DIGITAL TWIN FOR INDOOR DISASTER IN SMART CITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract. Technology has advanced and progressed tremendously, and the term city is being elevated to a new level where the smart city has been introduced globally. Recent developments in the concept of smart city have led to a renewed interest in Digital Twin. Using precise Building Information Modelling (BIM) consolidated with big data and sensors, several attempts have been made to establish digital twin smart cities. In recent years, several researchers have sought to determine the capability of smart city and digital twin for various taxonomies such as development and urban planning purposes, built environment, manufacturing, environmental, disaster management, and healthcare. Despite being beneficial in many disciplines, especially in manufacturing, built environment, and urban planning, these existing studies have shown a lack of aspect in terms of emergency or disaster-related as opposed to the elements mentioned above. This is because the researcher has not treated emergencies or disasters in much detail. Therefore, an extensive review on smart city, digital twin, BIM and disaster management and technology that revolves around these terms were summarised. In general, 39 articles from prominent multidisciplinary databases were retrieved over the last two decades based on the suggested PRISMA workflow. These final articles were analysed and categorised into four themes based on the research content, gist, and keywords. Based on the review of 39 articles related to smart city, digital twin and BIM, a workflow for the smart city digital twin and the conceptual framework for indoor disaster management was proposed accordingly. The establishment of smart city digital twins solely for an indoor emergency can be beneficial to urbanites, and it could provide numerous benefits for enhanced situation assessment, decision making, coordination, and resource allocation.

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Towards Effective BIM/GIS Data Integration for Smart City by Integrating Computer Graphics Technique

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13101889 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1889

Author(s):

Junxiang Zhu ◽

Peng Wu

Keyword(s):

Computer Graphics ◽

Smart City ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Information Modeling ◽

Data Conversion ◽

Geography Markup Language ◽

Building Models ◽

Digital Twins ◽

Gis Data ◽

Building Information

The development of a smart city and digital twin requires the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), where BIM models are to be integrated into GIS for visualization and/or analysis. However, the intrinsic differences between BIM and GIS have led to enormous problems in BIM-to-GIS data conversion, and the use of City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) has further escalated this issue. This study aims to facilitate the use of BIM models in GIS by proposing using the shapefile format, and a creative approach for converting Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) to shapefile was developed by integrating a computer graphics technique. Thirteen building models were used to validate the proposed method. The result shows that: (1) the IFC-to-shapefile conversion is easier and more flexible to realize than the IFC-to-CityGML conversion, and (2) the computer graphics technique can improve the efficiency and reliability of BIM-to-GIS data conversion. This study can facilitate the use of BIM information in GIS and benefit studies working on digital twins and smart cities where building models are to be processed and integrated in GIS, or any other studies that need to manipulate IFC geometry in depth.

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Urban Digital Twins – A FIWARE-based model

at - Automatisierungstechnik ◽

10.1515/auto-2021-0083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 69 (12) ◽

pp. 1106-1115

Author(s):

Martin Bauer ◽

Flavio Cirillo ◽

Jonathan Fürst ◽

Gürkan Solmaz ◽

Ernö Kovacs

Keyword(s):

Smart City ◽

Data Exchange ◽

Reference Model ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Digital Twin ◽

Data Exchange Platform ◽

City Community ◽

Digital Twins ◽

The City ◽

Different Time Scales

Abstract This article describes the use of digital twins for smart cities, i. e., the Urban Digital Twin (UDTw) concept. It shows how UDTws can be realized using the open source components from the FIWARE ecosystem that are already used in more than 200 cities worldwide. The used NGSI-LD standard is supported by the European Connecting Europe Facility, the Open and Agile Smart City community, the Indian Urban Data Exchange platform, and the Japanese Smart City Reference Model. Unlike digital twins in other domains, e. g., manufacturing, where digital twins are co-developed with their physical counterparts, UDTws often evolve driven by different stakeholders, on different time scales, as well as by utilizing many different data sources from the city. This article builds on a well-established lifecycle model for Digital Twins and combines this with a conceptual model for digital twins consisting of data, reactive, predictive and forecasting (“what if”) digital twin functionalities. The article also describes how AI-based technologies can be used to extract knowledge to build the UDTws from the IoT-based infrastructure of a smart city.

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Smart city based on digital twins

Computational Urban Science ◽

10.1007/s43762-021-00005-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Li Deren ◽

Yu Wenbo ◽

Shao Zhenfeng

Keyword(s):

Future Development ◽

Smart City ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Twin Cities ◽

Digital Twin ◽

Digital Twins ◽

Starting Point ◽

The Future ◽

City Construction ◽

The Relationship

AbstractDigital twins are considered to be a new starting point for today’s smart city construction. This paper defines the concepts of digital twins and digital twin cities, discusses the relationship between digital twins and smart cities, analyzes the characteristics of smart cities based on digital twins, and focuses on the five main applications of smart cities based on digital twins. Finally, we discuss the future development of smart cities based on digital twins.

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Disaster Management in Smart Cities

Smart Cities ◽

10.3390/smartcities4020042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 819-839

Author(s):

Luís B. Elvas ◽

Bruno Miguel Mataloto ◽

Ana Lúcia Martins ◽

João C. Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Disaster Management ◽

Smart City ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Practical Implication ◽

Data Availability ◽

Critical Infrastructures ◽

Cascading Effects ◽

Data Driven Approach ◽

New Research ◽

The City

The smart city concept, in which data from different systems are available, contains a multitude of critical infrastructures. This data availability opens new research opportunities in the study of the interdependency between those critical infrastructures and cascading effects solutions and focuses on the smart city as a network of critical infrastructures. This paper proposes an integrated resilience system linking interconnected critical infrastructures in a smart city to improve disaster resilience. A data-driven approach is considered, using artificial intelligence and methods to minimize cascading effects and the destruction of failing critical infrastructures and their components (at a city level). The proposed approach allows rapid recovery of infrastructures’ service performance levels after disasters while keeping the coverage of the assessment of risks, prevention, detection, response, and mitigation of consequences. The proposed approach has the originality and the practical implication of providing a decision support system that handles the infrastructures that will support the city disaster management system—make the city prepare, adapt, absorb, respond, and recover from disasters by taking advantage of the interconnections between its various critical infrastructures to increase the overall resilience capacity. The city of Lisbon (Portugal) is used as a case to show the practical application of the approach.

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Circular Digital Built Environment: An Emerging Framework

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13116348 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 6348

Author(s):

Sultan Çetin ◽

Catherine De Wolf ◽

Nancy Bocken

Keyword(s):

Built Environment ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Digital Technologies ◽

Geographical Information ◽

Digital Platforms ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Digital Twins ◽

Starting Point ◽

Building Information ◽

Framework Development

Digital technologies are considered to be an essential enabler of the circular economy in various industries. However, to date, very few studies have investigated which digital technologies could enable the circular economy in the built environment. This study specifically focuses on the built environment as one of the largest, most energy- and material-intensive industries globally, and investigates the following question: which digital technologies potentially enable a circular economy in the built environment, and in what ways? The research uses an iterative stepwise method: (1) framework development based on regenerating, narrowing, slowing and closing resource loop principles; (2) expert workshops to understand the usage of digital technologies in a circular built environment; (3) a literature and practice review to further populate the emerging framework with relevant digital technologies; and (4) the final mapping of digital technologies onto the framework. This study develops a novel Circular Digital Built Environment framework. It identifies and maps ten enabling digital technologies to facilitate a circular economy in the built environment. These include: (1) additive/robotic manufacturing, (2) artificial intelligence, (3) big data and analytics, (4) blockchain technology, (5) building information modelling, (6) digital platforms/marketplaces, (7) digital twins, (8) the geographical information system, (9) material passports/databanks, and (10) the internet of things. The framework provides a fruitful starting point for the novel research avenue at the intersection of circular economy, digital technology and the built environment, and gives practitioners inspiration for sustainable innovation in the sector.

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Formation of “Urban planning” indicators for “Smart City” concept (on the example of SKOLKOVO, Moscow)

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201817002021 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 170 ◽

pp. 02021

Author(s):

Olga Chudiniva ◽

Marina Afonina

Keyword(s):

Urban Planning ◽

Smart City ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Objective Assessment ◽

General System ◽

Transport Infrastructure ◽

University Of Technology ◽

Institute Of Technology ◽

State Of The Environment ◽

Comprehensive Study

The development of “Smart Cities” is associated with a comprehensive study of the General system of settlement. The aim of the study is to use the system of indicators for the objective assessment of territories, as well as determining the effect of each part in the overall assessment of the functioning of the «Smart City». The leading method of research is a comparative analysis of international rankings, surveys of experts and a comprehensive study of indicators. The article analyzes the papers of specialists working in the field of research «Smart Cities» and technologies: Mueller, Battarra, Srivastava, Dolgikh etc. The basis for this work were the studies by authoritative rating organizations such as IESE Business School University of Navarra, Vienna University of Technology and Research Institute of technology and communications (NIITC, Russia) which allowed to generalize the available research from the perspective of sustainable development and use them on a concrete example.The authors have adapted the existing groups of indicators in relation to the SKOLKOVO innovation city, Russia. The applied system is represented by 7 groups and 23 indicators, which allow to present the planning aspect of the current urban planning structure with its impact on human capital, transport infrastructure, social cohesion, the state of the environment, etc. The work lets confirm the influence of the selected indicators on the development of SKOLKOVO (Russia) and use the obtained data for the rating of “Smart Cities” adapted for Russia. The materials of the article can be extremely useful in the designing of concepts for the development of territories focused on the use of smart solutions in order to minimize costs in the implementation of new solutions.

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Making a Building Smart with a Co-Created and Continuously Evolving Enjoyable Service Entity—Insights from a Collaborative Study

Smart Cities ◽

10.3390/smartcities5010001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Maaria Nuutinen ◽

Eija Kaasinen ◽

Jaana Hyvärinen ◽

Airi Mölsä ◽

Sanni Siltanen

Keyword(s):

Built Environment ◽

Smart City ◽

Design Thinking ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Collaborative Study ◽

Urban Life ◽

Smart Services ◽

Smart Building ◽

Quality Of Urban Life

Buildings shape cities as those cities grow from and nurture people living and working within the built environment. Thus, the conceptualization of smart building should be brought closer to the smart city initiatives that particularly target ensuring and enhancing the sustainability and quality of urban life. In this paper, we propose that a smart building should be interlinked with a smart city surrounding it; it should provide good experiences to its various occupants and it should be in an ongoing state of evolving as an ecosystem, wherein different stakeholders can join to co-produce, co-provide and co-consume services. Smart buildings require a versatile set of smart services based on digital solutions, solutions in the built environment and human activities. We conducted a multiphase collaborative study on new service opportunities guided by a Design Thinking approach. The approach brought people, technology, and business perspectives together and resulted in key service opportunities that have the potential to make the buildings smart and provide enjoyable experience to the occupants who support their living and working activities in smart cities. This paper provides the resulting practical implications as well as proposes future avenues for research.

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Smart City and Digital Twins

Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering - Handbook of Research on Developing Smart Cities Based on Digital Twins ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-7091-3.ch012 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 243-264

Author(s):

Sara Giaveno

Keyword(s):

Smart City ◽

Building Information Modeling ◽

Information Modeling ◽

3D City Models ◽

3D City Model ◽

Digital Twins ◽

Building Information ◽

City Model ◽

Technical Features

The chapter proposed aims at facing the various implications underlying the smart city concept based on digital twins. The structure of the text is articulated in three main themes: the use of the term “smart city” and the role that technologies had in its definition; the “3D city model” meaning and the integration procedures between BIM (building information modeling) and GIS (geographic information system); the classification of 3D city models by use cases. The chapter can provide researchers with a detailed dissertation aimed at clarifying both the theoretical and technical features belonging to smart city and its related innovative technologies.

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Open-Source Electronics Platforms as Enabling Technologies for Smart Cities: Recent Developments and Perspectives

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics7120404 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 404 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Daniel Costa ◽

Cristian Duran-Faundez

Keyword(s):

Open Source ◽

Smart City ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Low Cost ◽

Raspberry Pi ◽

Computational Power ◽

Different Types ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Programmable Devices ◽

Hardware Platforms

With the increasing availability of affordable open-source embedded hardware platforms, the development of low-cost programmable devices for uncountable tasks has accelerated in recent years. In this sense, the large development community that is being created around popular platforms is also contributing to the construction of Internet of Things applications, which can ultimately support the maturation of the smart-cities era. Popular platforms such as Raspberry Pi, BeagleBoard and Arduino come as single-board open-source platforms that have enough computational power for different types of smart-city applications, while keeping affordable prices and encompassing many programming libraries and useful hardware extensions. As a result, smart-city solutions based on such platforms are becoming common and the surveying of recent research in this area can support a better understanding of this scenario, as presented in this article. Moreover, discussions about the continuous developments in these platforms can also indicate promising perspectives when using these boards as key elements to build smart cities.

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Citizen Engagement for Co-Creating Low Carbon Smart Cities: Practical Lessons from Nottingham City Council in the UK

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13246615 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 6615

Author(s):

Sam Preston ◽

Muhammad Usman Mazhar ◽

Richard Bull

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Built Environment ◽

Citizen Participation ◽

Smart City ◽

Smart Cities ◽

City Council ◽

Citizen Engagement ◽

Low Carbon ◽

City Development ◽

The Uk

Cities constitute three quarters of global energy consumption and the built environment is responsible for significant use of final energy (62%) and greenhouse gas emissions (55%). Energy has now become a strategic issue for local authorities (LAs) and can offer savings when budget cuts have threatened the provision of core services. Progressive LAs are exploring energy savings and carbon reduction opportunities as part of the sustainable and smart city agenda. This paper explores the role of citizens in smart city development as “buildings don’t use energy: people do”. Citizens have the potential to shape transitions towards smart and sustainable futures. This paper contributes to the growing evidence base of citizen engagement in low carbon smart cities by presenting novel insights and practical lessons on how citizen engagement can help in smart city development through co-creation with a focus on energy in the built environment. A case study of Nottingham in the UK, a leading smart city, is analysed using Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation. Nottingham City Council (NCC) has pledged to keep “citizens at the heart” of its plans. This paper discusses learnings from two EU funded Horizon 2020 projects, REMOURBAN (REgeneration MOdel for accelerating the smart URBAN transformation) and eTEACHER, both of which aimed to empower citizens to reduce energy consumption and co-create smart solutions. Although these two projects are diverse in approaches and contexts, what unites them is a focus on citizen engagement, both face to face and digital. REMOURBAN has seen a “whole house” approach to retrofit in vulnerable communities to improve liveability through energy efficiency. User interaction and co-creation in eTEACHER has provided specifications for technical design of an energy saving App for buildings. eTEACHER findings reflect users’ energy needs, understanding of control interfaces, motivations for change and own creative ideas. Citizens were made co-creators in eTEACHER from the beginning through regular communication. In REMOURBAN, citizens had a role in the procurement and bidding process to influence retrofit project proposals. Findings can help LAs to engage demographically diverse citizens across a variety of buildings and communities for low carbon smart city development.

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