scholarly journals EVALUATION OF SPATIAL JUSTICE IN ACCESSIBILITY OF URBAN FACILITIES: A CASE STUDY OF ACCESSIBILITY OF PUBLIC PARKS IN DISTRICT # 11 OF TEHRAN, IRAN

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W18 ◽  
pp. 703-707
Author(s):  
S. Mahmoudi ◽  
M. R. Jelokhani-Niaraki ◽  
M. Argany
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Spatial Indices ◽  
Spatial Justice ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
Covering Minimum ◽  
Neighborhood Parks

Abstract. The green spaces and urban parks play a critical role to improve the quality of life of citizens. In order to meet the principles of the justice-based city and spatial justice in the distribution of public services, it is necessary to evaluate the accessibility to parks in different locations and pay more attention to the places with a low level of accessibility. This study evaluates the spatial justice or inequalities in accessibility to urban parks in District # 11 of Tehran, Iran using a set of spatial indices and GIS tools. Indices used in this study are Covering, Minimum distance, Average distance, Proximity, Two-step floating catchment area and Gravity-based two-step floating catchment area. The results indicate that the level of accessibility to mini and neighborhood parks are almost similar and below the average level. The slight differences in the results are related to the differences in the assumptions and logics of methods. Moreover, the results show that the Coverage, 2SFCA and GB2SFCA (with inappropriate distance decay coefficient) methods face limitations when the accessibility for the community parks are calculated. For example, the Coverage method does not take into account the area of the park for measuring the accessibility level, in turn, this leads to inaccurate results. Overall, the findings show better accessibility to community parks than mini and neighborhood parks. This implies that the municipalities need to increase the number of local mini and neighborhood parks across the city.

Parks in Urban America

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Schuyler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Public Park ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Political Patronage ◽  
Calvert Vaux ◽  
Active Recreation

The creation and evolution of urban parks is in some ways a familiar story, especially given the attention that Frederick Law Olmsted’s work has commanded since the early 1970s. Following the success of Central Park, cities across the United States began building parks to meet the recreational needs of residents, and during the second half of the 19th century, Olmsted and his partners designed major parks or park systems in thirty cities. Yet, even that story is incomplete. To be sure, Olmsted believed that every city should have a large rural park as an alternative to the density of building and crowding of the modern metropolis, a place to provide for an “unbending of the faculties,” a process of recuperation from the stresses and strains of urban life. But, even in the mid-1860s he sought to create alternative spaces for other types of recreation. Olmsted and his partner Calvert Vaux successfully persuaded the Prospect Park commission, in Brooklyn, New York, to acquire land for a parade ground south of the park as a place for military musters and athletics; moreover, in 1868 they prepared a plan for a park system in Buffalo, New York, that consisted of three parks, linked by parkways, that served different functions and provided for different forms of recreation. As the decades progressed, Olmsted became a champion of parks designed for active recreation; gymnasiums for women as well as men, especially in working-class areas of cities; and playgrounds for small children. He did so in part to relieve pressure on the large landscape parks to accommodate uses he believed would be inappropriate, but also because he recognized the legitimate demands for new forms of recreation. In later years, other park designers and administrators would similarly add facilities for active recreation, though sometimes in ways that compromised what Olmsted considered the primary purpose of a public park. Urban parks are, in important ways, a microcosm of the nation’s cities. Battles over location, financing, political patronage, and use have been a constant. Through it all, parks have evolved to meet the changing recreational needs of residents. And, as dominant a figure as Olmsted has been, this is a story that antedates his professional career and that includes the many voices that have shaped public parks in U.S. cities in the 20th century.

scholarly journals Morphometry of Gelionys and Žaliasis Lakes

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-86
Author(s):  
Marijus Pileckas ◽  
Tauras Alekna ◽  
Vaidotas Valskys
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Maximum Depth ◽  
Surface Elevation ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Water Surface Elevation ◽  
Depth Measurement

Bathymetric surveys of Gelionys and Žaliasis Lakes (located in the Baltic Uplands, Aukštadvaris Regional Park, Lithuania) were carried out on April 21, 2020, from a boat with attached Lowrance HDI SKIMMER XDCR transducer (200 kHz), Simrad GO5 chartplotter and Lowrance Point-1 GPS/Glonass receiver. At the same time, the shorelines of the lakes were revised. Average distance between profiles was ~10 m and depth measurement accuracy up to 2–5 cm. Accuracy of water surface elevation measurement using GNSS receiver Topcon Hiper SR up to 1–2 cm. Later, detailed (0.5 × 0.5 m) digital lake bottom models (DEM) were developed, bathymetric plans of the lakes were created, the main morphometric features were calculated, the boundaries and area of the lake catchments were defined, and the physical-geographical characteristics of the lakes were described based on field observations and various data. Gelionys and Žaliasis are small lakes of glaciokarst origin. Gelionys Lake is oval-shaped while shape of Žaliasis Lake is closer to the circle. Despite small surface area the lakes are quite deep. According to survey data, the surface area of Gelionys Lake is 4.79 ha, water surface elevation 216.1 m a.s.l., maximum depth 19.8 m, mean depth 6.0 m, volume 288.3 thousands m3, catchment area 71 ha. The surface area of Žaliasis Lake is 2.14 ha, water surface elevation 120.9 m a.s.l., maximum depth 15.84 m, mean depth 5.7 m, volume 122.2 thousands m3, catchment area 60 ha. During the observation period (from May of 2018 to September of 2020), the annual amplitude of water level fluctuations in Gelionys Lake reached up to 0.47 m, and in Žaliasis Lake up to 0.33 m. Keywords: Gelionys, Žaliasis, glaciokarst, lake, bathymetric chart, morphometry, Lithuania, Aukštadvaris Regional Park.

Earthworm species in public parks in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4496 (1) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
TALITA FERREIRA ◽  
ALESSANDRA SANTOS ◽  
WILIAN C. DEMETRIO ◽  
GUILHERME B.X. CARDOSO ◽  
RAFAEL MORAES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
First Record ◽  
Lumbricus Rubellus ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Botanic Garden ◽  
Earthworm Species

Earthworms are important macroinvertebrates that provide soil ecosystem services and are also useful environmental bioindicators. Urban areas around the world have major impacts on biodiversity and the objective of the present study was to assess the role of urban parks of Curitiba, Paraná State, in preserving native earthworm species. Earthworm populations were sampled in five parks (Barigui, Tingui, Barreirinha, Passaúna and the Botanic Garden), in two land use systems (grass lawns and secondary forest fragments) in two seasons, summer (November 2013) and winter (June 2014). A total of twelve earthworm species were identified, belonging to six families: Glossoscolex sp.1, Fimoscolex sp.1, sp.2 and sp.3 (Glossoscolecidae), Pontoscolex corethrurus (Rhinodrilidae), Eukerria tucumana (Ocnerodrilidae), Amynthas gracilis, Amynthas corticis, Metaphire californica (Megascolecidae), Aporrectodea rosea and Lumbricus rubellus (Lumbricidae), the latter being the first record for this species in Brazil. In addition, a single unidentified juvenile Dichogaster sp. (Acanthodrilidae) was found. Four new species were found and three out of five urban parks of Curitiba (especially the Botanic Garden) were able to preserve native species, though their abundance was low and exotic species (n=8) predominated, attributed to human disturbance that favors invasion and colonization of exotic earthworms.

scholarly journals Justifying and resisting public park commercialisation: The battle for Battersea Park

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Smith
Keyword(s):  
Rhetorical Analysis ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Public Park ◽  
Action Group ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
The Impact

Urban parks have always been contested and contradictory spaces: highly ordered and elitist, yet valued as democratic places and public amenities. In an era of neoliberal austerity there are greater pressures for parks to pay for themselves and the associated commercialisation often exacerbates conflicts between park users and managing authorities. This paper focuses on how their increased use as venues for commercial events affects the publicness of urban parks. This issue is explored via the case of Battersea Park in London, which was used as a venue for Formula E motor races in 2015 and 2016. These events disrupted park access during race weekends, but also in the periods when the venue was assembled/disassembled. The events were resisted by a community action group whose campaigning eventually resulted in the decision by Formula E to cease racing in Battersea Park. The paper analyses how Formula E events were justified and opposed using a form of rhetorical analysis inspired by the work of Michael Billig. Interviews were undertaken with key stakeholders involved in the case and their arguments were analysed to reveal different ways of thinking about public parks. The dispute is understood as one underpinned by different interpretations of who and what a park is for, and by contrasting views on the impact of interruptions to everyday routines. The Formula E events reduced public access, but the dispute surrounding the events arguably made Battersea Park more public by generating debate and by provoking local activists to defend their park.

A multi-mode Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area method for measuring accessibility of urban parks

Cities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 102815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuju Hu ◽  
Wei Song ◽  
Chenggu Li ◽  
Jia Lu
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
Area Method ◽  
Multi Mode

scholarly journals Big Data-Based Evaluation of Urban Parks: A Chinese Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2125
Author(s):  
Zening Xu ◽  
Xiaolu Gao ◽  
Zhiqiang Wang ◽  
Jie Fan
Keyword(s):  
Data Extraction ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Definition Of

Urban parks play a key role in urban sustainable development. This paper proposes a method for the evaluation of public parks from the perspective of accessibility and quality. The method includes the data extraction of urban park locations and the delineation of urban built-up areas. The processing of urban park data not only involves the extraction from digital maps, but also the classification of urban parks using a semi-automated model in ArcGIS. The urban area is identified using the Point of Interest (POI) data in digital maps, taking economic and human activities into consideration. The service area and its overlapped time is included in the evaluation indicators. With a clear definition of park and urban built-up area, the evaluation result of urban parks is of great comparability. Taking China as an example, the quality of urban parks in 273 prefecture-level cities has been evaluated. The results show that the average service coverage of urban parks in Chinese cities is 64.8%, and that there are significant disparities between cities with different population sizes and locations. The results suggest the necessity to improve public parks in small-and-medium sized cities and inland areas to strengthen the coordination of urbanization and regional development.

Naturalizing Modernity: Urban Parks, Public Gardens and Drainage Projects in Porfirian Mexico City

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Wakild
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Urban Gardens ◽  
Public Gardens

This article argues that governmental modernization strategies in Mexico during the Porfiriato relied on calculated manipulations of nature. Using examples of urban gardens, public parks, and drainage works, this article explains how Porfirian scientists Joséé Yves Limantour and Miguel ÁÁngel de Quevedo tried to reformulate Mexican nature and its citizens. Rather than expelling all vestiges of nature from Mexico City, these scientists reordered and reformulated the natural world to fit their ideas about modernity. The control and display of nature marked an important strategy for a regime dedicated to order and progress.

scholarly journals Spaces apart: public parks and the differentiation of space in Leeds, 1850–1914

Urban History ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Nathan Booth ◽  
David Churchill ◽  
Anna Barker ◽  
Adam Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Public Park ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The City ◽  
Spatial Governance

Abstract While the Victorian ideal of the public park is well understood, we know less of how local governors sought to realize this ideal in practice. This article is concerned with park-making as a process – contingent, unstable, open – rather than with parks as outcomes – determined, settled, closed. It details how local governors bounded, designed and regulated park spaces to differentiate them as ‘spaces apart’ within the city, and how this programme of spatial governance was obstructed, frustrated and diverted by political, environmental and social forces. The article also uses this historical analysis to provide a new perspective on the future prospects of urban parks today.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document