scholarly journals Monitoring compliance with sulfur content regulations of shipping fuel by in situ measurements of ship emissions

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (17) ◽  
pp. 10087-10092 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kattner ◽  
B. Mathieu-Üffing ◽  
J. P. Burrows ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
S. Schmolke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The North ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. In 1997 the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) adopted MARPOL Annex VI to prevent air pollution by shipping emissions. It regulates, among other issues, the sulfur content in shipping fuels, which is transformed into the air pollutant sulfur dioxide (SO2) during combustion. Within designated Sulfur Emission Control Areas (SECA), the sulfur content was limited to 1 %, and on 1 January 2015, this limit was further reduced to 0.1 %. Here we present the set-up and measurement results of a permanent ship emission monitoring site near Hamburg harbour in the North Sea SECA. Trace gas measurements are conducted with in situ instruments and a data set from September 2014 to January 2015 is presented. By combining measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) and SO2 with ship position data, it is possible to deduce the sulfur fuel content of individual ships passing the measurement station, thus facilitating the monitoring of compliance of ships with the IMO regulations. While compliance is almost 100 % for the 2014 data, it decreases only very little in 2015 to 95.4 % despite the much stricter limit. We analysed more than 1400 ship plumes in total and for months with favourable conditions, up to 40 % of all ships entering and leaving Hamburg harbour could be checked for their sulfur fuel content.

scholarly journals Monitoring compliance with sulphur content regulations of shipping fuel by in-situ measurements of ship emissions

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 11031-11047 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kattner ◽  
B. Mathieu-Üffing ◽  
J. P. Burrows ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
S. Schmolke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The North ◽  
Position Data ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. In 1997 the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) adopted MARPOL Annex VI to prevent air pollution by shipping emissions. It regulates, among others, the sulphur content in shipping fuels which transforms into the air pollutant sulphur dioxide (SO2) during combustion. Within designated Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA), the sulphur content was limited to 1%, and on 1 January 2015, this limit was further reduced to 0.1%. Here we present the setup and measurement results of a permanent ship emission monitoring site near Hamburg harbour in the North Sea SECA. Trace gas measurements are conducted with in-situ instruments and a data set from September 2014 to January 2015 is presented. By combining measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) and SO2 with ship position data, it is possible to deduce the sulphur fuel content of individual ships passing the measurement station, and thus, facilitating monitoring compliance of ships with the IMO regulations. While compliance is almost 100% for the 2014 data, it decreases only very little in 2015 to 95.4% despite the much stricter limit. We analysed more than 1400 ship plumes in total and for months with favourable conditions up to 40% of all ships entering and leaving Hamburg harbour could be checked for their sulphur fuel content.

Atmospheric satellite-based and in situ surface observations on summertime trace gases (CO, CO2, CH4) over the metropolitan area of Bucharest

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius-Paul Corbu ◽  
Andreea Calcan ◽  
Ioana Vizireanu ◽  
Denisa Elena Moaca ◽  
Robert-Valentin Chiritescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Synoptic Conditions

<p>Although anthropogenic emissions of trace gases have decreased over the last decades in Europe, strong additional reductions are required to reach the goals of the Paris climate agreements. In addition, air pollution is an issue of great concern for the inhabitants of the metropolitan area of Bucharest, as the local air quality is often poor. The rapid development of the city, increased traffic volume from a mixed vehicle fleet (different technologies and fuels), and other factors are strong contributors of emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants in Bucharest.</p><p>The goal of this research was the assessment of CO, CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations in Bucharest, identification of potential emissions hotspots and their causes (anthropogenic or natural/biogenic, local or distant) and determination of the background values.</p><p>Measurements were performed in summer 2019 in four districts of Bucharest covering about two thirds of the metropolitan area during the Romanian Methane Emissions from Oil&gas (ROMEO) campaign with high resolution (1 sec). These data sets were complemented with satellite observations of CO and CH<sub>4</sub> from Copernicus Sentinel-5P at a resolution of 7 km<sup>2</sup>.</p><p>Hourly meteorological data, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric pressure were added to the air pollutant data set because synoptic conditions can strongly influence the levels of pollution. Air mass origins were investigated by computing backward air mass trajectories using the HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model for 72 hours back.</p><p>Points of high concentrations of CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> near the surface were identified which are, most likely, linked to local anthropogenic activities in the nearby surroundings. We identified a variation of concentrations of CO from 0.01 to 101 ppm, of CO<sub>2</sub> from 388 to 6556 ppm, and of CH<sub>4</sub> from 1.89 to 246 ppm, while background levels are as follows: 0.071±0.042 ppm CO, 392.68±3.01 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>, and 1.93±0.016 ppm CH<sub>4</sub>.</p><p>Results of our study provide an up to date quantitative image of CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> hotspots in the Bucharest area, which is important for modeling air quality and may also help to improve the relationships between column integrated air pollution data with in situ ground observations.</p><p><strong>Acknowledgement:</strong></p><p>This research is supported by ROMEO project, developed under UNEP’s financial support PCA/CCAC/UU/DTIE19-EN652. Partial financial support from UB198/Int project is also acknowledged.</p><p>The authors acknowledge the free use of tropospheric CO and CH<sub>4</sub> column data from TROPOMI (Sentinel-5P) sensor from https://s5phub.copernicus.eu and the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport model available at READY website https://www.ready.noaa.gov</p><p>Special thanks to all INCAS technical staff for their support in performing the campaigns.</p>

scholarly journals Long-term continuous atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> measurements at Baring Head, New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 3109-3117 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Brailsford ◽  
B. B. Stephens ◽  
A. J. Gomez ◽  
K. Riedel ◽  
S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The North ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Ocean Region ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Instrumental Precision

Abstract. We present descriptions of the in situ instrumentation, calibration procedures, intercomparison efforts, and data filtering methods used in a 39-yr record of continuous atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) observations made at Baring Head, New Zealand. Located on the southern coast of the North Island, Baring Head is exposed to extended periods of strong air flow from the south with minimal terrestrial influence resulting in low CO2 variability. The site is therefore well suited for sampling air masses that are representative of the Southern Ocean region. Instrumental precision is better than 0.015 ppm (1-σ) on 1-Hz values. Comparisons to over 600 co-located flask samples, as well as laboratory based flask and cylinder comparison exercises, suggest that over recent decades compatibility with respect to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) and World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) CO2 scales has been 0.3 ppm or better.

scholarly journals Modelling Unconfined Groundwater Recharge Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1280
Author(s):  
Khaled Mohamed Nabil I. Elsayed ◽  
Rabee Rustum ◽  
Adebayo J. Adeloye
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Fuzzy Inference System ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Inference System ◽  
The North ◽  
Neuro Fuzzy ◽  
Ground Water Recharge ◽  
Human Thinking

Estimating groundwater recharge using mathematical models such as water budget or soil water balance method has been proved to be very difficult due to the complex, uncertain multidimensional nature of the process, despite the simplicity of the concept. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques have been proposed to deal with this complexity and uncertainty in a similar way to human thinking and reasoning. This study proposed the use of the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to model unconfined groundwater recharge using a set of data records from Kaharoa monitoring site in the North Island of New Zealand. Fifty-three data points, comprising a set of input parameters such as rainfall, temperature, sunshine hours, and radiation, for a period of approximately four and a half years, have been used to estimate ground water recharge. The results suggest that the ANFIS model is overall a reliable estimator for groundwater recharge, the correlation coefficient of the model reached 93% using independent data set. The method is easy, flexible and reliable; hence, it is recommended to be used for similar applications.

scholarly journals Estimation of bubble-mediated air–sea gas exchange from concurrent DMS and CO<sub>2</sub> transfer velocities at intermediate–high wind speeds

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 9019-9033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Bell ◽  
Sebastian Landwehr ◽  
Scott D. Miller ◽  
Warren J. de Bruyn ◽  
Adrian H. Callaghan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Gas Transfer ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Simultaneous air–sea fluxes and concentration differences of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were measured during a summertime North Atlantic cruise in 2011. This data set reveals significant differences between the gas transfer velocities of these two gases (Δkw) over a range of wind speeds up to 21 m s−1. These differences occur at and above the approximate wind speed threshold when waves begin breaking. Whitecap fraction (a proxy for bubbles) was also measured and has a positive relationship with Δkw, consistent with enhanced bubble-mediated transfer of the less soluble CO2 relative to that of the more soluble DMS. However, the correlation of Δkw with whitecap fraction is no stronger than with wind speed. Models used to estimate bubble-mediated transfer from in situ whitecap fraction underpredict the observations, particularly at intermediate wind speeds. Examining the differences between gas transfer velocities of gases with different solubilities is a useful way to detect the impact of bubble-mediated exchange. More simultaneous gas transfer measurements of different solubility gases across a wide range of oceanic conditions are needed to understand the factors controlling the magnitude and scaling of bubble-mediated gas exchange.

scholarly journals Cosmic ray neutrons provide an innovative technique for estimating intermediate scale soil moisture

2018 ◽  
Vol 114 (7/8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thigesh Vather ◽  
Colin Everson ◽  
Michael Mengistu ◽  
Trenton Franz
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Intermediate Scale ◽  
Spatial Estimates ◽  
Set Up

Soil moisture is an important hydrological parameter, which is essential for a variety of applications, thereby extending to numerous disciplines. Currently, there are three methods of estimating soil moisture: ground-based (in-situ) measurements; remote sensing based methods and land surface models. In recent years, the cosmic ray probe (CRP), which is an in-situ technique, has been implemented in several countries across the globe. The CRP provides area-averaged soil moisture at an intermediate scale and thus bridges the gap between in-situ point measurements and global satellite-based soil moisture estimates. The aim of this study was to test the suitability of the CRP to provide spatial estimates of soil moisture. The CRP was set up and calibrated in Cathedral Peak Catchment VI. An in-situ soil moisture network consisting of time-domain reflectometry and Echo probes was created in Catchment VI, and was used to validate the CRP soil moisture estimates. Once calibrated, the CRP was found to provide spatial estimates of soil moisture, which correlated well with the in-situ soil moisture network data set and yielded an R2 value of 0.845. The use of the CRP for soil moisture monitoring provided reliable, accurate and continuous soil moisture estimates over the catchment area. The wealth of current and potential applications makes the CRP very appealing for scientists and engineers in various fields. Significance: • The cosmic ray probe provides spatial estimates of surface soil moisture at an intermediate scale of 18 hectares. • A single cosmic ray probe can replace a network of conventional in-situ instruments to provide reliable soil moisture estimates. • The cosmic ray probe is capable of estimating soil moisture in previously problematic areas (saline soil, wetlands, rocky soil). • Cosmic ray probes can provide data for hydro-meteorologists interested in land–atmosphere interactions. • The cosmic ray probe estimates can be promising for remote sensing scientists for product calibration and validation.

Palaeomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data bearing on the emplacement of the Western Granite, Isle of Rum, NW Scotland

2008 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. PETRONIS ◽  
B. O'DRISCOLL ◽  
V. R. TROLL ◽  
C. H. EMELEUS ◽  
J. W. GEISSMAN
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Country Rock ◽  
Anisotropy Of Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Magnetic Fabric ◽  
Contact Aureole ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Paleocene ◽  
Magma Emplacement

AbstractThe Western Granite is the largest of several granitic bodies around the margin of the Rum Central Igneous Complex. We report palaeomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data that bear on the emplacement and deformation of the Western Granite. The collection includes samples from 27 sites throughout the Western Granite, five sites in adjacent feldspathic peridotite, and two sites in intermediate to mafic hybrid contact aureole rocks. Palaeomagnetic data from 22 of the 27 sites in the granite provide an in situ group mean D = 213.2°, I = −69.5°, α95 = 5.5° that is discordant to an early Paleocene reverse polarity expected field (about 184°, −66°, α95 = 4.3°). The discrepancy is eliminated by removing an inferred 15° of northwest-side-down tilting about a best fit horizontal tilt axis trending 040°. Data from the younger peridotite and hybrid rocks of the Rum Layered Suite provide an in situ group mean of D = 182.6°, I = −64.8°, α95 = 4.0°, which is statistically indistinguishable from an early Paleocene expected field, and imply no post-emplacement tilting of these rocks since remanence acquisition. The inferred tilt recorded in the Western Granite, which did not affect the younger Layered Suite, suggests that emplacement of the ultrabasic rocks resulted in roof uplift and associated tilt of the Western Granite to make space for mafic magma emplacement. Magnetic fabric magnitude and susceptibility parameters yield two subtle groupings in the Western Granite AMS data set. Group 1 data, defined by rocks from exposures to the east and south, have comparatively high bulk susceptibilities (Kmean, 29.51 × 10−3 in SI system), stronger anisotropies (Pj, 1.031) and oblate susceptibility ellipsoids. Group 2 data, from rocks in the west part of the pluton, have lower values of Kmean (15.89 × 10−3 SI) and Pj (1.014), and triaxial susceptibility ellipsoids. Magnetic lineations argue for emplacement of the granite as a tabular sheet from the south–southeast toward the north and west. Moderate to steeply outward-dipping magnetic foliations, together with deflection of the country rock bedding in the north, are consistent with doming accompanying magma emplacement.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas measurements from a UK network of tall towers: technical description and first results

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran M. Stanley ◽  
Aoife Grant ◽  
Simon O'Doherty ◽  
Dickon Young ◽  
Alistair J. Manning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
First Results ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Tall Tower

Abstract. A network of tall tower measurement stations was set up in 2012 across the United Kingdom to expand measurements made at the long-term background northern hemispheric site, Mace Head, Ireland. Reliable and precise in situ greenhouse gas (GHG) analysis systems were developed and deployed at three sites in the UK with automated custom-built instrumentation measuring a suite of GHGs. The UK Deriving Emissions linked to Climate Change (UK DECC) network uses tall (165–230 m) open lattice telecommunications towers, which provide a convenient platform for boundary layer trace gas sampling. In this paper we describe the automated measurement system and first results from the UK DECC network for CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, CO and H2. CO2 and CH4 are measured at all of the UK DECC sites by cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) with multiple inlet heights at two of the three tall tower sites to assess for boundary layer stratification. The long-term 1-minute mean precisions (1σ) of CRDS measurements at background mole fractions for January 2012 to September 2015 is

scholarly journals Balloon-borne Limb profiling of UV/vis skylight radiances, O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub> and BrO: technical set-up and validation of the method

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 7631-7665 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Weidner ◽  
H. Bösch ◽  
H. Bovensmann ◽  
J. P. Burrows ◽  
A. Butz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Cell ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Atmospheric Parameters ◽  
Near Ir ◽  
Solar Occultation ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Set Up

Abstract. A novel light-weight, elevation scanning and absolutely calibrated UV/vis spectrometer and its application to balloon-borne Limb radiance and trace gas measurements is described. Its performance and the novel method of balloon-borne UV/vis Limb trace gas measurements has been tested against simultaneous observations of the same atmospheric parameters available from either (a) in-situ instrumentation (cf., by an electrochemical cell (ECC) ozone sonde also deployed aboard the gondola) or (b) trace gas profiles from inferred UV/vis/near IR solar occultation measurements performed on the same payload. The novel technique is also cross validated with radiative transfer modelling. Reasonable agreement is found (a) between measured and simulated Limb radiances and (b) inferred Limb O3, NO2 and BrO and otherwise measured profiles when properly accounting for all relevant atmospheric parameters (temperature T, pressure P, aerosol extinction, and major absorbers).

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