scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiotic Sensitivity pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Catheterized UTI Patients: A Local Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-235
Author(s):  
Iqra Arooj ◽  
Alishba Sehar ◽  
Asghar Javaid
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Local Study ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Tract Infections

Prevalence and multidrug resistance among bacteria in catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) has been on the rise in recent times. Hence, the prevalence rate and antibacterial susceptibility of bacteria in CAUTIs in ICU patients was evaluated. A total of 120 patients admitted to the ICU of Nishtar Hospital, Multan, were recruited for this study. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial isolates were characterized based on biochemical tests including catalase test, oxidase test, indole test, TSI test, citrate test, coagulase test and growth on 6.5% NaCl agar. The prevalence of bacterial species was Escherichia coli (32%), Staphylococcus aureus (26%), Pseudomonas spp. (18%), Proteus spp. (14%) and Enterococcus spp. (2%). A considerable degree of resistance against commonly prescribed antibiotics was observed. Gram negative bacteria showed resistance to ciprofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin as well as susceptibility to imipenem, tigecycline and polymixin. Gram positive bacteria showed resistance to antibiotics such as piperacillin-tazobactam, ampicillin, gentamicin, oxacillin and ceftazidime suggesting the ineffectiveness of these antibiotics for treating bacterial infections among CAUTI patients and demonstrating the latest trends in antimicrobial drug resistance profile in local population.

Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Blood Culture of Febrile Neutropenic Cancer Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S136-S136
Author(s):  
M Abdelmonem ◽  
A Gad AlKarim ◽  
S Eissa ◽  
A Boraik ◽  
M Shedid
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative

Abstract Introduction/Objective Bacteremia is one of the major causes of life-threatening complications in patients with cancer. Significant changes in the spectrum of microorganisms isolated from blood culture BC have been reported in cancer patients over the past years. This study aimed to determine the predominant bacterial species causing bacteremia among febrile neutropenic FN cancer patients at the National Cancer Institute in Egypt (NCI). Methods A total of 300 BC collected from 300 FN cancer patients at NCI, Cairo. All cases were in patients with a mean age of 51 years, 158 patients were male (53%) while 142 patients were females (47%). BC was collected for microbiological investigations. Identification of the isolated organisms by the cultural characters (Morphological of bacterial isolates, Gram stain reaction, motility test, and biochemical tests) for each organism using standard semi- automated techniques. Results 68 (22.6%) BC were positive while 232 (77.4%) BC were negative. Gram-negative bacteria isolated and identified in 11 blood cultures (16.17%), while gram-positive isolates identified in 57 BC (83.8%). Among the Gram- negative organisms, 4 (5.8%) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4 (5.8%) were E. coli, 1 (1.5%) was Klebssila pneumoni, 1 (1.5%) was Acintobacter and 1 (1.5%) was Citrobacter frenudiri. Among the Gram-positive organisms, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci CNS were most predominant in most cases 35 (61.4%). 7 (12%) were S. aureus, 5 (8%) were S. epidermises, 5 (8%) were Streptococcus spp., 1 (1.5%) were Listeria spp., 4 (5.88%) Achromobacter spp., 4 (5.88%) were Gram-Positive Cocci and 1(1.5%) Micrococcus spp. The study of R-factor in all positive BC showed the resistant bacterial isolates to the commonly used antimicrobial agents, especially to ampicillin and penicillin. Conclusion This study showed that patients with febrile neutropenia are vulnerable to developing bacteremia. the prevalence rate of bacteremia in post-chemotherapy FN in our center is relatively high compared to the national rate. Multidrug-resistant are the main cause of bacteremia in febrile cancer patients in Egypt. There is a need for ongoing antimicrobial surveillance to guide antimicrobial therapy and support the development of infection control programs in Egypt

Bacteraemia in 66 cats and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates (1995–2004)

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 404-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Greiner ◽  
Georg Wolf ◽  
Katrin Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Obligate Anaerobic ◽  
Animal Medicine ◽  
Privately Owned

Bacterial blood culture results of 292 privately owned cats presented to the Clinic for Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich with signs of sepsis were evaluated retrospectively. Of the blood cultures, 23% were positive. In 88%, a single bacterial species was isolated. Of all bacterial isolates, 45% were Gram-positive, 43% were Gram-negative, and 12% were obligate anaerobes. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, obligate anaerobic species, Staphylococcus species and Streptococcus species. Of the cats with positive blood cultures, 32% were pretreated with antibiotics. Of all bacterial isolates, 77% were susceptible to enrofloxacin, 69% to chloramphenicol, 67% to gentamicin, and 64% to amoxycillin clavulanic acid. Only enrofloxacin reached an in vitro efficacy of more than 70% against Gram-positive and more than 74% against Gram-negative bacteria.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Profile of Urinary Tract Infections among Postmenopausal Women Visiting Alka Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Surendra Prasad Yadav ◽  
Puspa Raj Dahal ◽  
Shiv Nandan Sah ◽  
Vijay Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Tract Infections

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common diseases encountered worldwide and is a major public health problem in terms of morbidity and financial costs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Alka Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal from February to July, 2014. A total of 353 midstream urine samples were collected from postmenopausal women visiting Alka Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal. The samples were examined by microscopically and culture methods. The isolated organisms were identified by conventional microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI (2011) guidelines. Among 353 urine samples processed, 32 % (113) showed significant bacteriuria. Out of 113 bacterial isolates, the prevalence of gram negative bacteria was 97.3% (110) while that of gram positive was 2.7% (3). The most predominating organisms causing UTI were Escherichia coli (84.9%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.3%), Enterococcus faecalis (1.7%), Providencia spp. (1.7%), Klebsiella oxytoca (1.7%), Proteus mirabilis (1.7%), Proteus vulgaris (0.9%), Citrobacter freundii (0.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (0.9%). Antibiotic susceptibility tests of the isolates showed that, most of the gram negative bacterial isolates were sensitive to Piperacillin+Tazobactam followed by Amikacin, Imipenem and Nitrofurantoin, while they were resistant to Amoxicillin. All gram positive isolates were sensitive to Amoxicillin and resistant to Gentamycin. This study showed that higher aged postmenopausal women (>80 years) were at higher risk for UTI than those of lower aged ones (<80 years).

Bacterial Pattern of Community acquired Urinary Tract Infections: A Challenge for Antimicrobial Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
Nader A. Nemr ◽  
Rania M. Kishk ◽  
Mohammed Abdou ◽  
Hassnaa Nassar ◽  
Noha M Abu bakr Elsaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered one of the most common bacterial infections seen in health care. To our knowledge, there is no available antimicrobial resistance surveillance system for monitoring of community-acquired UTIs (CA- UTIs) in our country. Objectives: we aimed to discuss the bacterial pattern and resistance profile of CA-UTIs in Ismailia, Egypt. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 400 patients suffering from symptoms of acute UTIs. Urine specimens were collected by clean-catch mid-stream method, examined microscopically and inoculated immediately on blood agar and MacConkey's agar plates. Colony counting, isolation and identification of the urinary pathogens were performed by the conventional biochemical tests according to the isolated organism. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Interpretation was performed according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: out of 400 specimens, 136 of them revealed no bacterial growth or insignificant bacteriuria. Most of participants with UTI were females (81.8%) (p=0.008) and 54.5% of them were married (P=0.1). Gram negative bacteria were more common than Gram positive representing 66 % and 34% respectively. E. coli was the most common isolated organism (39%) followed by S. aureus (32%), K. Pneumoniae and Pseudomonas (10.5% for each), Proteus (6%) and Enterococci (2%). E. coli isolates showed the highest susceptibility to imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Most of our patients were diabetics (64.8%) (p=0.004). The mean ± SD of HbA1c was 6.4±2.0 with 4 to 12.6 range, S.E was 0.1 and 95% C.I was 6.2- 6.7. The highest mean ± SD of HbA1c was in S. aureus infections. Conclusion: Gram negative bacteria were most common than Gram positive with predominance of E. coli with significant relation to the presence of diabetes.

Impact of Freezing on the Future Utility of Archived Surveillance Culture Specimens

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 886-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather P. Green ◽  
Judith A. Johnson ◽  
Jon P. Furuno ◽  
Sandra M. Strauss ◽  
Eli N. Perencevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Surveillance Culture ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
The Future ◽  
Initial Culture ◽  
Future Utility

The ability to recover bacteria from frozen culture specimens has important implications. The purpose of this study was to validate the utility of frozen specimens for recovery of several gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species by culture. Results demonstrate that 98% of 250 bacterial isolates identified on initial culture were subsequently recovered by culture of frozen specimens after a median storage period of 564 days.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Uropathogens Isolated from Female Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Duhok Province, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A Naqid ◽  
Nawfal R Hussein ◽  
Amer Balatay ◽  
Kurdistan A Saeed ◽  
Hiba A Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide. The study of bacterial uropathogens in a local area and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents is required to determine empirical therapy. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the profile and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria, causing urinary infections isolated from female patients in Duhok province, Iraq. Methods: A total of 530 urine samples were collected from females clinically suspected of UTIs over three years between January 2017 and February 2020. The samples were inoculated directly on MacConkey and Blood agar media and then incubated aerobically for 24 h at 37°C. Samples that gave up colony counts of ≥ 105 CFU/mL were considered as positive growth. Purified colonies were identified through standard bacteriological tests, and their susceptibility to different antibiotics was determined using the Vitek-2 system. Results: Out of 530 urine samples, 450 (84.9%) contained Gram-negative bacteria, while the other 80 (15.1%) harbored Gram-positive bacteria. Escherichia coli was the most common uropathogenic isolate (58.5%), followed by K. pneumoniae (14.3%), Staphylococcus spp. (8.9%), P. mirabilis (6.6%), E. faecalis (3.2%), and S. agalactiae (3.02%). The majority of Gram-negative uropathogens were resistant to ampicillin, aztreonam, ceftriaxone, and cefepime and around 95% were sensitive to ertapenem and imipenem. Most Gram-positive isolates showed high resistance to benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, and erythromycin, and high susceptibility to linezolid, tigecycline, and nitrofurantoin. Conclusions: It was concluded from this study that E. coli is the predominant pathogen causing UTIs in female patients in Duhok province, Iraq. There were increasing antibiotic resistance rates, particularly to ampicillin, aztreonam, ceftriaxone, benzylpenicillin, and erythromycin. Therefore, empirical antibiotic therapy should be based on local sensitivity patterns rather than international guidelines.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Bacterial Pollution and Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Benin: Case of the Hydrographic Channel Complex Cotonou-Nokoué Lake

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Oloufemi Daniel Ichola ◽  
Victorien Tamegnon Dougnon ◽  
Charles Hornel Koudokpon ◽  
Alidehou Jerrold Agbankpe ◽  
Esther Deguenon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

The study aims to document the level of contamination of the aquatic ecosystem of the Cotonou-Lake Nokoué canal hydrographic complex by multidrug-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes. For this purpose, water samples were taken from several points of the complex and from the sediments at the depth of the lake. Samples of several species of freshly caught fish products from the lake were also collected. Bacteriological analyses were carried out according to the AFNOR standard (NF U: 47–100). The identification of the different bacterial species isolated was then carried out using the API 20E gallery and specific biochemical tests. The antibiogram of the strains was performed according to the recommendations of the EUCAST. Molecular characterization of the identified strains was carried out by searching for resistance and virulence genes. The results obtained revealed the presence of several bacterial species in water samples and in sediment and intestine samples of fishery products with a predominance of Gram-negative bacilli. The resistance profile of Gram-negative bacilli showed a total resistance to metronidazole (100%). 23% of the strains were also resistant to ciprofloxacin, 41% to amoxicillin, and 60% to aztreonam. Of the Gram-positive cocci identified, 66% was resistant to vancomycin, 7.5% to ciprofloxacin, 71% to erythromycin, and 22% to tetracycline. Regarding the genes sought, blaTEM (46%), blaSHV (24%), and blaCTX-M-15 (31%) were present in the genome of Gram-negative bacilli as resistance genes and fimH (41%) as virulence gene. As for Gram-positive cocci, the van B gene was completely absent. The van A was present at 6.25% in Staphylococcus aureus and mecA at 21.88 and 33.33%, respectively, in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci strains. The high resistance of isolated bacterial strains is a matter of concern and calls for a rational use of antibiotics in order to avoid the transmission of antibiotic resistance from the environment to humans.

scholarly journals BACTERIAL CAUSES AND ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF EXTERNAL OCULAR INFECTIONS IN SELECTED OPHTHALMOLOGY CLINICS IN SANA’A CITY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Essam Yahya A Alshamahi ◽  
Hassan A. Al-Shamahy ◽  
Yaser Ali Musawa ◽  
Huda Zaid Al-Shami
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
E Mail

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to reveal the bacterial profile and pattern of sensitivity to antibiotics for external ocular infections for patients who attended selected ophthalmology clinics in the city of Sana’a. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used from September 2016 to October 2017 where a total of 197 patients with infection of external eye were included in the study which included conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis and Blepharoconjunctivitis. Samples were collected and transferred to the National Center of Public Laboratories (NCPHL), in Sana'a. Possible bacterial pathogens have been isolated and identified using regular laboratory techniques, and microbial sensitivity testing has been carried out using a disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 197 ocular samples were obtained for microbiological evaluation, of these 146 (74.1%) have bacterial growth. Bacteria of Gram positive accounted for 52.1% and the prevalent isolation was S. aureus (30.1%). Gram negative bacteria made up 47.9% and the predominant isolation was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.7%). The majority of Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (90% - 100%), vancomycin (86% - 100%) and Gram-negative isolates sensitive for amikacin (100%) and ciprofloxacin (63% - 100%). Conclusion: These results revealed that Gram-positive bacteria were the generally common bacteria isolated from infections of external eye and were more susceptible to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin while Gram-negative isolates were more susceptible to ciprofloxacin and amikacin.  The high rate of resistance for most antibiotics in Yemen, leaves ophthalmologists with very few options of drugs to treat eye infections. Large-scale ongoing studies in the future should also be conducted in order to monitor the antimicrobial resistance of the external ocular bacterial isolates. Peer Review History: Received 20 May 2020; Revised 25 June; Accepted 4 July, Available online 15 July 2020   UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Name: Dr. Jucimary Vieira dos Santos Affiliation: Hemonorte Dalton Barbosa Cunha, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Name: Dr. Sabah Hussien El-Ghaiesh Affiliation: Tanta University, Egypt E-mail: [email protected]   Comments of reviewer(s): Similar Articles: EPIDEMIOLOGY, BACTERIAL PROFILE, AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN SANA’A AND DHAMAR CITY, YEMEN

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria with Biochemical and Pharmacological Importance from Soil Samples of Dhaka City

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohinur Begum ◽  
Sultana Juhara Mannan ◽  
Refaya Rezwan ◽  
Md Mahinur Rahman ◽  
Md Shajidur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

We studied soil samples from Dhaka municipality area to isolate and characterize bacteria having potential biochemical and pharmacological importance. Total twenty five soil samples were collected from fish, vegetables and fruits dump area from Dhaka City. Bacterial population was sub-cultured in trypticase soya agar (TSA) plate. Nineteen colonies were isolated, cultured and characterized by gram staining and biochemical tests. Six isolates were found to be gram negative while thirteen were gram positive. All isolates were positive in oxidase, catalase, citrate, and protease tests. Eight isolates showed coagulase negative and nine were coagulase positive. It was found that all bacterial isolates were sensitive to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and ceftriaxone. About 95% of the bacterial isolates were resistant to penicillin-G and ampicillin. About 89%, 26%, 21% and 11% of the bacterial isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, co-trimoxazole, nalidixic acid and erythromycin, respectively. It was found that bacterial isolates produce chemical(s) inhibitory to other bacterial strains including both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Further studies are needed to characterize the potential antibacterial factor(s) and other bioactive compound (s) present in these bacterial isolates from soil samples.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 16(1): 129-136, 2017 (June)

Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Pathogens Isolated from Pus Culture- A Tertiary Care Hospital Based Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
Ankita Singh ◽  
Vikash Verma ◽  
Ritesh Singh
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Background: Microbial pathogens cause human skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) and surgical site infections (SSI) after surgical procedures. These can result in the production of pus, yellowish fluid comprising of dead WBCs and cellular debris. The microorganisms responsible for pus production vary greatly in relation to their spectrum of prevalence in different hospital and also in their antibiotic sensitivity. Further, the antibiotic sensitivity also changes because of the emergence of resistant strains. It is therefore, important that the common bacterial pathogens causing infection in a particular hospital and their sensitivity should be known. This will help in the choice of prophylactic antibiotic and in initiating the empirical antibiotic prescription for the infected cases before the culture sensitivity report is made available which takes about 2-3 days. Objective: To identify the spectrum of aerobic bacteria which are responsible for SSTI and SSI and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Method: This cross sectional hospital based study was conducted in Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital (NGMCTH), Kohalpur from January 2019 to November 2019. These pus swabs were obtained from the Department of Surgery and Department of Gynaecology & Obstretics. Samples were cultured in the Microbiology laboratory of NGMCTH, Kohalpur. Identification and characterization of isolates were performed on the basis of Gram staining and cultural characteristics. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed in vitro by Bauer-Kirby method. Collected data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and Microsoft Excel 2015. Results: During the study period, a total number of 311 pus swabs were obtained among which only 164 (52.73%) pus swab showed bacterial growth. Out of 164 pus swabs, 150 pus swabs yielded monomicrobial growth (150 bacterial isolates) and 14 pus swabs yielded polymicrobial growth (33 bacterial isolates). Gram Negative Bacteria (60.1%) was more prevalent than Gram Positive Bacteria (39.9%). Combined together, the most common isolate was S. aureus (36.1%) followed by E.coli (24.0%), Klebsiella (14.2%), Enterobacter (11.5%), Pseudomonas (9.8%), S. pyogenes (3.3%) and Proteus (1.1%). S. aureus was highly sensitive to Doxycycline (90.6%), Chloramphenicol (81.5%), Amikacin (79.5%) and Ceftraixone (72.7%). S. pyogenes showed 100% sensitivity to Cefexime, Amikacin, Chloramphenicol, Azithromycin and 80% sensitivity to Doxycycline. Similarly, most common gram negative isolate E.coli showed higher sensitivity to Chloramphenicol(71.4%) and Amikacin (66.7%) , Klebsiella showed higher sensitivity to Doxycycline(92.3%), Gentamicin(87.5%) and Amikacin (81.0%), Enterobacter showed higher sensitivity to Amikacin(90.9%) and Pseudomonas was highly sensitive to Chloramphenicol (71.4%) and Amikacin (66.7%). Piperacillin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Ofloxacin and Ceftriaxone showed 100% sensitivity to Proteus spp. Amoxyclav, Cefepime and Cefexime (except in S. pyogenes) showed least sensitivity in both gram negative and gram positive bacterial isolates. Conclusion: In our study, the most common isolate wasS. aureus. Amikacin, as a single drug was found to be effective for empirical therapy of both gram negative and gram positive bacteria whereas Doxycycline and Amikacin was found effective in gram positive isolates. Amoxyclav and Cefepimewas commonly resistant in all bacterial isolates.

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