Late surfactant replacement therapy and its efficacy on severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in National Children Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (12) ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Quynh Nga ◽  
Nguyen Thi Van
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Surfactant Therapy ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Requirement ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Surfactant Replacement Therapy ◽  
The Mean

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that is most commonly seen in premature infants who require prolonged mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy. 75% of intubated infants have episodes of dysfunctional surfactants associated with lower levels of surfactant proteins. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of late surfactant therapy in treating BPD in premature infants. Nineteen preterm infants diagnosed with severe BPD requiring mechanic ventilation, according to Jobe and Bancalari, were treated with surfactant (Poractant alpha 100mg/kg intra-tracheal). Patients were observed for change in oxygen requirement before and at 1-h, 6-h, 12-h, 24-h, and 48-h after treatment. There were 13 boys and 6 girls; boy to girl ratio was 2.16/1. The mean gestation age was 28.3 ± 2 weeks; the mean birth weight was 1134.7 ± 314 gram. There was an increase in SpO2 (saturation of peripheral oxygen), PaO2 (the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood) and reduction in FiO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen), PaCO2 (the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood), OI (oxygen index), MAP (mean airway pressure) and AaDO2 (Alveolar-to-arterial oxygen gradient) after surfactant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In patients with severe BPD, late surfactant therapy has shown initial benefits in lung functions and reducing oxygen requirement.

An Evaluation of Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure Monitoring during Apnea Testing in Brain-dead Patients

2006 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoîit Vivien ◽  
Frédéric Marmion ◽  
Sabine Roche ◽  
Catherine Devilliers ◽  
Olivier Langeron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Apnea Test ◽  
Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Brain Dead

Background Diagnosis of brain death usually requires an arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (Paco2) of 60 mmHg during the apnea test, but the increase in Paco2 is unpredictable. The authors evaluated whether transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure (Ptcco2) monitoring during apnea test can predict that a Paco2 of 60 mmHg has been reached. Methods The authors compared Ptcco2 measured with a transcutaneous ear sensor (V-Sign Sensor, Sentec Digital Monitoring System; SENTEC-AG, Therwil, Switzerland) and Paco2 obtained from arterial blood gas measurements in 32 clinically brain-dead patients. Results In the first 20 patients, the mean Paco2-Ptcco2 gradient was 0.7 +/- 3.6 mmHg at baseline and 8.7 +/- 7.1 mmHg after 20 min of apnea. Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (area under the curve: 0.983 +/- 0.013), the best threshold value of Ptcco2 to predict that a Paco2 of 60 mmHg had been reached was 60 mmHg (positive predictive value: 1.00 [0.93-1.00]). In the following 12 patients investigated with use of this Ptcco2 target value of 60 mmHg, the mean duration of the apnea test (11 +/- 4 vs. 20 +/- 0 min; P &lt; 0.001), hypercapnia (74.0 +/- 4.9 vs. 98.3 +/- 20.0 mmHg; P &lt; 0.001), acidosis (pH: 7.18 +/- 0.06 vs. 7.11 +/- 0.08; P &lt; 0.001), and decrease in arterial oxygen partial pressure (-47 +/- 44 vs. -95 +/- 89; P &lt; 0.05) at the end of the test were reduced as compared with the 20-min apnea test group. Conclusion During the apnea test in brain-dead patients, a Ptcco2 of 60 mmHg accurately predicts that a Paco2 of 60 mmHg has been reached. This may allow a reduction in the duration of the apnea test and consecutively limit occurrence of complications.

scholarly journals Effect of adding dexmedetomidine or remifentanil to thiopental in patients with mood disorder candidate for electroconvulsive therapy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Faezeh Heidarbeigi ◽  
Hamidreza Jamilian ◽  
Anita Alaghemand ◽  
Alireza Kamali
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Remifentanil Group

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the appropriate treatments for many neuropsychiatric patients, especially those with mood disorders. Short-term complications of ECT include agitation and postictal. In this study, we compared the addition of dexmedetomidine or remifentanil to thiopental as the main anaesthetic used in ECT. In this double-blind randomised clinical trial, 90 patients with mood disorders (candidates for ECT) were divided into two groups based on their therapy: dexmedetomidine or remifentanil. In the first group (DG), patients were slowly injected intravenously with 0.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine before induction of anesthesia. In the second group (GR), 100 μg of remifentanil was slowly injected intravenously.In addition, we collected demographic information such as respiratory rate, heart pulse rate, seizure time, mean of arterial blood pressure, recovery duration and the oxygen arterial saturation recorded after recovery. Data obtained were analysed by use of statistical software, SPSS-23. The mean age of both groups was approximately 37 years with the majority being men. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age and sex, blood pressure, heart rate, duration of seizures and arterial oxygen saturation before ECT. The mean blood pressure and heart rate in the recovery group were lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the remifentanil group and the hemodynamics in the dexmedetomidine group were more stable. The recovery time in the dexmedetomidine group was longer than that of the remifentanil group (p = 0.001). Both groups had approximately the same satisfaction and the rate of agitation after ECT was the same. Both remifentanil and dexmedetomidine as adjuvants lead to a decrease in patients' post-ECT hyperdynamic responses. In our study, we demonstrated that the effect of dexmedetomidine is greater than remifentanil. On the other hand, neither dexmedetomidine nor remifentanil had a negative effect on seizure duration, but dexmedetomidine significantly prolonged recovery time, when compared to remifentanil.

scholarly journals Hyperoxia During Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Refractory Cardiac Arrest Is Associated With Severe Circulatory Failure and Increased Mortality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Bonnemain ◽  
Marco Rusca ◽  
Zied Ltaief ◽  
Aurélien Roumy ◽  
Piergiorgio Tozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Circulatory Failure ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Neurological Damage ◽  
Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: High levels of arterial oxygen pressures (PaO2) have been associated with increased mortality in extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), but there is limited information regarding possible mechanisms linking hyperoxia and death in this setting, notably with respect to its hemodynamic consequences. We aimed therefore at evaluating a possible association between PaO2, circulatory failure and death during ECPR.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 44 consecutive cardiac arrest (CA) patients treated with ECPR to determine the association between the mean PaO2 over the first 24h, arterial blood pressure, vasopressor and intravenous fluid therapies, mortality, and cause of deaths.Results: Eleven patients (25%) survived to hospital discharge. The main causes of death were refractory circulatory shock (46%) and neurological damage (24%). Compared to survivors, non survivors had significantly higher mean 24h PaO2 (306±121 mmHg vs 164±53 mmHg, p < 0.001), lower mean blood pressure and higher requirements in vasopressors and fluids, but displayed similar pulse pressure during the first 24h (an index of native cardiac recovery). The mean 24h PaO2 was significantly correlated with hypotension and vasoactive therapies. Patients dying from neurological cause had better preserved blood pressure and lower vasopressor requirements. Patients dying from circulatory failure died after a median of 17h, compared to a median of 58 h for patients dying from a neurological cause (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–0.99, p = 0.001).Conclusion: In conclusion, hyperoxia is associated with increased mortality during ECPR, possibly by promoting circulatory collapse or delayed neurological damage.

scholarly journals Effects of Induced Haemorrahge on Thermoregulation, Blood Constituents and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Khalid A. O. Sukar ◽  
Abdalla M. Abdelatif ◽  
Ahmed O. Alameen
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Serum Biochemical

Background and Objectives: Haemorrhage is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity of mother and foetus. Pregnancy is associated with changes which may influence responses to bleeding. This study was designed to examine the influence of controlled haemorrhage and compare thermoregulation and haematological and biochemical parameters in pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits. Materials and Methods: Twelve pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits, 6 in each group, were used in the studies. Both groups of animals were subjected to 20% haemorrhage of total blood volume on gestation day 21. The rectal temperature (Tr), respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) were monitored for 2 days following bleeding. Blood samples were collected at 24 hrs before induction of bleeding and then after bleeding at 30 min, 24 hrs and 48 hrs. The samples were used for measurements of haematological parameters; coagulation profile, arterial blood gases and serum electrolytes. Results: The general trend indicates lower Tr values in pregnant rabbits at 30 min post-haemorrhage. The values of RR and HR were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher in pregnant and nonpregnant animals at 24 hrs post-haemorrhage. The pregnant rabbits showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in platelets count at 24 hrs post-haemorrhage compared to the nonpregnant values. In pregnant rabbits, haemorrhage was associated with significant increase in PT. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was significantly (P≤ 0.01) prolonged at 24 hrs post-haemorrhage in pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits. The partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) in pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits was significantly (P≤ 0.01) increased at 24hrs and 48 hrs post-haemorrhage. The partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) decreased significantly (P≤0.01) at 30 min post-haemorrhage in pregnant rabbits. There was a slight increase in Na and Ca levels in pregnant rabbits’ post-haemorrhage. Haemorrhage in rabbits was associated with significant decreases in plasma osmolality in pregnant rabbits. Conclusion: Pregnancy induces modifications in some physiological responses to haemorrhage. The information generated could be used in monitoring maternal health during pregnancy and risks of changes associated with haemorrhage in mammals.

Validation of Oxygen Saturation Monitoring in Neonates

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyang-Yun Pamela K. Shiao ◽  
Ching-Nan Ou
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation

•Background Pulse oximetry is commonly used to monitor oxygenation in neonates, but cannot detect variations in hemoglobin. Venous and arterial oxygen saturations are rarely monitored. Few data are available to validate measurements of oxygen saturation in neonates (venous, arterial, or pulse oximetric). •Purpose To validate oxygen saturation displayed on clinical monitors against analyses (with correction for fetal hemoglobin) of blood samples from neonates and to present the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve for neonates. •Method Seventy-eight neonates, 25 to 38 weeks’ gestational age, had 660 arterial and 111 venous blood samples collected for analysis. •Results The mean difference between oxygen saturation and oxyhemoglobin level was 3% (SD 1.0) in arterial blood and 3% (SD 1.1) in venous blood. The mean difference between arterial oxygen saturation displayed on the monitor and oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood samples was 2% (SD 2.0); between venous oxygen saturation displayed on the monitor and oxyhemoglobin in venous blood samples it was 3% (SD 2.1) and between oxygen saturation as determined by pulse oximetry and oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood samples it was 2.5% (SD 3.1). At a Pao2 of 50 to 75 mm Hg on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood samples was from 92% to 95%; oxygen saturation was from 95% to 98% in arterial blood samples, from 94% to 97% on the monitor, and from 95% to 97% according to pulse oximetry. •Conclusions The safety limits for pulse oximeters are higher and narrower in neonates (95%–97%) than in adults, and clinical guidelines for neonates may require modification.

PHYSIOLOGIC AND CHEMICAL RESPONSE OF PREMATURE INFANTS TO OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71
Author(s):  
BRUCE D. GRAHAM ◽  
HELEN S. REARDON ◽  
JAMES L. WILSON ◽  
MAKEPEACE U. TSAO ◽  
MARY L. BAUMANN
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Regular Type ◽  
Arterial Blood

Arterial blood studies were performed on 44 premature infants while in atmosphere and greater concentrations of oxygen. Analyses were made for oxygen content, oxygen capacity and hematocrit. Concomitant plethysmographic studies were made on 29 occasions. Results were as follows: 1. Only 25% (7) of the premature infants studied breathed regularly in atmosphere; the remaining individuals breathed with some degree of periodicity (44%) or completely irregularly (30%). 2. As the concentration of oxygen being breathed was raised, then more of the group shifted to a regular type of respiration until when in 75-85% oxygen, 88% of the group then breathed with a regular type of respiration. 3. a. The percentage arterial oxygen saturation of the group averaged 93% in atmosphere, 96% in 30-55% oxygen, 100% saturation in 70-79% oxygen being breathed and 102% in 80-89% oxygen. b. In atmosphere, when compared on age basis, the younger group (1-14 days) had essentially the same arterial oxygen saturation as the older group (14-65 days). In an atmosphere of 70-90% oxygen, the saturation of the younger group increased to 102% while the older group rose to 100%. c. When compared on body weight basis, the 0.9-1.3 kg. group increased the arterial oxygen saturation of 85% in atmosphere to 102% when 70-85% oxygen was administered; the 1.3-1.8 kg. group, 93% to 101%; the 1.8-2.3 kg. group, 9% to 100%. (It is noted that either on age or body weight basis the group with higher hematocrit attained higher arterial oxygen saturation when 70-85% oxygen was administered than the group with lower hematocrit.) 4. a. A statistical analysis of the respiratory records revealed an average rise of 30% in minute volume when 30-40% oxygen was administered, this rise being significantly maintained as higher concentrations (to 90%) of oxygen were administered. b. An average significant rise in respiratory rate of 30% was noted when 30-40% oxygen was administered which slowly fell to the original rate level as oxygen administered was increased to 80-90% concentration. c. Consequently, the tidal volume (volume per respiration) gradually increased to 30% above the level in atmosphere as oxygen administered was increased to 80-90% concentration.

Hydrogen ion concentration and oxygen uptake in an isolated canine hindlimb

1976 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Harken
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Membrane Lung ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Mean

Oxygen utilization (VO2) and lactate production by an isolated perfused canine hindlimb was evaluated at various hydrogen ion concentrations. A membrane lung perfusion system was established such that blood flow and temperature could be fixed at normal levels. Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas flows to the membrane lung were independently regulated to provide a fixed arterial oxygen content (CaO2). By changing CO2 flow, the pH of the arterial blood was varied between 6.9 and 7.6 at 10-min intervals. The mean O2 delivery (CaO2 X blood flow) was between 16.3 ML O2/min and 20.5 ml O2/min. Standard error of the mean in each dog, however, was less than 0.4 ml O2/min. VO2 was linearly related to the pH of the perfusing blood: VO2% = 100.1 pH - 643 (r = 0.866). Oxygen consumption was inversely related to PCO2: VO2% = -0.62 PCO2 + 124, but the correlation was less good (r = 0.729). Lactate production was linearly related to the pH of the perfusing blood (above a pH of 7.4): lactate produced = 22.5 pH - 162.5 (r = 0.75). At a pH below 7.4, lactate was not produced. Oxygen consumption of skeletal muscle appears critically dependent on extracellular fluid pH. A change in pH of 0.1 alters VO2 almost exactly 10%. Alkalosis is a potent stimulus to lactic acid production by skeletal muscle.

Relation of the Static Compliance Curve and Positive End-expiratory Pressure to Oxygenation during One-lung Ventilation

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 1096-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. Slinger ◽  
Marelise Kruger ◽  
Karen McRae ◽  
Timothy Winton
Keyword(s):  
Inflection Point ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Positive End Expiratory Pressure ◽  
Static Compliance ◽  
One Lung Ventilation ◽  
Lower Inflection Point ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Compliance Curve ◽  
The Mean

Background Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is commonly applied to the ventilated lung to try to improve oxygenation during one-lung ventilation but is an unreliable therapy and occasionally causes arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO(2)) to decrease further. The current study examined whether the effects of PEEP on oxygenation depend on the static compliance curve of the lung to which it is applied. Methods Forty-two adults undergoing thoracic surgery were studied during stable, open-chest, one-lung ventilation. Arterial blood gases were measured during two-lung ventilation and one-lung ventilation before, during, and after the application of 5 cm H(2)O PEEP to the ventilated lung. The plateau end-expiratory pressure and static compliance curve of the ventilated lung were measured with and without applied PEEP, and the lower inflection point was determined from the compliance curve. Results Mean (+/- SD) PaO(2) values, with a fraction of inspired oxygen of 1.0, were not different during one-lung ventilation before (192 +/- 91 mmHg), during (190 +/- 90), or after ( 205 +/- 79) the addition of 5 cm H(2)O PEEP. The mean plateau end-expiratory pressure increased from 4.2 to 6.8 cm H(2)O with the application of 5 cm H(2)O PEEP and decreased to 4.5 cm H(2)O when 5 cm H(2)O PEEP was removed. Six patients showed a clinically useful (&gt; 20%) increase in PaO(2) with 5 cm H(2)O PEEP, and nine patients had a greater than 20% decrease in PaO(2). The change in PaO(2) with the application of 5 cm H(2)O PEEP correlated in an inverse fashion with the change in the gradient between the end-expiratory pressure and the pressure at the lower inflection point (r = 0.76). The subgroup of patients with a PaO(2) during two-lung ventilation that was less than the mean (365 mmHg) and an end-expiratory pressure during one-lung ventilation without applied PEEP less than the mean were more likely to have an increase in PaO(2) when 5 cm H(2)O PEEP was applied. Conclusions The effects of the application of external 5 cm H(2)O PEEP on oxygenation during one-lung ventilation correspond to individual changes in the relation between the plateau end-expiratory pressure and the inflection point of the static compliance curve. When the application of PEEP causes the end-expiratory pressure to increase from a low level toward the inflection point, oxygenation is likely to improve. Conversely, if the addition of PEEP causes an increased inflation of the ventilated lung that raises the equilibrium end-expiratory pressure beyond the inflection point, oxygenation is likely to deteriorate.

scholarly journals Effect of adding dexmedetomidine or remifentanil to thiopental in patients with mood disorder candidate for electroconvulsive therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faezeh Heidarbeigi ◽  
Hamidreza Jamilian ◽  
Anita Alaghemand ◽  
Alireza Kamali
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Remifentanil Group

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the appropriate treatments for many neuropsychiatric patients, especially those with mood disorders. Short-term complications of ECT include agitation and postictal. In this study, we compared the addition of dexmedetomidine or remifentanil to thiopental as the main anaesthetic used in ECT. In this double-blind randomised clinical trial, 90 patients with mood disorders (candidates for ECT) were divided into two groups based on their therapy: dexmedetomidine or remifentanil. In the first group (DG), patients were slowly injected intravenously with 0.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine before induction of anesthesia. In the second group (GR), 100 μg of remifentanil was slowly injected intravenously.In addition, we collected demographic information such as respiratory rate, heart pulse rate, seizure time, mean of arterial blood pressure, recovery duration and the oxygen arterial saturation recorded after recovery. Data obtained were analysed by use of statistical software, SPSS-23. The mean age of both groups was approximately 37 years with the majority being men. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age and sex, blood pressure, heart rate, duration of seizures and arterial oxygen saturation before ECT. The mean blood pressure and heart rate in the recovery group were lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the remifentanil group and the hemodynamics in the dexmedetomidine group were more stable. The recovery time in the dexmedetomidine group was longer than that of the remifentanil group (p = 0.001). Both groups had approximately the same satisfaction and the rate of agitation after ECT was the same. Both remifentanil and dexmedetomidine as adjuvants lead to a decrease in patients' post-ECT hyperdynamic responses. In our study, we demonstrated that the effect of dexmedetomidine is greater than remifentanil. On the other hand, neither dexmedetomidine nor remifentanil had a negative effect on seizure duration, but dexmedetomidine significantly prolonged recovery time, when compared to remifentanil.

scholarly journals Nutritional problems of children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia after hospital discharge

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Lista ◽  
Fabio Meneghin ◽  
Ilia Bresesti ◽  
Francesco Cavigioli
Keyword(s):  
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Nutrition Management ◽  
Growth Deficiency ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Ventilatory Management

The last decades have seen significant improvements in the care of premature infants. The introduction of new approaches, especially in the ventilatory management, have led to significant increase of survival rate of low and extremely low gestational age infants. These populations of neonates, however, often experience prolonged mechanical ventilation, which is widely recognized to be closely related to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) development. The management of BPD, which is a multifactorial disease, requires a multidisciplinary approach and remains challenging for all the physicians involved. In fact, short and long-term sequelae are not only related to pulmonary performances but include neurological impairment and growth deficiency. A proper nutrition management since the very first days has shown to significantly contribute to the optimal maturation and functionality of the lung. In this paper, we aim to give an overall of the main principles of nutrition in infants born prematurely, with specific regard to the interventions, which could be relevant in infants affected by BPD.

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