conducted in nursery ponds from 14th June to 13th August, 2013. Three different stocking densities viz. 500, 600 and 700 piece-1 decimal were assigned as treatment T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The initial average weight of L. bata was 0.15±008 g. Hatchlings in all the nursery ponds were fed indigenous feed (26.95% crude protein) for 8 weeks. Temperature, ammonia nitrogen, pH had no significant differences (P<0.05). Final weight (g) was found to be the highest (4.06±0.06) in T1 and the lowest (3.20±0.03) in T3. The mean values of weight gain (g) was the highest (3.91±0.06) in T1 and the lowest (3.05±0.03) in T3. SGR was highest (5.49±0.02) in T1 and lowest (5.09±0.02) in T3. Yet again, survival rate was highest (70.33±0.88) in T1 where stocking density was the lowest among those aforementioned three treatments and lowest (61.00±0.58) in T3 where the stocking density was the highest among the treatments. And finally production (kg-1ha) was found highest (352.66±4.42) in T1 and lowest (337.50±3.19) in T3. Rearing of the Labeo bata fry in those three different stocking densities showed significant (p<0.05) variation both in highest survival and growth performance. Overall production of L. bata in treatment T1 was significantly higher than that of the other two treatments T2 and T3. Despite of this, consistently higher CBR was found from treatments T1 (1:1.78) than from treatment T2 (1:1.25) and T3 (1:1.06).J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(1): 67-73 2016

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