Aerosol Atmospheric Rivers: Climatology, Event Characteristics, and Detection Algorithm Sensitivities

Abstract. Leveraging the concept of atmospheric rivers (ARs), a detection technique based on a widely utilized global algorithm to detect ARs (Guan et al., 2018; Guan and Waliser, 2015, 2019) was recently developed to detect aerosol atmospheric rivers (AARs) using the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 reanalysis (Chakraborty et al., 2021a). The current study further characterizes and quantifies various details of AARs that were not provided in that study, such as AARs’ seasonality, event characteristics, vertical profiles of aerosol mass mixing ratio and wind speed, and the fraction of total annual aerosol transport conducted by AARs. Analysis is also performed to quantify the sensitivity of AAR detection to the criteria and thresholds used by the algorithm. AARs occur more frequently over, and typically extend from, regions with higher aerosol emission. For a number of planetary-scale pathways that exhibit large climatological aerosol transport, AARs contribute 40–80 % to the total annual transport. DU AARs are more frequent in boreal spring, SS AARs are often more frequent during the boreal winter (summer) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere, CA AARs are more frequent during dry seasons and often originate from the global rainforests and industrial areas, and SU AARs are present in the Northern Hemisphere during all seasons. For most aerosol types, the mass mixing ratio within AARs is highest near the surface and decreases monotonically with altitude. However, DU and CA AARs over or near the African continent exhibit peaks in their aerosol mixing ratio profiles around 700 hPa. AAR event characteristics are mostly independent of species with mean length, width, and length/width ratio around 4000 km, 600 km, and 8, respectively.

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Simulations of Atmospheric Rivers, Their Variability, and Response to Global Warming Using GFDL’s New High-Resolution General Circulation Model

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-20-0241.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (23) ◽

pp. 10287-10303

Author(s):

Ming Zhao

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

General Circulation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Southern Oscillation ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Circulation Model ◽

Teleconnection Pattern ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Atmospheric Rivers ◽

Length Width

AbstractA 50-km-resolution GFDL AM4 well captures many aspects of observed atmospheric river (AR) characteristics including the probability density functions of AR length, width, length–width ratio, geographical location, and the magnitude and direction of AR mean vertically integrated vapor transport (IVT), with the model typically producing stronger and narrower ARs than the ERA-Interim results. Despite significant regional biases, the model well reproduces the observed spatial distribution of AR frequency and AR variability in response to large-scale circulation patterns such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Northern and Southern Hemisphere annular modes (NAM and SAM), and the Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern. For global warming scenarios, in contrast to most previous studies that show a large increase in AR length and width and therefore the occurrence frequency of AR conditions at a given location, this study shows only a modest increase in these quantities. However, the model produces a large increase in strong ARs with the frequency of category 3–5 ARs rising by roughly 100%–300% K−1. The global mean AR intensity as well as AR intensity percentiles at most percent ranks increases by 5%–8% K−1, roughly consistent with the Clausius–Clapeyron scaling of water vapor. Finally, the results point out the importance of AR IVT thresholds in quantifying modeled AR response to global warming.

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Towards Pedestrian Target Detection with Optimized Mask R-CNN

Complexity ◽

10.1155/2020/6662603 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Dong-Hao Chen ◽

Yu-Dong Cao ◽

Jia Yan

Keyword(s):

Target Detection ◽

Detection Algorithm ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Detection Accuracy ◽

Natural Scene ◽

Original Algorithm ◽

Detection Algorithms ◽

Length Width ◽

Natural Characteristics ◽

Better Than

Aiming at the problem of low pedestrian target detection accuracy, we propose a detection algorithm based on optimized Mask R-CNN which uses the latest research results of deep learning to improve the accuracy and speed of detection results. Due to the influence of illumination, posture, background, and other factors on the human target in the natural scene image, the complexity of target information is high. SKNet is used to replace the part of the convolution module in the depth residual network model in order to extract features better so that the model can adaptively select the best convolution kernel during training. In addition, according to the statistical law, the length-width ratio of the anchor box is modified to make it more accord with the natural characteristics of the pedestrian target. Finally, a pedestrian target dataset is established by selecting suitable pedestrian images in the COCO dataset and expanded by adding noise and median filtering. The optimized algorithm is compared with the original algorithm and several other mainstream target detection algorithms on the dataset; the experimental results show that the detection accuracy and detection speed of the optimized algorithm are improved, and its detection accuracy is better than other mainstream target detection algorithms.

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Diversity of Pod Shape in Pisum

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13050203 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 203

Author(s):

Thomas Henry Noel Ellis ◽

Julie M. I. Hofer ◽

Eleni Vikeli ◽

Michael J. Ambrose ◽

Paola Higuera-Poveda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Allelic Variation ◽

Size Variation ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Negative Regulators ◽

Wide Range ◽

Yield Determination ◽

Organ Specific ◽

Length Width ◽

End Use ◽

Pod Length

The seed-containing pod is the defining structure of plants in the legume family, yet pods exhibit a wide range of morphological variation. Within a species pod characters are likely to be correlated with reproductive strategy, and within cultivated forms will correspond to aspects of yield determination and/or end use. Here variation in pod size, described as pod length: pod width ratio, has been analyzed in pea germplasm represented by 597 accessions. This pod size variation is discussed with respect to population structure and to known classical pod morphology mutants. Variability of the pod length: width ratio can be explained by allelic variation at two genetic loci that may correspond to organ-specific negative regulators of growth.

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Constraining and Characterizing the size of Atmospheric Rivers: A perspective independent from the detection algorithm.

10.1002/essoar.10504171.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Héctor Alejandro Inda Díaz ◽

Travis Allen O'Brien ◽

Yang Zhou ◽

William D. Collins

Keyword(s):

Detection Algorithm ◽

Atmospheric Rivers

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Meshing Method of High Precision FEM in Large Complex Structural Simulations

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.701 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 195-196 ◽

pp. 701-704

Author(s):

Yan Hua Xue ◽

Zhi Guang Wang ◽

Xiao Hong Li ◽

Xin Jiang

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Large Complex ◽

Mesh Density ◽

Length Width ◽

Complex Structural ◽

Dimensional Element

Shing is playing an important role in the large complex structural FEM simulations; it has a direct effect on calculating precision of structural simulations. For increasing the calculation accuracy and analysis accuracy of complex structure, the finite element meshing problems is proposed on the finite element analysis of large complicated structures. The effects caused by element type, mesh density and intergradations on calculating precision are studied and discussed. A research argues that with length-width ratio of 1~2 and length-thickness ration of 1.5~4.5 of two-dimensional rectangular element, the quality of meshing method of two-dimensional element is above normal. As the height of one-dimensional element is equal to the sum of reinforcing rib height of outer panel and half the thickness of panel, more accurate results can be obtained.

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Morphogenesis of the silkworm egg

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.36.1.13 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 13-18

Author(s):

J. M. Legay

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Follicle ◽

Temporal Organization ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Follicle Development ◽

Ovarian Follicle Development ◽

Length Width ◽

Form Stability

Ovarian follicle development, which accompanies morphogenesis of the silkworm egg has three distinct phases: spheric, ellipsoidal and flattened-ellipsoid. Transitions between phases are rapid and form-stability (characterized by length/width ratio) is preserved from the beginning of the ellipsoidal phase. The geometric stability of the follicle-oocyte-ovariole system, the polarity of the egg and the determinism in form changes reveal strikingly coordinated spatial and temporal organization.

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Comportamento tático coletivo em Pequenos Jogos no Futebol: influência de jogadores adicionais

Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance ◽

10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n1p62 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 62 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gibson Moreira Praça ◽

Hugo Folgado ◽

André Gustavo Pereira de Andrade ◽

Pablo Juan Greco

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Collective Variables ◽

Other Hand ◽

Centroid Distance ◽

Friedman's Test ◽

Polar Coordinate ◽

Length Width ◽

Positional Data

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n1p62 The aim of this study was to compare the collective tactical behavior between numerically balanced and unbalanced small-sided soccer games. Eighteen male soccer players (mean age 16.4 years) participated in the study. Polar coordinate analysis was performed using positional data obtained with a 15-Hz GPS device. Collective variables including length, width, centroid distance (average point between teammates), and length per width ratio (LPWratio) were collected. Data were analyzed using Friedman’s test. The results showed greater length and width values in 4vs.3 games, while a higher LPWratiowas observed in 3vs.3+2 games compared to the other configurations. In games with an additional player (4vs.3), ball circulation and the increase in effective game space were alternatives to overcome the more concentrated defensive systems near the goal. On the other hand, 3vs.3+2 games allowed more actions in the length axis and a fast reach of the opponent’s goal.

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Estimating the Effect of Fractal Dimension on Representative Elementary Volume of Randomly Distributed Rock Fracture Networks

Geofluids ◽

10.1155/2018/7206074 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jing Zhang ◽

Liyuan Yu ◽

Hongwen Jing ◽

Richeng Liu

Keyword(s):

Fractal Dimension ◽

Functional Relationship ◽

Rock Fracture ◽

Representative Elementary Volume ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Elementary Volume ◽

Equivalent Permeability ◽

Length Width ◽

Rock Fracture Networks

The effect of fractal dimension (Df) on the determination of representative elementary volume (REV) was investigated through numerical experimentations, in which a new method was adopted to extract submodels that have different length-width ratios from original discrete facture networks (DFNs). Fluid flow in 1610 DFNs with different geometric characteristics of fractures and length-width ratios was simulated, and the equivalent permeability was calculated. The results show that the average equivalent permeability (KREV) at the REV size for DFNs increases with the increase in Df. The KREV shows a downward trend with increasing length-width ratio of the submodel. A strong exponent functional relationship is found between the REV size and Df. The REV size decreases with increasing Df. With the increment of the length-width ratio of submodels, the REV size shows a decreasing trend. The effects of length-width ratio and Df on the REV size can be negligible when Df≥1.5, but are significant when Df<1.5.

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Correlation of Ultrasound Findings and Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology for the Diagnosis of Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Breast Carcinoma

Acta Cytologica ◽

10.1159/000493635 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 17-22

Author(s):

Kusum Kapila ◽

Preetha Alath ◽

Govind H. Hebbar ◽

Mohammed Jaragh ◽

Sara S. George ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Breast Carcinoma ◽

Fine Needle Aspiration ◽

Needle Aspiration ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Axillary Lymph ◽

Aspiration Cytology ◽

Fine Needle ◽

Length Width ◽

Needle Aspiration Cytology

Objective: Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (USG-FNAC) is used for the detection of axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis in patients with breast carcinoma (BC). US findings have a good diagnostic accuracy with high sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this study is to correlate the detection of ALN metastases on US with FNAC in BC patients. Study Design: In 75 BC patients, over a period of 9 months (January to September 2017), the size, cortical thickness (CT), presence or absence of hilar fat, and length/width ratio of ALN on US were reviewed and correlated with FNAC findings. Results: The age range was 29–78 (mean 52) years. There were 38 patients with a single ALN and 37 with multiple ALNs. ALNs with a maximum length of > 2.5 cm were malignant in 100% of cases while those ≥1.5 cm were malignant in 80.4%. ALNs with a CT of > 3 mm had metastasis in 78.1% cases. ALNs with absent hilar fat showed tumour in 87.5% cases. A length/width ratio of < 2 showed a metastatic tumour in 66.7% of aspirates. Conclusion: An association was seen between metastatic carcinoma on FNAC and axillary US features of a maximum length of ≥1.5 cm, the absence of hilar fat, and a CT of > 3 mm (p < 0.05).

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Do we have infraspecific taxa of Salvia multicaulis Vahl. (Lamiaceae) in Iran?

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology ◽

10.15421/2017_138 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 432-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Seyed Mehdi Talebi ◽

Reza Rezakhanlou ◽

A V. Matsyura

Keyword(s):

Leaf Shape ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Petiole Length ◽

Widespread Species ◽

Basal Leaf ◽

Leaf Petiole ◽

Upgma Cluster Analysis ◽

Length Width

Salvia multicaulis is a widespread species of Lamiaceae family in Iran. There are many discussions about its infraspecific variations. Although some varieties were definite for this species in various parts of the world, no infraspecific taxon was reported in Iran and all samples of this species were named as S. multicaulis. In this study, morphological characteristics of S. multicaulis populations, naturally growing in Iran, was examined. Twenty-two traits were examined in 94 individuals of this species to identify their phenotypic difference. Most of the investigated features were showing a high degree of variability, but it was highly pronounced for some characteristics such as basal leaf shape, basal leaf width, basal leaf length/ width ratio and basal petiole length. Significant positive/negative correlations were observed between some morphological variables. Furthermore, significant negative correlations were found between the eastern distribution of populations with basal leaf petiole length and basal leaf length/ width ratio. Based on the UPGMA cluster analysis, populations were divided into two main branches. The first branch contained four populations, while the second branch was bigger and clustered in two sub-branches. In one of them, three populations and in another one the rest populations arranged in two groups. CA joined plot confirmed that each of studied populations or group of populations had distinct morphological trait(s), which were useful in identification of them. Our findings supported population no. 13 had unique morphological traits such as the largest bracts and basal leaf petiole, highest flower number of each inflorescence cycle, widest and largest calyx. The conservation of the highly diverse populations of Iranian S. multicaulis is recommended.

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