scholarly journals AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FAILURE OF FLAME RETARDANT BASED COMPOSITE LAMINATES UNDER MECHANICAL LOADING

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
T. O. Suoware ◽  
S. O Edelugo ◽  
C. O. Amgbari ◽  
F. L. Sorgbara
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fibre Composite ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Palm Fibre

Composite laminates have distinct interface comprising reinforcements from both synthetic or natural sources and polymers which make them favourable in the world of composites due to the intrinsic benefits they possess. Composite laminates from natural sources have shown to be highly susceptible to flame and have been improved by the addition of flame retardants (FR) during processing. The effect of the FR on the mechanical behaviour of these composite laminates is quite unclear and has not been given the in-depth attention. In this paper, the effect of FR of two set of composite laminates on mechanical failure was assessed. The two set of composite laminates comprising oil palm fibre composite (OPFC) and wood sawdust composite (WSC) were processed with polyester resin and six (6) FR using hand-lay compression moulding. The FRs were derived from aluminium tri-hydroxide (ATH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), gum Arabic powder (GAP) and carbon black (CB) at 12%, 15% and 18% loading ratios. Specimen cut from the composite laminates were tested for failure under tensile and flexural loading using the universal testing machine (UTM). The results obtained shows that the addition of 15%APP-GAP/CB in WSC and 12%APP-GAP in WSC exhibited an outstanding performance in improving tensile and flexural strength of the composite laminates by 154% (from 9.67MPa to 24.56MPa) and 103.4% (from 42.14MPa to 85.7MPa) respectively compared to those without FR while the FR in OPFC did not show any significant improvements. It can be concluded that FR with particulate reinforcement could improve the mechanical behaviour of composite laminates as a suitable reinforcement. Suoware, T. O. | Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ekowe, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF OIL PALM FIBRE COMPOSITE FOR BUILDING APPLICATIONS BY CONE CALORIMETER AND THERMAL ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
T. O. Suoware ◽  
S. O. Edelugo ◽  
C. O. Amgbari ◽  
F. L. Sorgbara
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fibre Composite ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Loading Ratio

The high yielding of oil pam fibre reinforced composite (OPFC) to fire has necessitated research to improve and develop fire retardants (FR) to mitigate the spread of fire. Researchers relied on Flame Retardants (FR) classified as either halogenated or non-halogenated based FR to improve the performance of composites with emphasis on flammability properties (FP). The main object of this paper is to evaluate the effect of six non-halogenated FR species in OPFC to meet required fire safety standards for building purposes. The six FR species comprising aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), Gum Arabic powder (GAP) and carbon black (CB) were processed with OPFC at 0, 15 and 18% loading ratio using hand lay-up compression moulding technique. Specimens cut from the OPFC panels were tested for flammability and thermal properties using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC Metlar Toledo) and cone calorimeter apparatus respectively. The result obtained for thermal analysis shows that the panel was thermally stable at 391.6OC before degradation began compared to those without FR while peak flammability properties obtained for heat released rates, mass loss rates and smoke production rates showed the OPFC panels rapid fire response were significantly reduced respectively by 67.4%, 50.9% and 37.5% compared to those without FR. It can be concluded that the hybrid FR comprising APP-GAP showed a stable char structure during fire and thus prevented the escape of combustible volatiles which reduced the peak FP values of the OPFC panels. These flammability properties could be said to meet required fire safety standards for building applications.

The Effects of Hydrothermal Ageing on the Crushing Behavior of Glass/Epoxy Composite Pipes

2015 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 411-416
Author(s):  
S.N. Fitriah ◽  
M.S. Abdul Majid ◽  
R. Daud ◽  
M. Afendi ◽  
Z.S. Nazirah
Keyword(s):  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Hydrothermal Condition ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Failure Region ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Crushing Behavior ◽  
Composite Pipes

The paper discusses the crushing behavior of glass fibre reinforced epoxy (GRE) pipes under hydrothermal ageing condition. This study determines the behavior of the GRE pipes when subjected to different ageing periods and temperatures. Hydrothermal ageing has been found to cause degradation between resin and fibre interface thus causing the reduction in the strength of composite laminates. The pipes were subjected to hydrothermal condition to simulate and precipitate ageing by immersing the pipe samples in water at 80°C for 250, 500, and 1000 hours. Compression tests were carried out using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) for virgin condition and aged samples in accordance with ASTM D695 standard. The maximum force at the initial failure region is observed for each of the conditioned pipes. The results show that the strength of the matrix systems was considerably degraded due to the plasticization of the matrix system.

scholarly journals Estimation of Energy Requirement of Jatropha Curcas L. Seedcake Briquettes under Compression Loading

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Ivanova ◽  
Abraham Kabutey ◽  
David Herák ◽  
Cimen Demirel
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
P Value ◽  
Force Coefficient ◽  
Compression Loading ◽  
Jatropha Curcas L ◽  
Deformation Curves ◽  
Deformation Coefficient

The energy requirement of Jatropha curcas L. seedcake of different dimensions (4.5, 5.6, 6.7, 8 and 10 mm) for briquette compaction was investigated under compression loading (100, 200, 300 and 400 kN) using the universal compression-testing machine. The parameters measured and/or calculated were the deformation, thickness, numerical energy and theoretical energy. The statistical analysis results show that compression forces had a significant effect (P-value < 0.05) on the amounts of deformation and thickness, while that of the dimensions of the sample did not. The increase in compression forces increased the numerical energy while that of samples dimensions caused a decrease. Using the tangent curve mathematical model; the force coefficient of mechanical behaviour (kN), the deformation coefficient of mechanical behaviour and the fitting curve function exponent were determined for describing the experimental dependency between the force and deformation curves as well as the numerical energies of densified jatropha seedcake briquettes.

The Hybrid Compression Moulding of Structural Composite Materials for Automotive Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 843 ◽  
pp. 3-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena C. Simmonds ◽  
Neil C. Reynolds ◽  
Kenneth N. Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Fibre Composite ◽  
Material Design ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Ford Motor Company ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Cycle Times ◽  
Class Project ◽  
Automotive Suspension

The Innovate-UK-funded Composite Lightweight Automotive Suspension System (CLASS) project, led by Ford Motor Company and partnered by Gestamp UK, GRM Consulting and WMG, investigated the use of carbon fibre reinforced composite materials to decrease the weight of a complex automotive rear suspension component in support of reduction in vehicle emissions. A multi-material design comprising discontinuous fibre composite (C-SMC), aligned fibre composite laminate (prepreg) and steel was developed. A high volume hybrid compression moulding manufacturing process was developed at WMG, achieving total press cycle times of around 5 minutes. Prototype parts were manufactured and evaluated using materials characterisation techniques to validate the manufacturing methods. The optimum C-SMC charge pattern was investigated to achieve complete fill with minimal pre-processing. Destructive and nondestructive analysis of the hybrid parts was performed to understand resultant hybrid material macrostructure. This innovative design and manufacturing process resulted in a component 35% lighter than the original multi-piece steel design.

scholarly journals Characterization of Composite Laminates Subjected to Repeated Indentation

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
M. Ashok Kumar ◽  
A.M.K. Prasad ◽  
D.V. Ravishankar ◽  
G. Giridhar
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Fiber Orientation ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Load Bearing Capacity ◽  
Universal Testing

Abstract The effect of the fiber orientation in a laminate is investigated experimentally when subjected repeated quasistatic indentation. All the laminates with different fiber orientation are subjected to indentation with a stainless steel spherical indenter of diameter 8.0mm on a universal testing machine for a maximum indenter displacement of 4mm. The rate of indenter displacement was 0.5mm/minute. Different parameters like load bearing capacity, indentation diameter, area of surface damage, etc., were recorded after 4mm of indenter displacement. All the parameters were studied and compared to evaluate the laminate with high strength

Novel sandwich structure of composite-metal laminates based on cellulosic woven pineapple leaf fibre

2020 ◽  
pp. 109963622093147
Author(s):  
Ng Lin Feng ◽  
Sivakumar Dhar Malingam ◽  
Noordiana Mohd Ishak ◽  
Kathiravan Subramaniam
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Synthetic Fibre ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Fibre Metal ◽  
Sandwich Materials

Fibre metal laminates (FMLs) are the contemporary sandwich materials that have been employed in the aerospace industries. The commercially available synthetic fibre based FMLs have shown excellent fatigue, impact and specific properties over those of metallic alloys. In order to explore the potential of environmental friendly cellulosic based materials, this research work aims to characterise the mechanical properties of novel woven pineapple leaf fibre reinforced metal laminates which were prepared through the hot compression moulding technique. For the comparison purpose, the mechanical properties of woven pineapple leaf fabrics and pineapple leaf fibre reinforced composite laminates were determined as well. It was concluded that the pineapple leaf fibre reinforced metal laminates evidenced salient mechanical and specific properties over pineapple leaf fabrics and composites. The specific tensile strength of metal laminates was 230.87% and 62.21% higher than those of the pineapple leaf fabrics and composite laminates whereas the specific flexural strength of metal laminates was 174.91% higher than composite laminates. Besides that, metal laminates also showed an impact strength of 91.49 kJ/m2 which was 143.13% greater than that of the composite laminates. The results indeed showed that the pineapple based FMLs could be considered as the promising and sustainable sandwich materials in future structural applications.

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