Nanotechnology: Overview and its application

Author(s):  
Amit Nikam ◽  
Anuja Patil ◽  
Chandrakant Magdum

The study of different microscopic or tiny shaped and sized particles is what nanotechnology is all about. These nano-structured compounds have a wide range of strong actions in a variety of disciplines. These are readily carried due to their small size and form. Because of its small size, it may be used in a variety of ways. Nanotechnology improves a variety of businesses, including the pharmaceutical industry, the food industry, environmental protection, and a variety of others. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of nanotechnology and its applications in different industries and areas.

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrasai Potla Durthi ◽  
Madhuri Pola ◽  
Satish Babu Rajulapati ◽  
Anand Kishore Kola

Aim & objective: To review the applications and production studies of reported antileukemic drug L-glutaminase under Solid-state Fermentation (SSF). Overview: An amidohydrolase that gained economic importance because of its wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the food industry, is L-glutaminase. The medical applications utilized it as an anti-tumor agent as well as an antiretroviral agent. L-glutaminase is employed in the food industry as an acrylamide degradation agent, as a flavor enhancer and for the synthesis of theanine. Another application includes its use in hybridoma technology as a biosensing agent. Because of its diverse applications, scientists are now focusing on enhancing the production and optimization of L-glutaminase from various sources by both Solid-state Fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation studies. Of both types of fermentation processes, SSF has gained importance because of its minimal cost and energy requirement. L-glutaminase can be produced by SSF from both bacteria and fungi. Single-factor studies, as well as multi-level optimization studies, were employed to enhance L-glutaminase production. It was concluded that L-glutaminase activity achieved by SSF was 1690 U/g using wheat bran and Bengal gram husk by applying feed-forward artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. The highest L-glutaminase activity achieved under SSF was 3300 U/gds from Bacillus sp., by mixture design. Purification and kinetics studies were also reported to find the molecular weight as well as the stability of L-glutaminase. Conclusion: The current review is focused on the production of L-glutaminase by SSF from both bacteria and fungi. It was concluded from reported literature that optimization studies enhanced L-glutaminase production. Researchers have also confirmed antileukemic and anti-tumor properties of the purified L-glutaminase on various cell lines.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 787-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Kieliszek ◽  
Kamil Piwowarek ◽  
Anna M. Kot ◽  
Katarzyna Pobiega

AbstractCellular biomass of microorganisms can be effectively used in the treatment of waste from various branches of the agro-food industry. Urbanization processes and economic development, which have been intensifying in recent decades, lead to the degradation of the natural environment. In the first half of the 20th century, problems related to waste management were not as serious and challenging as they are today. The present situation forces the use of modern technologies and the creation of innovative solutions for environmental protection. Waste of industrial origin are difficult to recycle and require a high financial outlay, while the organic waste of animal and plant origins, such as potato wastewater, whey, lignin, and cellulose, is dominant. In this article, we describe the possibilities of using microorganisms for the utilization of various waste products. A solution to reduce the costs of waste disposal is the use of yeast biomass. Management of waste products using yeast biomass has made it possible to generate new metabolites, such as β-glucans, vitamins, carotenoids, and enzymes, which have a wide range of industrial applications. Exploration and discovery of new areas of applications of yeast, fungal, and bacteria cells can lead to an increase in their effective use in many fields of biotechnology.


Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enerand Mackon ◽  
Guibeline Charlie Jeazet Dongho Epse Mackon ◽  
Yafei Ma ◽  
Muhammad Haneef Kashif ◽  
Niyaz Ali ◽  
...  

Anthocyanins are antioxidants used as natural colorants and are beneficial to human health. Anthocyanins contribute to reactive oxygen species detoxification and sustain plant growth and development under different environmental stresses. They are phenolic compounds that are broadly distributed in nature and are responsible for a wide range of attractive coloration in many plant organs. Anthocyanins are found in various parts of plants such as flowers, leaves, stems, shoots, and grains. Considering their nutritional and health attributes, anthocyanin-enriched rice or pigmented rice cultivars are a possible alternative to reduce malnutrition around the globe. Anthocyanin biosynthesis and storage in rice are complex processes in which several structural and regulatory genes are involved. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in the molecular and genetic mechanism of anthocyanins, and their synthesis is of great interest to researchers and the scientific community. However, limited studies have reported anthocyanin synthesis, transportation, and environmental conditions that can hinder anthocyanin production in rice. Rice is a staple food around the globe, and further research on anthocyanin in rice warrants more attention. In this review, metabolic and pre-biotic activities, the underlying transportation, and storage mechanisms of anthocyanins in rice are discussed in detail. This review provides potential information for the food industry and clues for rice breeding and genetic engineering of rice.


Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Viera ◽  
Antonio Pérez-Gálvez ◽  
María Roca

The benefit of carotenoids to human health is undeniable and consequently, their use for this purpose is growing rapidly. Additionally, the nutraceutical properties of carotenoids have attracted attention of the food industry, especially in a new market area, the ‘cosmeceuticals.’ Marine organisms (microalgae, seaweeds, animals, etc.) are a rich source of carotenoids, with optimal properties for industrial production and biotechnological manipulation. Consequently, several papers have reviewed the analysis, characterization, extraction and determination methods, biological functions and industrial applications. But, now, the bioaccessibility and bioactivity of marine carotenoids has not been focused of any review, although important achievements have been published. The specific and diverse characteristic of the marine matrix determines the bioavailability of carotenoids, some of them unique in the nature. Considering the importance of the bioavailability not just from the health and nutritional point of view but also to the food and pharmaceutical industry, we consider that the present review responds to an actual demand.


2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Gamage ◽  
Zisheng Zhang

Due to the superior ability of photocatalysis to inactivate a wide range of harmful microorganisms, it is being examined as a viable alternative to traditional disinfection methods such as chlorination, which can produce harmful byproducts. Photocatalysis is a versatile and effective process that can be adapted for use in many applications for disinfection in both air and water matrices. Additionally, photocatalytic surfaces are being developed and tested for use in the context of “self-disinfecting” materials. Studies on the photocatalytic technique for disinfection demonstrate this process to have potential for widespread applications in indoor air and environmental health, biological, and medical applications, laboratory and hospital applications, pharmaceutical and food industry, plant protection applications, wastewater and effluents treatment, and drinking water disinfection. Studies on photocatalytic disinfection using a variety of techniques and test organisms are reviewed, with an emphasis on the end-use application of developed technologies and methods.


1970 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
ZN Tahmida Begum ◽  
Dilara Khanam

Phytoplankton from a part of the Shitalakhya river receiving effluents from a pharmaceutical industry have been studied. A total of 78 taxa were identified of which 14 belonged to Cyanophyceae, 11 Chlorophyceae, 20 Euglenophyceae and 33 Bacillariophyceae. The water body was mostly alkaline (6.6 - 8.0) and showed a wide range of variation in conductivity (135 - 4768 μS/cm), DO (anoxia to 15 mg/l), free- CO2 (3 - 29 mg/l), bicarbonate alkalinity (49 - 355 mg/l), BOD (8 - 1800 mg/l) at different locations. Pharmaceutical effluents appeared to affect diversity of phytoplankton. Three diatoms namely Fragilaria brevistriata Grun., F. construens (Ehr.) Grun. and Navicula oblonga Kütz. present in the area, are described as new for Bangladesh. Keywords: Phytoplankton; Pharmaceutical effluents; Shitalakhya River; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i1.5127 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 77-85, 2009 (June)


Author(s):  
M.M. Slivka ◽  
N.V. Lesko

The article is devoted to the study of legislative regulation of the powers of local governments in the field of environmental protection and the development of proposals for their improvement. It is noted that local governments occupy an separate and independent place in the mechanism of public administration, which indicates their special administrative and legal status. It is emphasized that local self-government bodies should be endowed with a sufficient amount of powers that would allow them to protect the interests of the administrative-territorial community in the field of environmental protection as effectively as possible. It is stated that the Constitution as the Basic Law of the state, taking into account the global importance of the issue of environmental protection should clearly and without any ambiguity in interpretation contain an article according to which local governments will be empowered to exercise primary control over environmental protection. natural environment at the local level and bringing perpetrators to justice. It is proposed to supplement Article 15 of the Law of Ukraine «On Environmental Protection», which defines the powers of local councils in the field of environmental protection, paragraph «й» of the following content: "decide to bring to administrative responsibility those guilty of violating legislation in the field of environmental protection environment of individuals and / or legal entities ". It is highlighted that based on the analysis of Part 4 of Art. 42 of the Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government in Ukraine», village, town, city mayor have a wide range of powers, but among these powers there are no ones that would give them the right to monitor compliance with environmental legislation in the region and bring perpetrators to justice. It is emphasized that local governments are given broad powers in terms of controling the activities of economic entities and they should be included as a subject of a lawsuit in accordance with Art. 16 of the Law of Ukraine "On Environmental Impact Assessment" in case of violations in the field of environmental impact assessment.


2020 ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Joel Paris

Aggressive psychopharmacology describes the current practice of prescribing a large number of medications to patients with almost any mental disorder. While there is some evidence for this approach in severe and, persistent mental disorders, it has spread to common disorders, most particularly major depression. Clinical practice guidelines, which offer a wide range options for patients who are resistant to standard treatments, are being interpreted as promoting polypharmacy for a very broad group of patient. These practices have a surprisingly weak evidence base, and tend to take psychotherapy options off the table. Aggressive psychoharmacology is driven by overdiagnosis and is strongly encouraged by the pharmaceutical industry.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muzamil Sattar ◽  
Asad Ali Qazi ◽  
Farhan Shahzad ◽  
Abdul Rehman Shaikh

Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows: what tasks are to be done by medical representatives in pharmaceutical industry? This study also highlights various competencies required to do effective selling in this industry; analyzes and discusses different unethical practices going on in the market; explains why ethical norms are necessary in sales context when sales targets are already achievable with unethical means; and develops and comments on strategies Flori Pharmaceutical can make to overcome on these unethical issues. What should be the response of Dahar to the email of Naveed khan? What course of action should be taken by Dahar in the deceitful reporting case of Mohsin Ali? Case overview/synopsis Flori is considered a leading and growing multinational organization in the highly competitive environment of Pakistan pharmaceutical industry with over 40 years of experience. The company aims to command a leading position in developing new health-care products as it offers a wide range of diabetic, cardiovascular, respiratory and vitamin products based on quality as a result of high research and examination. Recently, an email to Bilal Dahar on March 2017 from Flori’s star sales person Naveed Khan has forced management to take some strong decisions regarding ethical norms and values to be adopted by medical representatives of Flori pharmaceuticals. The email highlighted the issues related to sales pressure which are leading toward unethical sales practices. Dahar just not have to maintain Flori’s ethical code of conduct but he and his team also has to work hard to achieve more than 26% growth rate in sales revenue as compared to last year. Dahar knew that the highly competitive environment of pharmaceutical industry has led most of the stake holders to indulge in unethical behavior to achieve their individual targets. He knew that this is dangerous in long term for the multinational organizations such as Flori pharmaceuticals as if the similar behavior continues, the sales culture and values of the organization would be on stake. He also has to decide what decision to be taken against deceitful reporting issue of one of the top-performer territory managers, who was key person in helping Flori to close the sales year 2016 with the revenue of Rs. 6.4bn, a 26% growth over the last year. The case is rich enough to provide a platform regarding management of several ethical challenges in pharmaceutical selling and developing strategies based on them. Complexity academic level BBA, MBA final year. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.


Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2161
Author(s):  
Chella Perumal Palanisamy ◽  
Bo Cui ◽  
Hongxia Zhang ◽  
Selvaraj Jayaraman ◽  
Gothandam Kodiveri Muthukaliannan

Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the major food crops, and it is considered to be a very distinctive plant, since it is able to produce a large amount of the natural polymer of starch through its capacity to utilize large amounts of sunlight. Corn starch is used in a wide range of products and applications. In recent years, the use of nanotechnology for applications in the food industry has become more apparent; it has been used for protecting against biological and chemical deterioration, increasing bioavailability, and enhancing physical properties, among other functions. However, the high cost of nanotechnology can make it difficult for its application on a commercial scale. As a biodegradable natural polymer, corn starch is a great alternative for the production of nanomaterials. Therefore, the search for alternative materials to be used in nanotechnology has been studied. This review has discussed in detail the properties, simulations, and wide range of applications of corn starch-based nanomaterials.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document