scholarly journals Influence of intestinal microbiota on the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in children

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Alexander Viktorovich Zhestkov ◽  
Olga Olegovna Pobezhimova
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
Human Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Th1 Cytokines

Particular attention is paid to atopic dermatitis (AD) as one of the earliest and most frequent clinical manifestations of allergy in children. AD is a multifactorial disease, the development of which is closely related to genetic defects in the immune response and adverse environmental influences. It was found that the action of these factors determines the rate of development of AD, especially in young children. One of these factors is a violation of the intestinal microbiota, which plays an essential role in the development of the child's immune system and has a protective effect in the formation of atopy. It has been shown that 80-95% of patients with AD have intestinal dysbiosis, while, along with a deficiency of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, there is an excessive growth of Staphilococcus. The use of modern molecular genetics technologies made it possible to obtain a fairly complete understanding of the number, genetic heterogeneity and complexity of the bacterial components of the intestinal microbiota, while clinical studies have shown the importance of its interactions with the host organism in the formation of various forms of pathology. It has been established that the human intestinal microbiota is an evolutionary set of microorganisms that exists as a balanced microecological system in which the symbiotic microflora is in dynamic equilibrium, forms microbial associations that occupy a certain ecological niche in it, and is one of the most important factors affecting human health. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, which causes immunosuppression, but the exact mechanism of its action is still unclear. It is widely known that probiotics act on the immune system. These are living microorganisms with immunomodulatory effects that stimulate Th1 cytokines and suppress Th2 responses, which are being investigated for the treatment of several diseases. The most commonly used probiotics are part of the intestinal microflora such as lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and enterococci. The purpose of this article: to systematize the information available today on the influence of the composition of the intestinal microflora on the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.

scholarly journals Use of probiotics in atopic dermatitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 997-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Lise ◽  
Isis Mayer ◽  
Mauricio Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Severe Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Th1 Cytokines

SUMMARY Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease. Its increased incidence has changed the focus of research on atopic dermatitis toward epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Evidence suggests that intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis inducing immunosuppression, but its exact mechanism is still unclear. Probiotics have been widely reported to act on the immune system. They are living microorganisms with immunomodulatory effects that stimulate Th1 cytokines and suppress the Th2 response, which are being researched for the treatment of several diseases. Probiotics most commonly used are part of the intestinal microflora like lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and enterococci. We describe here a case of evident response to the use of probiotics in a girl with severe atopic dermatitis, with a significant change in severity scores of atopic dermatitis (BSA/SCORAD/FDLQI). Modulation of the intestinal microbiota with probiotics may offer a way to prevent or treat allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis.

scholarly journals Pruritus and Atopic Dermatitis: from Etiological Features to Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 468-476
Author(s):  
Nikolay N. Murashkin ◽  
Leonid A. Opryatin ◽  
Roman V. Epishev ◽  
Alexander I. Materikin ◽  
Eduard T. Ambarchian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Scientific Images

Pruritus is one of the main clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis, and it significantly reduces the quality of life of patients in childhood. Scientific images on its pathophysiological basis have now undergone significant changes. The histamine exceptional role in pruritus development was confounded, as well as data on immune system involvement in its maintenance was given. This article presents current data on differential approaches to pruritus management depending on its etiopathogenetic characteristics. The role of dermocosmetics in restoration of the skin barrier as the first stage prevention of pruritus in atopic dermatitis was considered. The results of clinical studies showing efficacy of topical agents (innovative component with anti-pruritic action — STIMU-TEX) application are presented.

scholarly journals Can Gut Microbiota Affect Dry Eye Syndrome?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8443
Author(s):  
Jayoon Moon ◽  
Chang Ho Yoon ◽  
Se Hyun Choi ◽  
Mee Kum Kim
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Therapeutic Needs

Using metagenomics, continuing evidence has elicited how intestinal microbiota trigger distant autoimmunity. Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the ocular surface, with frequently unmet therapeutic needs requiring new interventions for dry eye management. Current studies also suggest the possible relation of autoimmune dry eye with gut microbiota. Herein, we review the current knowledge of how the gut microbiota interact with the immune system in homeostasis as well as its influence on rheumatic and ocular autoimmune diseases, and compare their characteristics with SS. Both rodent and human studies regarding gut microbiota in SS and environmental dry eye are explored, and the effects of prebiotics and probiotics on dry eye are discussed. Recent clinical studies have commonly observed a correlation between gut dysbiosis and clinical manifestations of SS, while environmental dry eye portrays characteristics in between normal and autoimmune. Moreover, a decrease in both the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and genus Faecalibacterium have most commonly been observed in SS subjects. The presumable pathways forming the “gut dysbiosis–ocular surface–lacrimal gland axis” are introduced. This review may provide perspectives into the link between the gut microbiome and dry eye, enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis in autoimmune dry eye, and be useful in the development of future interventions.

scholarly journals Effects of Feeding a Hypoallergenic Diet with a Nutraceutical on Fecal Dysbiosis Index and Clinical Manifestations of Canine Atopic Dermatitis

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2985
Author(s):  
Eleonora Elisa Alice Guidi ◽  
Alessandro Gramenzi ◽  
Paola Persico ◽  
Roberta Di Prinzio ◽  
Daniele Di Simone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Multimodal Treatment ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Dietary Regimen ◽  
Canine Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
Allergic Skin

Background: an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota can cause health problems in the gastrointestinal tract and in other organs. Canine Atopic Dermatitis (CAD) is a genetically predisposed, inflammatory and pruritic allergic skin disease with multifactorial etiology and multimodal treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a nutraceutical product on Dysbiotic Index (DI) and the skin lesions of atopic dogs. Methods: a nutraceutical product was administered to 32 dogs with CAD. The product was associated with a standardized hypoallergenic diet for 60 days; the dietary regimen continued for 120 days, while ongoing therapies remained unchanged. Values of Visual Analogic Scale (VAS), Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesional Index (CADLI) and DI were evaluated on day 0, 60, 120. Results: all the 32 dogs showed a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.001) to V60 of VAS and CADLI, which persisted and increased to V120 when diet alone was continued. The decrease in the DI value was also statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: the intake of nutraceutical associated with diet resulted in a decrease in the index of intestinal dysbiosis, with an improvement in the subjective severity of cutaneous lesions.

scholarly journals The autistic spectrum disorder and its relation to intestinal dysbiosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Dias Nogueira ◽  
Ana Klara Rodrigues Alves ◽  
Barbara Beatriz Lira da Silva ◽  
Ana Kamila Rodrigues Alves ◽  
Marlilia Moura Coelho Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Autistic Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autistic Spectrum ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by a neurodevelopmental disorder, in which the child has persistent deficits in verbal and / or non-verbal communication, social interaction and behavior. One of the factors related to the cause of ASD are nutritional aspects, such as intestinal dysbiosis. Objective: To analyze the relationship between imbalance in the intestinal microbiota and the pathophysiological characteristics of ASD. Methodology: This is a systematic review, carried out in the Pubmed, SciELO databases, in order to answer the question: what is the relationship between intestinal microbiota imbalance and ASD? 139 articles were found, of which 12 were selected, through the simultaneous crossing between the descriptors “Autistic Disorder”, “Dysbiosis”. Articles written in Portuguese and English published from 2016 to 2021 were inserted. Results/Discussion: Most children with ASD exhibit gastrointestinal symptoms, such as constipation and diarrhea, and greater intestinal permeability, with major differences in the composition of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Patients with ASD have a lower microbiota diversity in the GIT. However, it is not possible to identify the origin of this change, since children with ASD often have changes in diet and eating behavior, which could alter the microbiota. Conclusion: It is still complex to understand what are the main causes of ASD. The gut-brain axis is an important associated factor both in the etiology and in the clinical manifestations of ASD. The use of diets, together with the modulation of the microbiota, by the use of probiotics and specific antibiotics, are possibilities for promising therapy.

scholarly journals Role of Intestinal Microbiota on Gut Homeostasis and Rheumatoid Arthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mingxin Li ◽  
Fang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
Immune Mediated

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is immune mediated. Patients typically present with synovial inflammation, which gradually deteriorates to investigate severe cartilage and bone damage, affecting an individual’s ability to perform basic tasks and impairing the quality of life. When evaluated against healthy controls, patients with RA have notable variations within the constituents of the gut microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract mucosa is colonized by trillions of commensal microbacteria, which are key actors in the initiation, upkeep, and operation of the host immune system. Gut microbiota dysbiosis can adversely influence the immune system both locally and throughout the host, thus predisposing the host to a number of pathologies, including RA. Proximal intestinal immunomodulatory cells, situated in specific locales within the intestine, are a promising intermediary through which the gastrointestinal microbiota can influence the pathogenesis and progression of RA. In the early stages of the disease, the microbiota appear to differ from those present in healthy controls. This difference may reflect potential autoimmune mechanisms. Research studies evaluating intestinal microbiota have demonstrated that RA is associated with a bacterial population growth or with a decline when judged against control groups. The aim of this review is to examine the studies that connect intestinal dysbiosis with the autoimmune pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of RA.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Infant Gut Microbiota and Allergy. The Role of Bifidobacterium breve and Prebiotic Oligosaccharides in the Activation of Anti-Allergic Mechanisms in Early Life

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Cukrowska ◽  
Joanna B. Bierła ◽  
Magdalena Zakrzewska ◽  
Mark Klukowski ◽  
Elżbieta Maciorkowska
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Bifidobacterium Breve ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
Prebiotic Oligosaccharides ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Type Of Delivery ◽  
Allergy Prevalence

The increase in allergy prevalence observed in recent decades may be a consequence of early intestinal dysbiosis. The intestinal microbiota is formed in the first 1000 days of life, when it is particularly sensitive to various factors, such as the composition of the mother’s microbiota, type of delivery, infant’s diet, number of siblings, contact with animals, and antibiotic therapy. Breastfeeding and vaginal birth favorably affect the formation of an infant’s intestinal microbiota and protect against allergy development. The intestinal microbiota of these infants is characterized by an early dominance of Bifidobacterium, which may have a significant impact on the development of immune tolerance. Bifidobacterium breve is a species commonly isolated from the intestines of healthy breastfed infants and from human milk. This review outlines the most important environmental factors affecting microbiota formation and the importance of Bifidobacterium species (with a particular emphasis on Bifidobacterium breve) in microbiota modulation towards anti-allergic processes. In addition, we present the concept, which assumes that infant formulas containing specific probiotic Bifidobacterium breve strains and prebiotic oligosaccharides may be useful in allergy management in non-breastfed infants.

scholarly journals Persistent intestinal dysbiosis after SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazilian patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Soares Ferreira Junior ◽  
Tais Fernanda Borgonovi ◽  
Larissa Vedovato Vilela de Salis ◽  
Aline Zazeri Leite ◽  
Amanda Soares Dantas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The massive secretion of inflammatory cytokines is associated with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and poor prognosis, as well as, in long COVID, the pathophysiology seems to be related to immune deregulation. The patient's immune status can influence the response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus infection, and this immunity is affected by the intestinal microbiota condition (eubiotic or dysbiotic). This study aimed to evaluate the intestinal microbiota of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 with different clinical manifestations and post-COVID-19 (post-COV) periods, and correlate with the use of antibiotics during the acute disease. Results: According to the beta diversity, we observed significant differences between microbial communities in stool samples from post-COV patients when compared with healthy controls. Additionally, we detected four different clusters when we grouped patients into asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe disease. Patients who took antibiotics during the COVID-19 course showed decreased richness of the gut microbiota, even months after the disease resolution. We detected some genera possibly associated with the persistent post-COV dysbiosis, including increased Prevotella, Dialister, Haemophillus, Barnesiella, Desulfovibrio, Bilophila, Alistipes, Parabacteroides and Bacteroides, suggesting the impact of the disease in the gut microbiota. Besides that, we found some genera associated with antibiotic-induced dysbiosis in post-COV patients, including decreased Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium species. Conclusions: Therefore, we hypothesized that persistent dysbiosis and indiscriminate use of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic may be associated with long COVID syndromes, suggesting the involvement of the gut-lung axis. These data suggest that intestinal microbiota modulation may represent a therapeutic approach for long COVID.

scholarly journals Mucosal immune system: the regulatory action of probiotics

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
N G Astafieva ◽  
I V Gamova ◽  
E N Udovitchenko ◽  
I A Perfilova ◽  
D Y Kobzev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Natural Course ◽  
Regulatory Action ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
First Time

The evidence of the beneficial effects of dairy products on the intestinal microflora was given for the first time in 1908 by I.I. Mechnikov in the famous article «A few words about the sour milk». Since that time probiotics - the living microorganisms for regulation of intestinal microbiota are the case of interest. Interactions between the probiotics and macroorganism are very complex and include a network of genes receptors, signaling molecules and a variety of other factors that determine the natural course of the disease.

scholarly journals The Role of Minor Signs in Atopic Dermatitis Diagnostics

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-243
Author(s):  
Olga B. Tamrazova ◽  
Sergey P. Seleznev ◽  
Anait V. Tamrazova
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
General Information ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Chronic Course ◽  
Epidemiological Significance

General information on atopic dermatitis (AD), its history and epidemiological significance are presented. Multiple etiopathogenetic factors affecting disease manifestation are identified. The absence of specific tests, laboratory and histological studies, that can help in correct AT diagnosis, is mentioned. Most of AT diagnostic schemes clarify main (major) and additional (minor) signs of disease. Clinical manifestations of AD minor signs crucial for revealing of subacute and chronic course, as well as onset of incomplete remission of disease are described. Topical AD management regimens are presented. Pathogenetic verifications for emollients and regenerating agents use are presented.

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