scholarly journals Hitherto Unknown Technology of Bronze Age Inlay

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-50
Author(s):  
Nino Kebuladze ◽  
◽  
Nino Kalandadze ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Tin Bronze ◽  
Applied Art ◽  
State Museum ◽  
Development Technology ◽  
Blue Background ◽  
The Bronze Age

Daggers discovered at Tserovani cemetery of the Bronze Age - prominent specimens of decorative-applied art selected for the new exhibition of the Museum of Archaeology of the State Museum-Reserve of Greater Mtskheta – were submitted to the restoration-research laboratory of archaeological and ethnographic objects of S. Janashia Museum of Georgia of the Georgian National Museum because of repeated corrosion in some areas. Dagger N7232 is composed and its handle is abundantly incrusted with vitreous mass. Most of the incrustation is produced with the method of melting vitreous mass inside a metal cutting. A strange exception is white circular inlay against blue background situated in three triangular cuttings. One of incrustations is damaged. The remnants were found in the cut of damaged incrustation were the vitreous mass and small grey, tubular rods made of 94% tin and 4% copper alloy (pewter) fitted in a wooden remnant. Research allowed us to interpret presumable methods and prominence of producing incrustation: white glass embedded in circular silver partitions against the background of blue glass. The analyses showed that the dagger was made from the typical for the late bronze period alloy- tin bronze. The artefacts, with all signs of historical development (technology, decoration methods, and ornamental motives) belong to the Colchian culture and can date in frame of this culture. Based on the presently available data it can be stated that we are dealing with a completely new technology unknown up to present and that it can be regarded as predecessor of the cloisonne incrustation.

scholarly journals Contextualisation of the Early Iron Age hoard of bronze objects discovered in Gdynia-Karwiny, site 1

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 21-78
Author(s):  
Karol Dzięgielewski ◽  
Anna Longa ◽  
Jerzy Langer ◽  
Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Porous Copper ◽  
Narrow Valley ◽  
The Bronze Age

After the amateur discovery of a hoard of bronze ornaments (a kidney bracelet and two hollow ankle rings) in 2014 in a forest near Gdynia (Pomerania, northern Poland), the place was subjected to excavation. It turned out that in the nearest context of the bronzes (which had been found arranged one on top of the other in a narrow pit reaching 60 cm in depth) there was a cluster of stones, some of which could have been arranged intentionally in order to mark the place of the deposit. Next to this alleged stone circle there was a deep hearth used to heat stones, and for burning amber as incense. Remains of amber were preserved in the form of lumps and probably also as a deposit on the walls of some vessels. Some of the features of the examined complex may indicate a non-profane nature of the deposit: the presence of the stone structure, traces of burning amber, the location of the deposition spot in a not very habitable flattening of a narrow valley, as well as the chemical composition of the alloy of metals themselves. The ornaments were made of a porous copper alloy with a high addition of lead, antimony and arsenic, which could promote their fragility and poor use value. However, the ceramics found near the place where the bronzes are deposited do not differ from the settlement pottery of the time. The hoard and its context should be dated to the transition phase between the periods HaC1 and HaC2 (the turn of the 8th and 7th cent. BC). The Gdynia-Karwiny deposit adds to the list of finds from a period marked by the most frequent occurrence of hoards in Pomerania (turn of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age). Its research seems to contribute to the interpretation of the deposition of metal objects as a phenomenon primarily of a ritual nature, and at the same time a social behaviour: a manifestation of competition for prestige.

scholarly journals Seddin, Freyenstein and Wittstock. Research, presentation and sustainable site management in Northern Brandenburg

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Schopper
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Site Management ◽  
Management Research ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
State Museum ◽  
The Bronze Age

Brandenburg State Authorities for Heritage Management and State Museum of Archaeology, together with local authorities, developed a project, to integrate various important archaeological sites into a shared cultural tourism concept – thus the Prignitz Archaeological Route was formed. This article highlights three of the seven sites that are included in the project: the Bronze Age grave mound from 800 BCE at Seddin, the abandoned town of the 12th and 13th century in Freyenstein and the battlefield from 1636 near Wittstock. Each place had to apply three main approaches: heritage management, research and tourism development.

scholarly journals Art of ancient Tuva (III – I millennium BC)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Марина Евгеньевна Килуновская ◽  
Владимир Анатольевич Семенов
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Applied Art ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cave Paintings ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
Stylistic Unity ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Aesthetic Criterion

Искусство древней Тувы представлено разными типами памятников: наскальными рисунками, оленными камнями и каменными изваяниями (коже), предметами, найденными на поселениях и в погребениях, а также случайными находками. В основном они относятся к эпохе бронзы, скифскому времени и эпохе средневековья. Хронологическая граница между II и I тысячелетиями до н. э. может на полном основании называться рубежом эр. Во втором тысячелетии степи Центральной Азии представляли неразборчивый конгломерат различных племен, в которых носители духовных идей стремились выразить свои чувства и религиозные представления в тысячах наскальных изображений, в которых зачастую доминирует бык как носитель архаического мироздания, которое он держит или несет на своей спине. В первом тысячелетии до н. э. картина радикально меняется. На смену рассеянным и неупорядоченным представлениям в мире образов вырабатывается стилистическое единство, что не исключает свободы творчества, но, тем не менее, скифский звериный стиль становится основным эстетическим критерием как в монументальном, так и в прикладном искусстве. Он распространяется от Китайской стены до Венгерской Пушты, и оспаривать его значение как единого связующего звена кочевых народов Евразии бессмысленно. Даже влияние древних цивилизаций не может кардинально изменить идеологию и философию скифосибирского евразийского единства. The art of ancient Tuva is represented by different types of monuments: cave paintings, deer stones and stone sculptures, objects found in settlements and burials, as well as random finds. They mainly relate to the Bronze Age, Scythian time and the Middle Ages. Chronological boundary between the 2nd and 1st millennia BC may well be called the border of eras. In the second millennium, the steppes of Central Asia represented an indiscriminate conglomerate of various tribes, in which the carriers of spiritual ideas sought to express their feelings and religious ideas in thousands of cave paintings, in which the bull often dominates as a carrier of an archaic universe that he holds or carries on his back. In the first millennium BC the picture is radically changing. Instead of scattered and disordered ideas in the world of images, a stylistic unity is being developed, which does not exclude the freedom of creativity, nevertheless the Scythian animal style becomes the main aesthetic criterion in both monumental and applied art. It extends from the Chinese wall to the Hungarian Pushta, and it is pointless to dispute its importance as a single link between the nomadic peoples of Eurasia. Even the influence of ancient civilizations cannot radically change the ideology and philosophy of the ScythianSiberian Eurasian unity.

ARACHNE'S WEB: WOMEN, WEAVING AND NETWORKS OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE BRONZE AGE SOUTHERN AEGEAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
†Joanne Cutler
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Complex Skill ◽  
Technological Practice ◽  
Weaving Technology ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
The Bronze Age

The appearance of loom weights at a number of southern Aegean sites in the Middle and early Late Bronze Age is indicative of the adoption of a new weaving technology: the use of the warp-weighted loom. The specific type of loom weight (discoid) recovered is a Cretan form, and this evidence of Cretan influence is also seen in a wider range of material culture features at these settlements during this period. Weaving is a complex skill and learning requires contact between novice and expert practitioner over an extended period of time; the introduction of a new weaving technology therefore raises the question of how the necessary technical knowledge and know-how was transferred from one individual or community to another. The archaeological indicators of this new technological practice, the loom weights themselves, are objects that very rarely travel, except with their owners; the presence of loom weights manufactured from non-local ceramic fabrics at some of the southern Aegean sites can therefore provide a window into the patterns of mobility through which the new technology is likely to have spread. Both in the Bronze Age and subsequent Archaic and Classical periods, weaving was closely associated with women. Loom weights thus constitute archaeological markers for the craftswomen who used them. This paper explores the insight they can offer into female networks of teaching, learning and craft practice in the second millennium bc.

The Production of Copper Alloys in Iron Age Britain

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 399-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.B. Dungworth
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Tin Bronze ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents a selection of compositional analyses of Iron Age copper alloy artefacts from northern Britain. The results were obtained as part of a larger project which examined Iron Age and Roman copper alloys in northern Britain (the region from the Trent-Mersey to the Forth-Clyde). The quantitative analyses were carried out using EDXRF on drilled or polished samples. Comparisons are made with results from the late Bronze Age and early Roman period in northern Britain. The results are also compared with those already published from a range of Iron Age sites in southern England. The large total number of copper alloy analyses from the British Iron Age has made possible a synthesis of the data which has largely been assembled piecemeal. It is now clear that a tin bronze was the principal copper alloy for much of the Iron Age. The composition of this alloy is distinct from the alloys used in the Late Bronze Age and during the Roman period although there is considerable ‘blurring’ at the transitions. A brief outline of the analytical method employed and the analytical results are included.

The working of copper-arsenic alloys in the Early Bronze Age and the effect on the determination of provenance

1972 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh McKerrell ◽  
R. F. Tylecote
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Metal Working ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Tin Bronze ◽  
Arsenical Copper ◽  
Copper Arsenic

The earliest copper alloy of the British Bronze Age is arsenical copper, a material relatively short-lived when compared with the succeeding tin bronze but of no little importance when tracing the stages and progress of prehistoric metal working. Like tin, arsenic functions as a mild deoxidant and confers the useful property of work-hardening upon the metal. Copper-arsenic alloys need to be strengthened by cold working, and it was probably this requirement as much as any other that would have led to their eventual disuse and replacement by cast tin bronzes. The normal source of arsenic for such alloys is generally agreed as a constituent of the copper ore actually smelted, usually the grey tetrahedrite tennantite mineral (Coghlan and Case, 1957; Tylecote, 1962), although other suggestions have been made (Charles, 1967).

scholarly journals Helmet of the “Kuban” Type from Kelermes Burial Ground (Excavated in 1993)

2019 ◽  
pp. 221-234
Author(s):  
Andrey Alekseev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
North China ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Front Part ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The North ◽  
Steppe Region ◽  
Tin Bronze ◽  
Western Zhou ◽  
The Bronze Age

The “Kuban” type helmet was found in the “Meotian” grave of small kurgan 15 (with the main and primary grave of the Bronze Age) in 1993 by the Kelermes archaeological expedition of the State Hermitage Museum. It is an object included in one of the components of the so-called “Scythian triad” and relates to the 7th – 6th centuries BC. The helmet has a shape that is close to hemispherical, it is corroded and in the front part it has superciliaryarcuate cuts, forming a small nose triangular plate, and a rectangular cutout in the back. On the edge of the helmet, there are 10 holes for fastening or lining of the helmet or leather earflaps. The helmet was cast on a wax model with a loss of a mould, and made of good tin bronze (Cu – base, Sn – 7–8%, As – 0.4%, Pb – 0.4%, Fe < 0.4%, Sb – traces), like many other items of this category of weapons. Regarding the origin of the “Kuban” type helmets, many of which are irregular finds, there are three versions of the origin of such helmets, which can be called the North Caucasian one, the Near Eastern one, and the Central Asiatic–North Chinese one. In the 1980s, a summary of such helmets, compiled by L.K. Galanina, consisted of 16 copies. Currently, it can be increased due to several new finds that have become known in recent decades, the area of which covers the territory of Eurasia from Mongolia to the Dnieper-river forest-steppe region. This allows to link their origin to the territory of Central Asia and North China more confidently, and typologically connect them with bronze helmets of the Western Zhou dating to the 11th – 8th centuries BC.

scholarly journals Copper Mining in the Bronze Age at Mynydd Parys, Anglesey, Wales

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
David A. Jenkins ◽  
Simon Timberlake ◽  
Andrew Davidson ◽  
Kalla Mal ◽  
Peter Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Tin Bronze ◽  
Underground Workings ◽  
Prehistoric Mining ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Bronze Age

The Bronze Age in Britain is now a term often used to include both the first use of copper c. 2400 bc and also tin-bronze from c. 2100 bc, all of which required the extensive use of copper. Prehistoric mining for this metal has been identified in surface and underground workings in Parys Mine, Mynydd Parys, Anglesey, although almost all of the surface workings are now obscured by the extensive deep spoil from more recent mining in the industrial period. These copper-bearing ores are in bedded lodes, together with some intruded vein deposits. The Bronze Age workings have been exposed underground where they have been intersected by the early 19th century industrial workings on and above the 16 fathom and 20 fathom levels in the Parys Mine. Spoil exposures contain stone hammers (‘mauls’), wood fragments, and charcoal; samples of the latter have been radiocarbon dated with chronological modelling suggesting activity took place in the first half of the 2nd millennium cal bc. Although relatively limited in extent, these important prehistoric mining sites are among the earliest found in the UK. They have survived due to their protection from surface erosion and limited accessibility.

Investigating Burnt Mounds in Clydesdale during Motorway Construction

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
John A Atkinson ◽  
Camilla Dickson ◽  
Jane Downes ◽  
Paul Robins ◽  
David Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Short Account ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Bronze Age

Summary Two small burnt mounds were excavated as part of the programme to mitigate the impact of motorway construction in the Crawford area. The excavations followed a research strategy designed to address questions of date and function. This paper surveys the various competing theories about burnt mounds and how the archaeological evidence was evaluated against those theories. Both sites produced radiocarbon dates from the Bronze Age and evidence to suggest that they were cooking places. In addition, a short account is presented of two further burnt mounds discovered during the construction of the motorway in Annandale.

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