Middle Holocene environmental reconstruction and climatic inferences through multi-proxy records from Seymareh lake sediments (Zagros Mts., Iran)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Delchiaro ◽  
Giulia Iacobucci ◽  
Francesco Troiani ◽  
Marta Della Seta ◽  
Paolo Ballato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Middle Holocene ◽  
Lake System ◽  
Proxy Records ◽  
The Impact

<p>The Seymareh landslide is the largest rock slope failure (44 Gm<sup>3</sup>) ever recorded on the exposed Earth surface. It detached ∼10 ka BP from the northeastern flank of the Kabir-Kuh anticline (Zagros Mts., Iran) originating the natural dam responsible for the formation of a three-lake system (Seymareh, Jaidar, and Balmak lakes, with an area of 259, 46, and 5 km<sup>2</sup>, respectively). The lake system persisted for ∼3000 yr during the Holocene before its emptying phase due to overflow. A sedimentation rate of 21 mm yr<sup>−1</sup> was estimated for the Seymareh lacustrine deposits, which increased during the early stage of lake emptying because of enhanced sediment yield from the lake tributaries. </p><p>To reconstruct the climatic and environmental impact on the lake infilling, we reviewed the geomorphology of the basins and combined the results with multi-proxy records from a 30 m thick lacustrine sequence in Seymareh Lake. Major analyses comprise grain size analysis, carbon and oxygen stable isotopes of carbonate-bearing sediments, and X-ray diffraction analysis of clay minerals.</p><p>Lake overflowing is largely accepted as the main response to variations in water discharge and sediment supply since the alternation from dry to wet phases enhances sediment mobilization along hillslopes decreasing the accommodation space in the downstream sedimentary basins. In this regard, during the early-middle Holocene, the Seymareh area, as well as the entire Middle East, was affected by short-term climate changes at the millennial-scale, as testified by both paleoecological and archaeological evidence. Indeed, several records from Iranian lakes (i.e., Mirabad, Zeribar, Urmia) well documented the temperature and the moisture conditions of the western Zagros Mountains during the Holocene. During the early Holocene, the precipitation remained low up to 6 ka BP, reaching the driest condition around 8-8.2 ka BP. The impact of this abrupt climate change is evident across West Asia, where the first large villages with domesticated cereals and sheeps disappeared, converting to small hamlets and starting habitat-tracking. As regards the Seymareh area, a more irregular distribution of rainfalls and their increasing seasonality may support rhexistasy conditions, during which the scarce vegetation cover enhances both the hillslope erosion and sedimentation rate in the basins, most likely contributing to the overflow of Seymareh Lake. </p>

scholarly journals Middle Holocene Coastal Environmental and Climate Change on the Southern Coast of Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Hoil Lee ◽  
Jin-Young Lee ◽  
Seungwon Shin
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotopes ◽  
Asian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Freshwater Input ◽  
Reclaimed Land ◽  
Middle Holocene ◽  
Southwest Coast

We obtained a 15 m drill core from Deukryang Bay on the southwest coast of Korea, which is now an area of reclaimed land used for agriculture. We investigated changes in the depositional environment and hydrological climate responses to sea level changes using sedimentary facies, radiocarbon ages, grain-size analysis, total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS), and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C). Sediment deposition began at 12,000 cal yr BP and was divided into four stages based on changes from fluvial to intertidal environments related to Holocene marine transgression events. Stage 1 (>10,000 cal yr BP) is represented by fluvial sediments; Stage 2 (10,000–7080 cal yr BP) is represented by the deposition of mud facies in an intertidal zone in response to sea level rise; Stage 3 (7080–3300 cal yr BP) was a period of gradually descending sea level following the Holocene maximum sea level and is characterized by gradual changes in TOC, TS, and C/S ratios compared with the mud facies of Stage 2. Stage 4 (3300 to present) was deposited in a supratidal zone and contains low TS and an abundance of TOC. Based on our TS and C/S ratio results, the south coast of Korea was mainly affected by sea level rise between 7000 and 3000 cal yr BP, during the middle Holocene. At 3000 cal yr BP, sea level began to stabilize or gradually decrease. In addition, changes in δ13C values are clearly observed since ca. 5000 cal yr BP, in particular, large hydrological changes via freshwater input are confirmed in 4000–3000 cal yr BP. We consider these shifts in freshwater input indicators of an increased influence of El Niño and La Niña conditions, related to the weakening of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) and changes in sea surface temperature (SST) of the Western Pacific Ocean during the middle Holocene climatic optimum (between 7800 and 5000 cal yr BP). The cooling periods of SST in East Asia between 8400 and 6600 cal yr BP reported from the west coast of Korea are related closely to changes in vegetation (as evidenced by δ13C) from 7700 cal yrs BP to the present in the southwest coast of Korea. We interpret the freshwater input events at 4000–3000 cal yr BP to be related to changes in SST in response to the weakening of the EASM on the southwest coast of Korea. However, additional research is needed to study the southward migration effect of the westerly jet related to SST and atmospheric circulation controlling terrestrial climate in the middle Holocene.

scholarly journals MARINE SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS AT KARIMUN JAVA SEA BASED ON STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILE ANALYSIS, TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (TSS) AND GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS (GRANULOMETRY)

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suryantini Suryantini ◽  
Aris Ismanto ◽  
Indarta Kuncoro Aji ◽  
Dwi Fajar Saputri ◽  
Helfinalis Helfinalis
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Sea Bed ◽  
Java Sea

A sedimentology survey was conducted during “Pelayaran Kebangsaan” research activities with a marine vessel of "Baruna Jaya VIII" in Karimun Java Sea. The objectives of the research were to determine the characteristics of marine water and its sediment, which are important control for coral reef growth in the study area. The survey acquired samples of Total Suspended Sediment (TSS) and gravity coring. Several analyses were then carried out on those samples; TSS analysis to determine the amount of suspended sediments in sea water that reflect the water quality for marine ecology, stratigraphic profile and sediment thickness pattern analyses to determine the sources of sediment, and grain-size analysis based on granulometry to determine deposition energy and grain-size distribution in the area. Those analyses were both conducted on-board Baruna Jaya VIII research vessel and P2O LIPI laboratory in Jakarta. The results showed that in Java Sea nearby Karimun Java Islands, the sediment supply came from the surrounding islands. Two sedimentary units were found in this area. The first units has thickness of tens centimeter from sea bed surface. It is characterized by grayish green color, grain size variation from clay to coarse sand, soft or low density and abundance with shells. The second unit is located beneath the first one, indicated by sharp contact. It is characterized by brownish color, higher density resembling the density of rock, less compacted and can be broken easily by hand, with occasionally thin carbon lenses or remnant of decomposed vegetation, and less shell or fossil At sea surface, TSS distribution shows value between 0.018 and 0.034 gr/l, with average of 0.025 gr/l, whereas at near bottom sea, it ranges between 0.024 and 0.030 gr/l, with average value of 0.027 gr/l. The granulometry shows that more than 50% of sediment is characterized by the abundance of grain size greater than 3 phi. It suggest that sea water around Karimun Java Islands was clear and the current was relatively calm. These conditions were relatively stable for a long time span. Those sea characteristics were important for successful growth of coral reefs and its complementary marine biotas. However, further studies and researches based on chemical and physical characteristics of sea water, and plankton and microbiology variation and abundances are necessary to confirm those presuppositions.Keywords: total suspended solid, gravity coring, stratigraphic profile, granulometry, Karimun Java Sea

Reconstructions of past sediment and water discharges from fluvial-fill terraces in the southern Central Andes of NW Argentina

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Tofelde ◽  
Taylor Schildgen ◽  
Andrew Wickert ◽  
Manfred Strecker ◽  
Ricardo Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Water Discharge ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Fluvial Terraces ◽  
Sediment Routing ◽  
Pleistocene Climate ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
The Impact

<p>Alluvial river long profiles continually adjust to their water discharge (<em>Q<sub>w</sub></em>) and sediment supply (<em>Q<sub>s</sub></em>). <em>Q<sub>w</sub></em> and <em>Q<sub>s</sub></em> are in turn functions of local climatic and tectonic conditions. Hence, changes in the prevailing tectonic or climatic conditions will trigger adjustments to channel long profiles, either by channel incision into previously deposited sediments or by sediment deposition. Because fluvial terraces are abandoned floodplains that preserve ancient river elevation profiles formed from past <em>Q<sub>s</sub></em> and <em>Q<sub>w</sub></em>, they store information on past climatic or tectonic conditions. </p><p>In NW Argentina, reconstructions of Pleistocene climate are sparse due to the limited availability of paleo-climatic records, such as stable isotope data from speleothems or lake cores. However, many intermontane basins within the Southern Central Andes of NW Argentina are characterized by multiple generations of fluvial-fill terraces, some of which date back several tens to hundreds of thousands of years. Here, we show that these geomorphic units provide an opportunity to extract information about paleo-climatic conditions. </p><p>A combination of several geochronological techniques has revealed the history of a >200-m-thick fluvial-fill terrace sequence within the Quebrada del Toro. The terrace sequence experienced alternating episodes of incision and aggradation since at least 500 ka. Subsequent terrace surfaces appear to have formed following a cyclicity of ca. 100 kyr. From detrital sediment within those fill terraces, past <em>Q<sub>s</sub></em> could be reconstructed for times of sediment aggradation based on cosmogenic <sup>10</sup>Be concentrations. The analyses revealed that over the last ~500 kyr <em>Q<sub>s</sub></em> has varied at most by a factor of 4, but overall has been relatively constant. As the slope of a river channel (and likewise, the slope of a well preserved terrace surface) is a function of incoming <em>Q<sub>s</sub></em> and <em>Q<sub>w</sub></em>, combining data of terrace slope and past <em>Q<sub>s</sub></em> allowed us to reconstruct past <em>Q<sub>w</sub></em> for the times represented by the ages of the terrace surfaces, which mark the onset of river incision. The analyses revealed that during these times, <em>Q<sub>w</sub></em> was 10 to 80% higher than today. The results are in line with the few existing quantitative estimates of past precipitation changes in the Central Andes, but have the advantage of extending further back in time. Moreover, the widespread occurrence of fluvial-fill terraces throughout the Central Andes offers the opportunity to reconstruct past <em>Q<sub>w</sub></em> with high spatial resolution, offering a new perspective regarding the impact of past climate changes on the sediment-routing system through space and time.</p>

scholarly journals Characteristics of Point-Bar Development under the Influence of a Dam: Case Study on the Dráva River at Sigetec, Croatia

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tímea Kiss ◽  
Márton Balogh
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Bank Erosion ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Point Bar ◽  
Sediment Size ◽  
Drava River

Abstract Before the extensive engineering works the Dráva River had braided pattern. However in the 19-20th centuries river regulation works became widespread, thus meanders were cut off, side-channels were blocked and hydroelectric power plants were completed. These human impacts significantly changed the hydro-morphology of the river. The aim of the present research is to analyse meander development and the formation of a point-bar from the point of view of indirect human impact. Series of maps and ortho-photos representing the period of 1870-2011 were used to quantify the longterm meander development, rate of bank erosion and point-bar aggradation. Besides, at-a-site erosion measurements and grain-size analysis were also carried out. As the result of reservoir constructions during the last 145 years floods almost totally disappeared, as their return period increased to 5-15 years and their duration decreased to 1-2 days. The channel pattern had changed from braided to sinuous and to meandering, thus the rate of bank erosion increased from 3.7 m/y to 32 m/y. On the upstream part of the point-bar the maximum grain size is 49.7-83.4 mm and the mean particle size is 7.6 mm, whilst on the downstream part the maximum grain size was only 39.7-39.9 mm and mean sediment size decreased to 6.1 mm. Due to the coarse sediment supply and the decreasing stream energy the point-bars develop quickly upstream and laterally too.

scholarly journals From the Landslide to the Mangrove; Coupling Sediment Supply Pulses and River Sediment Deposits in the context of Climate Change in Thailand.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Curoy ◽  
Raymond Ward ◽  
John Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Negative Power ◽  
Scaling Properties ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Southern Thailand

<p>In Thailand landslides and flooding are two major natural disasters affecting more than 11 million people living in coastal provinces. Such events have significant human and economic impacts. For example, in 1988, landslides resulted in 373 deaths and caused up to US$80 million in damage (Tanavud, 2008); in 2011, floods and landslides affected more than two million people and killed 53 across Southern Thailand with a village of about 100 households being buried by one large slide (EarthObservatory, 2021). Landslides in the Krabi province in Thailand are predominantly shallow and rainfall-induced, they also represent the main source of sediment pulses for coastal environments such as mangroves and beaches. This study aims at investigating the link between sediment availability from 3 river catchments in the province of Krabi in Southern Thailand and sedimentation rate evolution in mangroves directly downstream in order to understand coastal the sediment shortages and therefore coastal erosion in that area.</p><p>Landslide inventories were evaluated using high resolution imagery (<10m) such as aerial photographs, Theos and EO-1 satellite imagery, Google Earth historical tool covering a time period from 2007 to present. Calculations of the surface areas and volumes of landslides was calculated in ArcMap using the formulae developed by Larsen et al. (2010). Landslide erosion was modelled using an approach based upon the negative power law scaling properties of rockfall magnitude–frequency distribution to establish total volumes of sediment for specific years or seasons.</p><p>Core samples taken in the mangroves near the river mouths were used to identify markers of landslide events and associated sediment cascades based on grain size distribution and <sup>137</sup>Cs dating.</p><p>Preliminary results show sedimentation rates in the mangroves from 0.9 to 2 mm/year since 1963 and sediment volumes made available to transport from 0.3 to 68300 m<sup>3</sup>/year since 2007 across the 3 catchments.</p><p>Grain size analysis shows variations of the D<sub>50</sub> and the sorting coefficient throughout the sediment recording indicators of landslides and high intensity rainfall events.</p>

scholarly journals Decadal Shoreline Stability in Eastbourne,  Wellington Harbour

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
David Olson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Aerial Photograph ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Beach Morphology ◽  
Longshore Sediment Transport ◽  
Longshore Transport ◽  
Beach Width

<p>Mixed Sand and Gravel (MSG) Beach research in recent decades has overwhelmingly focussed on open-oceanic environments, however, those found in fetch limited settings remain poorly understood. This thesis has examined spatial and temporal morphological change through such a system in Eastbourne, Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. This site has only recently prograded following several decades of erosion. This accretion has been the result of a northward migrating gravel front, which is introducing gravel sized sediment into the previously sandy system resulting in significant changes in beach morphology and volume. The aim of this study is to quantify these spatial and temporal changes and to assess shoreline stability on a decadal timescale. Additionally it aims to ascertain whether the current progradation is a long term change to the system or the result of a short term sediment increase. This assessment has been conducted in the form of topographic surveying, grain size and aerial photograph analysis. The topographic surveying and grain size analysis provides an accurate description of beach morphology. This is compared to the established MSG beach morphology models for the open coast, but operating on a smaller scale because of the lower energy fetch-limited environment of the study area. Aerial photograph analysis is used to show the longer term changes in beach width and the northern migration of the gravel fraction of the sediment supply regime. The spatial analysis results show that the beach morphology is highly variable. In the embayments that are more exposed to oceanic swell waves beach profiles are broad and steep, and in the beaches in the northern sections of the coastline which are more sheltered from oceanic swell waves, profiles are flat and narrow. The temporal results show that the coastal accretion observed through the study area has been initially rapid, followed by sustained increased beach width. These results suggest that the morphological variation on this coastline is part of a long term adjustment to a change in sediment supply, initiated by tectonic uplift and subsequently driven by longshore sediment transport. The observed mechanism of longshore transport has been suggested to be a function of sediment properties, relative wave energy and bathymetry/topography. The findings of this research are used to develop a conceptual model of shoreline evolution for the study area in response to changes that have occurred over the last 154 years.</p>

scholarly journals Holocene hydroclimate reconstruction based on pollen, XRF, and grain-size analysis and its implications for past societies of the Korean Peninsula

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinheum Park ◽  
Jungjae Park ◽  
Sangheon Yi ◽  
Jaesoo Lim ◽  
Jin Cheul Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Asian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Kuroshio Current ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
The Holocene

Abstract. The dynamics of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) and their link to past societies during the Holocene are topics of growing interest. In this study, we present analyses of a ca. 6,000-year pollen record, as well as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and grain-size data from the STP18-03 core sampled from Miryang in the Korean Peninsula, which spans ca. 8.3–2.3 ka BP. In-phase relationships of these proxies revealed an imprint of the Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO) during the early to mid-Holocene and subsequent drying toward the late Holocene in accordance with decreasing solar insolation. At centennial timescales, our study indicates wet conditions during ca. 8.3–7.5, 7.1–6.4, 6.0–4.8, and 3.6–2.8 ka BP, and a drier climate during ca. 7.5–7.1, 6.4–6.0, and 4.8–3.6 ka BP. Notably, our finding for ca. 6.4–6.0 ka BP contributes further evidence of a drying event in the Korean Peninsula during this period. We suggest that the Pacific Ocean played a role in the underlying mechanism of hydroclimate change in the region. A strong Kuroshio Current (KC) and long-term El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like variability in the Western Tropical Pacific (WTP) were closely linked to the influence of the EASM over the Korean Peninsula. In particular, dry phases during ca. 4.8–3.6 and 2.8–2.3 ka BP, which were synchronous with a more active ENSO, closely corresponded to lower population levels according to a summed probability distribution (SPD) of archaeological records assembled in the Korean Peninsula. This finding implies that past human societies of Korea were highly vulnerable to climate deterioration caused by precipitation deficits.

scholarly journals Decadal Shoreline Stability in Eastbourne,  Wellington Harbour

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
David Olson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Aerial Photograph ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Beach Morphology ◽  
Longshore Sediment Transport ◽  
Longshore Transport ◽  
Beach Width

<p>Mixed Sand and Gravel (MSG) Beach research in recent decades has overwhelmingly focussed on open-oceanic environments, however, those found in fetch limited settings remain poorly understood. This thesis has examined spatial and temporal morphological change through such a system in Eastbourne, Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. This site has only recently prograded following several decades of erosion. This accretion has been the result of a northward migrating gravel front, which is introducing gravel sized sediment into the previously sandy system resulting in significant changes in beach morphology and volume. The aim of this study is to quantify these spatial and temporal changes and to assess shoreline stability on a decadal timescale. Additionally it aims to ascertain whether the current progradation is a long term change to the system or the result of a short term sediment increase. This assessment has been conducted in the form of topographic surveying, grain size and aerial photograph analysis. The topographic surveying and grain size analysis provides an accurate description of beach morphology. This is compared to the established MSG beach morphology models for the open coast, but operating on a smaller scale because of the lower energy fetch-limited environment of the study area. Aerial photograph analysis is used to show the longer term changes in beach width and the northern migration of the gravel fraction of the sediment supply regime. The spatial analysis results show that the beach morphology is highly variable. In the embayments that are more exposed to oceanic swell waves beach profiles are broad and steep, and in the beaches in the northern sections of the coastline which are more sheltered from oceanic swell waves, profiles are flat and narrow. The temporal results show that the coastal accretion observed through the study area has been initially rapid, followed by sustained increased beach width. These results suggest that the morphological variation on this coastline is part of a long term adjustment to a change in sediment supply, initiated by tectonic uplift and subsequently driven by longshore sediment transport. The observed mechanism of longshore transport has been suggested to be a function of sediment properties, relative wave energy and bathymetry/topography. The findings of this research are used to develop a conceptual model of shoreline evolution for the study area in response to changes that have occurred over the last 154 years.</p>

Stratigraphic organisation of a composite macrotidal wedge: the Holocene sedimentary infilling of the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay (NW France)

2010 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Tessier ◽  
Isabelle Billeaud ◽  
Patrick Lesueur
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Estuarine System ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
The North ◽  
Most Significant Change ◽  
Main Component ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Main Factor

Abstract The Mont-Saint-Michel Bay (NW France) is a composite macrotidal environment that was filled up in the course of the Holocene transgression and sea-level highstand. Three main sub-environments constitute the present-day landscape of the bay: 1) a wide embayment with extensive mud to sandflats in the south, 2) a sandy to muddy channel-and-shoal estuarine system in the east, 3) a wave-dominated sandy coast composed of beach and dune barrier in the north. The Holocene infill of this composite macrotidal basin has been studied thanks to a set of vibrocores and VHR seismic data. The main results are summarized as follows: the TST is composed by a low-energy aggradational unit in the axis of the estuarine valley, and by high-energy sediment bodies (tidal dunes and banks) outside the valley; the HST (post 6500 yr B.P.) constitutes the main component of the infill. In the north, it is characterised by an aggradational unit made of back-barrier tidal lagoonal infill successions. In the embayment, it is represented by an aggradational unit composed of tidal-flat deposits. In the estuarine axis, the HST is constituted by a sand-dominated tidal channel-and-shoal belt. The rate of the Holocene sea-level rise appears to be the main factor of control of the infill architecture of the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay since the most significant change occurred around 6500 yr B.P. when the transgression slowed down. The interaction between hydrodynamic agents and sediment supply exerts as well a key control, especially during the late Holocene, when transgression is slow. The impact of climate changes is recorded in the infill during this period. The rocky substrate hypsometry should be considered also as a major forcing parameter as it determines the potential of preservation of the infill in relation with the depth of ravinement by tidal currents.

scholarly journals PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TIDAL FLATS SEDIMENTS IN IRAQI COASTLINE, NORTHWEST OF ARABIAN GULF

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2E) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Dounia Al-khuzaie
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
The Impact

The quantitative and qualitative physic-chemical properties considered in more than 15 geographical sites were selected along the Iraqi coastline. The grain size analysis and the EC, pH, TDS, K, Na, Mg, Ca, HCO3, Cl, SO4 were estimated in the sediments sample. Three types of soil textures dominate which are sandy clay, sandy clay loam and clay loam were observed in the present study. The results show that the pH value ranges from7.67-8.19, EC (23-68.45 dS/m), TDS (14720-43808 ppm), Na (6388-20746 ppm), K (73.225-211.875ppm), Ca (306.25-537.5 ppm), Mg (675-2475ppm), Cl (6160-18350 ppm), SO4 (1680-4080 ppm), HCO3 (93.75-225 ppm), SAR (37.61-107.95). The analytical results for the surface samples presented the impact of both solodization and salinization processes. They are shown from the high values of EC and domination of Na in the exchangeable complex. The ions occur in the following concentration order: Na > Mg > Ca > K and Cl > SO4 > HCO3.

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