Legacy deposits: can a small-scale mining paradigm contribute to the re-processing mining wastes to supply critical raw materials?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Bodin ◽  
Guillaume Bertrand ◽  
Patrick D'Hugues
Keyword(s):  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Wastes ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Preliminary Information ◽  
Mineral Wastes ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

<p>In line with the perspective of the Raw Material Initiative launched in 2008 by the European Commission to ensure access to and supply of critical raw materials in Europe, the H2020-funded IMPaCT project (Grant no. 730411) aims to develop a Switch-On Switch-Off (SO-SO) concept as an emergence of a new modern small-scale mining paradigm. Its ultimate goal is to increase the viability of many critical metals hosted in small primary deposits, particularly in Europe, by developing a modularized mobile plant (MMP) concept that can economically operate different type of ores in different types of geological and geographical contexts.</p><p>In addition, the project addresses the prospect of applying the SO-SO concept and the small-scale mining paradigm with regard to the reprocessing of mineral wastes in Europe. A dataset of legacy deposits of interest for the SO-SO concept was drawn from the ProMine Anthropogenic Concentration (AC) database (built during the European FP7 ProMine project) used as the data source and by applying a sequential-rating as a methodology to rank records and to highlight potential targets.</p><p>Apart from national mining wastes registries, the ProMine AC database remains so far the most exhaustive and reliable attempt at a consolidated pan-European database regarding mining wastes. Despite data shortcoming in the ProMine AC database, this study proposes potential targets of mineral wastes for the SO-SO concept in Europe and provides with preliminary information on location, type of waste, commodities content, tonnage and their potential.</p><p>To put into perspective the application of the SO-SO concept and the small-scale mining paradigm in regards with mineral wastes reprocessing, this study also proposes generic flowsheets to address specific potential targets identified among the records from the ProMine AC database and based on the preliminary information available. However, the relevancy and completeness of these information still require a case-by-case assessment. As a result, this methodology falls into a scoping approach that could be applied ahead of (pre)feasibility studies.</p><p>Combining the re-exploitation of a primary ore deposit along with the reprocessing of its wastes inherited from previous mining and ore processing activities is of great interest in seeking social acceptance. Eventually, in such perspective, a cross survey of the potential of both primary deposits, using the ProMine Mineral Deposits (MD) database, and secondary deposits, using the ProMine AC database, therefore appears as a relevant scoping strategy ahead of implementing small-scale mining.</p>

scholarly journals The Potential for REE and Associated Critical Metals in Karstic Bauxites and Bauxite Residue of Montenegro

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Slobodan Radusinović ◽  
Argyrios Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Secondary Raw Material ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
First Time ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Research for critical raw materials is of special interest, due to their increasing demand, opulence of applications and shortage of supply. Bauxites, or bauxite residue after alumina extraction can be sources of critical raw materials (CRMs) due to their content of rare earth elements and other critical elements. Montenegrin bauxites and bauxite residue (red mud) are investigated for their mineralogy and geochemistry. The study of the CRM’s potential of the Montenegrin bauxite residue after the application of Bayer process, is performed for the first time. Montenegrin bauxites, (Jurassic bauxites from the Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions from the Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic-Oxfordian and Late Triassic paleorelief) are promising for their REE’s content (around 1000 ppm of ΣREE’s). More specifically, they are especially enriched in LREEs compared to HREEs. Regarding other CRMs and other elements, Ti, V, Zr, Nb, Sr and Ga could also be promising. In bauxite residue, the contents of Zr, Sr, V, Sc, La, Ce, Y, Ti and Nb are higher than those in bauxites. However, raw bauxites and bauxite residue as a secondary raw material can be considered as possible sources of CRMs.

scholarly journals Potential Benefits and Constraints of Development of Critical Raw Materials’ Production in the EU: Analysis of Selected Case Studies

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Guzik ◽  
Krzysztof Galos ◽  
Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska ◽  
Toni Eerola ◽  
Pasi Eilu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Abandoned Mines ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Cost And Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Major benefits and constraints related to mineral extraction within the EU have been identified on the examples of selected critical raw materials’ deposits. Analyzed case studies include the following ore deposits: Myszków Mo-W-Cu (Poland), Juomasuo Au-Co (Finland), S. Pedro das Águias W-Sn (Portugal), Penouta Nb-Ta-Sn (Spain), Norra Kärr REEs (Sweden) and Trælen graphite (Norway). They represent different stages of development, from the early/grassroot exploration stage, through advanced exploration and active mining, up to reopening of abandoned mines, and refer to different problems and constraints related to the possibility of exploitation commencement. The multi-criteria analysis of the cases has included geological and economic factors as well as environmental, land use, social acceptance and infrastructure factors. These factors, in terms of cost and benefit analysis, have been considered at three levels: local, country and EU levels. The analyzed cases indicated the major obstacles that occur in different stages of deposit development and need to be overcome in order to enable a new deposit exploitation commencement. These are environmental (Juomasuo and Myszków), spatial (Juomasuo) as well as social constraints (Norra Kärr, Juomasuo). In the analyzed cases, the most important constraints related to future deposit extraction occur primarily at a local level, while some important benefits are identified mainly at the country and the EU levels. These major benefits are related to securing long-term supplies for the national industries and strategically important EU industry sectors.

scholarly journals Complex Concentrated Alloys for Substitution of Critical Raw Materials in Applications for Extreme Conditions

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1197
Author(s):  
Dumitru Mitrica ◽  
Ioana Cristina Badea ◽  
Beatrice Adriana Serban ◽  
Mihai Tudor Olaru ◽  
Denisa Vonica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
General Evaluation ◽  
Critical Metal ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

The paper is proposing a mini-review on the capability of the new complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) to substitute or reduce the use of critical raw materials in applications for extreme conditions. Aspects regarding the regulations and expectations formulated by the European Union in the most recent reports on the critical raw materials were presented concisely. A general evaluation was performed on the CCAs concept and the research directions. The advantages of using critical metals for particular applications were presented to acknowledge the difficulty in the substitution of such elements with other materials. In order to establish the level of involvement of CCAs in the reduction of critical metal in extreme environment applications, a presentation was made of the previous achievements in the field and the potential for the reduction of critical metal content through the use of multi-component compositions.

scholarly journals WEEE collection and CRM recovery trials: piloting a holistic approach for Scotland

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-718
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Sustainable Supply Chain ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

<p>Re-Tek UK and its partners, Enscape Consulting and the University of West of Scotland commenced trials for the collection and recovery of critical raw materials from waste electrical and electronic (WEEE) products in July 2016. Sponsored by the EU LIFE funded project ‘Critical Raw Material Closed Loop Recovery’ coordinated by WRAP with EARN, ERP UK Ltd, KTN Ltd and Wuppertal Institute as beneficiaries. The trials are aimed at boosting the recovery of critical raw materials (CRMs) from household waste electrical and electronic products (WEEE) and Information Communications Technology (ICT) in particular, after functioning equipment is separated out for re-use. The new collection models provided residents with the opportunity to drop-off unwanted electrical and electronic appliances at a time and place that suits them, through a collaborative approach which encourages local authorities, educational establishments, businesses, and Social Enterprises, etc to act as hub sites. Hubs were designed to minimize product damage and encourage drop-off, rather than hoarding. Extraction methods developed after the collection phase of the trial looked at the opportunity to recover cobalt, gold and silver from ICT products, with the potential to inform how a more sustainable supply chain could be developed in Scotland. The elements studied were selected to demonstrate financial opportunity (gold/silver) and a strategic priority material (cobalt) for long term supply. These are based on bioleaching and electrochemical recovery using novel carbon based electrode systems, and chemical processing methods using extraction techniques with an assessment of pilot performance and scale up challenges. Our report is on the state of progress towards practical solutions to WEEE and CRM recovery.</p>

scholarly journals PRODUK SAMPING TANAMAN UBIKAYU SEBAGAI POTENSI BIOEKONOMI UNTUK PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Fahrur Rozi ◽  
Quartina Pudjiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Integrated Agriculture ◽  
By Products

Potential and opportunities for cassava development are still very broad along with development of companies in livestock, processed food, and other industries. Added value of cassava commodities resulting from development of downstream industries (processed products) is far higher than upstream industries (primary products), so that development paradigm in agriculture sector in future should be directed towards product expansion including its waste. This study aims to examine the economic value of cassava as a future crop from direct as well as by-products and their development strategies. Data was collected from small-scale tapioca flour farmers, ranchers and entrepreneurs. SWOT analysis was used to determine relevant development strategies. Analysis shows that cassava has an potential, especially as a raw material for food and feed industry. In short term, developing cassava strategy as an industrial raw material is to use new technologies i.e. varieties and cultivation techniques for planting arrangements. Cassava potential economic value is relatively high in terms of farming aspects, food raw materials, feed and industry. This potential, apart from main product, is also by-product that has been neglected at 29.7% of cassava main value. By-products potensial has not been used optimally and a bioeconomic value of biomass that can support integrated agriculture in the future.

scholarly journals Production Costs and Markets for Pellet Chips: Case Studies in Northern Sweden

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Eriksson ◽  
Dimitris Athanassiadis ◽  
Dan Bergström ◽  
Tomas Nordfjell ◽  
Urban Bergsten
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Logging Residues ◽  
Small Diameter Trees

Increasing use of woody fuels requires that nontraditional types of raw materials are exploited, including logging residues and small-diameter trees. Although medium-scale combustors often use pellets, they could conceivably use dried chips of sufficiently narrow size distribution (henceforth pellet chips). The influence of the following factors on the relative cost-effectiveness of producing pellets and pellet chips was investigated for three plant sites in northern Sweden: (1) harvesting and transporting of forest residues; (2) the potential of existing energy plants to supply drying heat in periods of capacity surplus; (3) the distance to potential end-users. Data from the national forest inventory were used to estimate raw material costs. The resulting production costs were 144–176 $ per oven-dry tonnes (OD t) for pellets (27.4–33.5 $ MWh−1) and 143–173 $ OD t−1(27.2–33.0 $ MWh−1) for pellet chips, with harvesting, forwarding, chipping, and transporting of logging residues to the sites amounting to 114–122 $ OD t−1(21.7–23.2 $ MWh−1) for both fuels. Even though the differences in production costs were minor, the production of pellet chips requires significantly less electricity input per OD t of produced fuel. For cost reductions improved methods for wood fuel procurement, compacting and transporting of chips, small-scale low-temperature drying and foliage and bark separation are needed.

Collecting, harmonizing and sharing data on European Raw Materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisbeth Flindt Jørgensen ◽  
Špela Kumelj ◽  
Teresa Brown
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
National Level ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Central Database

&lt;p&gt;Geological raw materials cover a wide range of materials from sand and gravel over granites and marbles to precious or critical metals and minerals. Man has extracted these materials from the (sub)surface since prehistorical eras, and these indispensable substances have to a very large extent contributed to the evolution of humankind.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the latest decades, raw materials of economically and strategically importance for society but with high-risks associated with their supply, referred to as Critical Raw Materials (CRMs). To a large extent they form the basis for modern society as they are essential in key industry sectors. In the latest years, access to CRMs is a strategic security question for Europe&amp;#8217;s road towards the green transition.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In September 2020, The European Commission launched a new list of CRMs as well as a strategy to enhance Europe&amp;#8217;s resilience as most of these substances are sourced from other continents, and as the global competitions is increasing (EC, 2020). Among others, one of the suggested actions in this strategy is to &amp;#8216;strengthen the sustainable and responsible domestic sourcing &amp;#8230;&amp;#8230;. in the European Union&amp;#8217;. Although Europe has a long tradition of mining and extractive activities, it is acknowledged that there are several challenges to reach a situation with European sourcing of a certain amount of CRMs. Challenges include lack of interest in investment, strict permitting procedures or low levels of public acceptance. Nevertheless, it is recognized that the European geological conditions carry significant potential for CRMs, but more harmonised knowledge across borders is needed. This is where the Geological Survey Organisations of Europe play an important role as they are key partners in collecting and storing information on raw materials at national levels, and in making these available for endusers as policy and decision makers.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;All European countries have a national geological survey organization, some in addition a number of regional surveys. Most host data on raw materials, however, data are typically organized in different ways from one country to another based on different geological traditions and legal commitments. In the GeoERA MINTELL4EU project we build on previous projects as Minerals4EU, ProSUM, SCRREEN, ORAMA, and cooperate with ongoing projects as RESEERVE to collect raw material data in central database and to visualize these data in harmonized way at the European Geological Data Infrastructure (EGDI). Data includes, among other things, the location of individual mineral occurrences, mines, etc. stored in a central database called MIN4EU, and aggregated statistical data at national level on production, trade and reserves etc, compiled in what we know as the electronic Minerals Yearbook. The methods used for collecting (harvesting) and storing data will be discussed, and examples of harmonized visualizations will be shared.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;MINTELL4EU is a part of the GeoERA programme supported by European Union's Horizon 2020, grant agreement no. 731166.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals The Economics of Coking Coal Mining: A Fossil Fuel Still Needed for Steel Production

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7682
Author(s):  
Adam Duda ◽  
Gregorio Fidalgo Valverde
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Coking Coal ◽  
Technological Readiness ◽  
Mining Project ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Coking coal has been on the European list of critical raw materials since 2014 due to its high economic importance and high supply risk. In 2017, coking coal narrowly missed passing the threshold of economic importance. However, out of caution, it remained on the list of critical raw materials, as the steel industry still needs it. It is likely to be phased out of the list below when it does not fully meet the required criteria. As there are no significant alternatives for this energy intensive industry and neither electrification nor material or energy efficiency improvements are yet available at a sufficient level of technological readiness, the European Union remains dependent on coking coal imports. Therefore, any coking coal mining project in Europe is of great importance and an important alternative to solving the problems of providing this raw material. In this study, the Dębieńsko coking coal project in Poland is analyzed using a scientifically proven methodology based on world-class analysis of coking coal projects submitted for financing to financial institutions.

scholarly journals INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN PERIKANAN DI KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN, SULAWESI TENGGARA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ernawati Ernawati ◽  
Muhammad Rafiy ◽  
Surianti Surianti
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Smoked Fish

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji ketersediaan bahan baku dan skala pemasaran industri pengolahan hasil perikanan di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tahun 2017 dan 2018 dengan menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melalui kuesioner yang didistribusikan kepada 21 responden pelaku usaha. Data sekunder diperoleh melalui publikasi Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan, serta Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan Kabupaten Konawe Selatan. Data diolah melalui analisis deskriptif dan SWOT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekuatan industri pengolahan hasil perikanan di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan karena bahan baku bersumber dari potensi lokal, namun kelemahannya adalah bahan baku tersebut masih fluktuatif. Kendala bahan baku dialami khususnya oleh industri fermentasi, pengasapan, dan pengeringan ikan. Selain faktor musiman, ketersediaan bahan baku juga terkendala karena bahan baku sebagian besar berasal dari nelayan tradisional dengan struktur armada perikanan yang didominasi oleh nelayan skala kecil. Dengan demikian, pengembangan industri hasil perikanan mensyaratkan perbaikan di sektor hulu melalui sinergitas kebijakan penanganan keterbatasan bahan baku dari berbagai lembaga terkait. Sementara itu, temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 24% unit usaha telah menembus pasar nasional. Ketersediaan bahan baku juga terkendala karena 28% telah menembus pasar regional, sisanya 48% hanya mampu memasarkan produknya di wilayah lokal. Kelompok industri yang hanya menjangkau skala lokal, yaitu industri pelumatan, pengasapan, dan pemindangan, serta beberapa usaha makanan olahan hasil perikanan. Bagi industri yang mengalami jangkauan pasar yang rendah akibat minimnya ketersediaan bahan baku, maka dapat menggunakan bahan baku pengganti namun tetap mempertahankan kualitas produk sesuai dengan selera pasar.Title: Fish Processing Industry in South Konawe Regency,  South East SulawesiThis study aimed to examine the availability of raw materials and the marketing scale of fish processing industry in South Konawe Regency. This research was conducted in 2017 and 2018 using primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through questionnaires from 21 respondents. Secondary data were collected from Statistics Indonesia, Fisheries and Marine Affairs Office, and Industry and Trade Affairs of South Konawe Regency. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis. The results found that raw material from local sources is the major force of fish processing industry. However, the fluctuating condition of its availability becomes the weakness. Fermentation, smoked fish, and dried fish processing industries suffer from this raw material problems. In addition, the availability of raw materials also largely depends on fishing results from small-scale traditional fishers. Therefore, the development of the fish industries need some specific improvement in the upstream section through the synergy on policies regarding raw material management from related institutions. Meanwhile, the research finding showed that 24% of business units have penetrated national market 28% have penetrated regional market, while the remaining 48% have only penetrated local market. The local industries were pulverized, smoked fish, fish brine, and some other fish processing industries. Those who could only reach small market area due to limited availability of raw materials are able to use substitute materials in a similar quality of market preferences.

scholarly journals Critical raw materials as a part of sustainable development

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Michal Cehlár ◽  
Zuzana Šimková
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Area ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Committee Of The Regions ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

The presented article deals with the issue of critical raw materials in the European Union with an emphasis on sustainable development and also barite, as an only one critical raw material mined in Slovakia. The article points out in detail the deposits of individual critical raw materials within the European Union. They clearly profile the European area´s dependence on imports of critical raw materials in accordance with the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the European Union's list of critical raw materials. Based on a defined Herfindahl-Hirschman index, which is clearly methodologically described, the article also points to the exploitation of critical raw materials in the European Union, what is in consideration of sustainable development crucial because some inventions are fundamentally dependent on them, as is their production on world markets. This article deals with critical raw materials in the EU, because it is in this area that we would like to experience the 4th industrial revolution, which is characterized by "new products" with a short life cycle, products with the least possible impact on the environment, i.e. innovations that are often impossible without important raw materials. Is it at all possible to talk about sustainable development with such raw material sources in European Union?

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