scholarly journals Epidemiological situation of human leptospirosis in Brazil and challenges in its diagnosis with a focus on molecular approaches

Biotemas ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Andressa Penedo de Paiva Estrella ◽  
Amanda Silva Hecktheuer ◽  
Fabienne Antunes Ferreira ◽  
Ricardo Ruiz Mazzon
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
General View ◽  
Routine Test ◽  
Human Leptospirosis ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Causative Agents

Leptospira interrogans is one of the causative agents of human leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. Nowadays, this zoonosis is considered one of the biggest in terms of morbidity and mortality (even considering Dengue, the major arbovirosis affecting humans), having in Brazil 3,800 human cases per year. Currently, difficulties imposed by the absence of a rapid, sensitive diagnostic test that can be used as a routine test for the detection of leptospirosis lead to misdiagnosis and underreported cases. The gold standard diagnostic test for leptospirosis is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), which presents difficulties in execution and interpretation. Therefore, this review proposes a general view of the epidemiologic situation of the disease in Brazil, in addition to the current contributions in the literature for the development of new diagnostic methods. Amongst them, the gene sequences polymorphism analysis, which presents potential for phylogenetic and populational analysis and genotyping of Leptospira spp.

Evaluation of a passive microcapsule agglutination test for the screening of human leptospirosis

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-96
Author(s):  
B. Cacciapuoti ◽  
L. Ciceroni ◽  
Y. Arimitsu ◽  
T. Sato ◽  
M. Seki
Keyword(s):  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Human Leptospirosis

scholarly journals High-Resolution Genotyping of Streptococcus pyogenesSerotype M1 Isolates by Fluorescent Amplified-Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1948-1952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meeta Desai ◽  
Androulla Efstratiou ◽  
Robert George ◽  
John Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Length Polymorphism ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Discriminatory Power ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
High Discriminatory Power ◽  
Typing Methods

We have used fluorescent amplified-fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP) analysis to subtype clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1. Established typing methods define most M1 isolates as members of a clone that has a worldwide distribution and that is strongly associated with invasive diseases. FAFLP analysis simultaneously sampled 90 to 120 loci throughout the M1 genome. Its discriminatory power, precision, and reproducibility were compared with those of other molecular typing methods. Irrespective of disease symptomatology or geographic origin, the majority of the clinical M1 isolates shared a single ribotype, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis macrorestriction profile, and emm1 gene sequence. Nonetheless, among these isolates, FAFLP analysis could differentiate 17 distinct profiles, including seven multi-isolate groups. The FAFLP profiles of M1 isolates reproducibly exhibited between 1 and more than 20 amplified fragment differences. The high discriminatory power of genotyping by FAFLP analysis revealed genetic microheterogeneity and differentiated otherwise “identical” M1 isolates as members of a clone complex.

Prevalence of Leptospira antibodies in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from Northern Portugal: risk factor analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (10) ◽  
pp. 2126-2130 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. VALE-GONÇALVES ◽  
J. A. CABRAL ◽  
M. C. FARIA ◽  
M. NUNES-PEREIRA ◽  
A. S. FARIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Northern Portugal ◽  
Antibodies Detection

SUMMARYLeptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution, caused by infection with pathogenic spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira. The wild boar (Sus scrofa), an important hunting species in Europe, seems to play a significant role in the epidemiological cycle of leptospirosis. A total of 101 serum samples from wild boar hunted in Northern Portugal were analysed for leptospiral antibodies detection by microscopic agglutination test. Sera were collected during hunting seasons (2011–2013) and tested with 17 different pathogenic serovars of Leptospira. Antibodies against nine serovars were detected in 66 (65·4%) of these sera. Serovars Tarassovi and Altodouro exhibited the highest seroreactivity rates (23·8% and 16·8%, respectively), followed by Autumnalis (7·9%) and Bratislava (6·9%). Age and district of origin were found to be risk factors for the presence of leptospiral antibodies in contrast to gender. From a One Health perspective, this study revealed that wild boar should be considered as a potential source of leptospirosis dissemination for humans and animal species (domestic and wild) in shared environments, particularly in the Trás-os-Montes region.

scholarly journals The serological diagnosis of glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis): a new technique

1941 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Absorption Test ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Cell Agglutination ◽  
Glandular Fever ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

1. The agglutination titres for sheep and for horse erythrocytes of 100 normal sera and twenty-seven glandular fever sera have been determined.2. The results of the sheep-cell agglutination tests on normal sera differed considerably from those of Stuart, Burgess, Lawson & Wellman (1934) whose technique was used. The reason for this difference was not determined. It was thought to have some bearing upon the interpretation of sheep-cell agglutination tests in the diagnosis of glandular fever.3. Although in the glandular fever sera the horse-cell titre was usually higher than the sheep-cell titre, the normal range for horse cells was also higher, and in the diagnosis of glandular fever there did not appear to be any advantage in using horse cells instead of sheep cells.4. The value of absorption tests in the diagnosis of glandular fever is discussed and a new technique described which has practical advantages over other methods although it does not embody any important new principles.5. Of 300 normal sera examined by this technique, five contained small amounts of an antibody indistinguishable from glandular fever antibody and ten others contained a sheep-cell agglutinin apparently, though not certainly, different from any yet recognized in human serum.6. A comparison of the results of the two tests on thirty-one samples of glandular fever serum showed the absorption test to be a more sensitive diagnostic test for glandular fever than the ordinary sheep-cell agglutination test.

scholarly journals Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in foods of plant origin in North-Western Greece

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-578
Author(s):  
Hercules Sakkas ◽  
Vangelis Economou ◽  
Petros Bozidis ◽  
Panagiota Gousia ◽  
Chrissanthy Papadopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Fresh Vegetables ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
North Western ◽  
Western Greece

Abstract Giardia and Cryptosporidium are recognized as leading causes of waterborne and foodborne diarrhoeal disease with worldwide distribution. The study aimed to determine the protozoan contamination of various foods of plant origin. A total of 72 samples from 27 different varieties of fresh vegetables and fruits were collected from supermarkets and open markets in North-Western Greece and were examined using conventional diagnostic methods. Two out of 72 (2.8%) samples were found positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts, while no sample was found to be positive for Giardia cysts. The results show the presence of protozoan contamination in foods of plant origin, which may constitute a potential health hazard.

DNA barcoding of five common stored-product pest species of genus Cryptolestes (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.J. Wang ◽  
Z.H. Li ◽  
S.F. Zhang ◽  
Z. Varadínová ◽  
F. Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Haplotype Networks ◽  
Stored Product Pest ◽  
The Usa

AbstractSeveral species of the genus Cryptolestes Ganglbauer, 1899 (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) are commonly found in stored products. In this study, five species of Cryptolestes, with almost worldwide distribution, were obtained from laboratories in China, Czech Republic and the USA: Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens, 1831), Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr, 1817), Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouvelle, 1876), Cryptolestes pusilloides (Steel & Howe, 1952) and Cryptolestes capensis (Waltl, 1834). Molecular identification based on a 658 bp fragment from the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was adopted to overcome some problems of morphological identification of Cryptolestes species. The utility of COI sequences as DNA barcodes in discriminating the five Cryptolestes species was evaluated on adults and larvae by analysing Kimura 2-parameter distances, phylogenetic tree and haplotype networks. The results showed that molecular approaches based on DNA barcodes were able to accurately identify these species. This is the first study using DNA barcoding to identify Cryptolestes species and the gathered DNA sequences will complement the biological barcode database.

scholarly journals Microbiological and Immunological Studies on Brucellosis in a Hospital in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-44
Author(s):  
Manal Mohamed Elsayed Ahmed ◽  
Ibrahim A. ◽  
Abd El-Rahman M.
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Titer Group ◽  
Prevalent Species

Purpose: The study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of brucellosis in Prince Sultan Armed Forces Hospital at Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. The aim was also to determine the most prevalent species of Brucella and to make a comparison between culture and serological methods in diagnosis and to evaluate the levels of sIL-2R and/or IFN-γ production to be used as markers of treatment efficacy. Study Design: Cross-sectional Study Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted on 65 patients with male: female ratio (2:1) suspected of having brucellosis. It was carried out using slide agglutination test for detection of anti-Brucella antibodies.  Also, we estimated anti-Brucella IgG and IgM antibody levels in the sera of examined patients using ELISA. Quantization of human IFN-ɣ was performed. Results: The total incidence of brucellosis was 92.3%. The incidence among males (95.2%) was higher than that of female (87%). Brucellosis was detected in all age groups. Most of brucellosis patients were recovered during the period from January to June. Consumption of milk products, heating raw milk and milking animals were the highest risks with an incidence of 100% followed by drinking raw milk with an incidence of 95% while cutting raw meat and animal contact were the less risk with an incidence of 80% and 67%, respectively. The most prevalent species among examined patients was B. melitensis (86%) and B. abortus (6%). Brucellosis patients had 63% and 83%of anti BrucellaIg G and IgM, respectively. The highest (%) of patients having positive IgG and IgM levels in their sera were among 1/160 standard tube agglutination test (SAT) antibody titer group brucellosis patients were having positive levels of IFN-ɣ. All of them belonged to 1/80 antibody titer group. The mean IFN-ɣ levels according to SAT antibody titers were 224.25, 102 and 69.3 pg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Eradication of human brucellosis depends on the eradication of animal brucellosis. In countries like the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where brucellosis is endemic; rapid, sensitive and highly specific diagnostic methods are required to make early diagnosis and prevent resistance as there is an overlap in therapy.

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