Adverse effects of therapeutic doses of sofosbuvir and ribavirin on the liver of the developing mice embryos

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Esraa Shahat ◽  
Hamza Shabaka ◽  
Iman Zakaria ◽  
Suzan Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
Developing Mice

Therapeutic doses of theophylline exert proconvulsant effects in developing mice

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 403-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yokoyama ◽  
Kenji Onodera ◽  
Tsuneo Yagi ◽  
Kazuie Iinuma
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
Developing Mice

SNRIs: The Pharmacology, Clinical Efficacy, and Tolerability in Comparison with Other Classes of Antidepressants

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 732-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Stahl ◽  
Meghan M. Grady ◽  
Chantal Moret ◽  
Mike Briley
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Comparative Data ◽  
Cardiovascular Toxicity ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Norepinephrine Reuptake

AbstractThe class of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) now comprises three medications: venlafaxine, milnacipran, and duloxetine. These drugs block the reuptake of both serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine with differing selectivity. Whereas milnacipran blocks 5-HT and norepinephrine reuptake with equal affinity, duloxetine has a 10-fold selectivity for 5-HT and venlafaxine a 30-fold selectivity for 5-HT. All three SNRIs are efficacious in treating a variety of anxiety disorders. There is no evidence for major differences between SNRIs and SSRIs in their efficacy in treating anxiety disorders. In contrast to SSRIs, which are generally ineffective in treating chronic pain, all three SNRIs seem to be helpful in relieving chronic pain associated with and independent of depression. Tolerability of an SNRI at therapeutic doses varies within the class. Although no direct comparative data are available, venlafaxine seems to be the least well-tolerated, combining serotonergic adverse effects (nausea, sexual dysfunction, withdrawal problems) with a dose-dependent cardiovascular phenomenon, principally hypertension. Duloxetine and milnacipran appear better tolerated and essentially devoid of cardiovascular toxicity.

scholarly journals Dietary 2-oxoglutarate prevents bone loss caused by neonatal treatment with maximal dexamethasone dose

2017 ◽  
Vol 242 (7) ◽  
pp. 671-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Dobrowolski ◽  
Ewa Tomaszewska ◽  
Siemowit Muszyński ◽  
Tomasz Blicharski ◽  
Stefan G Pierzynowski
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Neonatal Treatment ◽  
Bone Parameters ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the variety of dosages for treatment of premature infants with chronic lung disease, respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, asthma, and other inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Yet, adverse effects such as glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and growth retardation are recognized. Conversely, 2-oxoglutarate (2-Ox), a precursor of glutamine, glutamate, and collagen amino acids, exerts protective effects on bone development. Our aim was to elucidate the effect of dietary administered 2-Ox on bone loss caused by neonatal treatment with clinically relevant maximal therapeutic dexamethasone (Dex) dose. Long bones of neonatal female piglets receiving Dex, Dex+2-Ox, or untreated were examined through measurements of mechanical properties, density, mineralization, geometry, histomorphometry, and histology. Selected hormones, bone turnover, and growth markers were also analyzed. Neonatal administration of clinically relevant maximal dose of Dex alone led to over 30% decrease in bone mass and the ultimate strength ( P < 0.001 for all). The length (13 and 7% for femur and humerus, respectively) and other geometrical parameters (13–45%) decreased compared to the control ( P < 0.001 for all). Dex impaired bone growth and caused hormonal imbalance. Dietary 2-Ox prevented Dex influence and vast majority of assessed bone parameters were restored almost to the control level. Piglets receiving 2-Ox had heavier, denser, and stronger bones; higher levels of growth hormone and osteocalcin concentration; and preserved microarchitecture of trabecular bone compared to the Dex group. 2-Ox administered postnatally had a potential to maintain bone structure of animals simultaneously treated with maximal therapeutic doses of Dex, which, in our opinion, may open up a new opportunity in developing combined treatment for children treated with GCs. Impact statement The present study has showed, for the first time, that dietary 2-oxoglutarate (2-Ox) administered postnatally has a potential to improve/maintain bone structure of animals simultaneously treated with maximal therapeutic doses of dexamethasone (Dex). It may open the new direction in searching and developing combined treatment for children treated with glucocorticoids (GCs) since growing group of children is exposed to synthetic GCs and adverse effects such as glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and growth retardation are recognized. Currently proposed combined therapies have numerous side effects. Thus, this study proposed a new direction in combined therapies utilizing dietary supplementation with glutamine derivative. Impairment caused by Dex in presented long bones animal model was prevented by dietary supplementation with 2-Ox and vast majority of assessed bone parameters were restored almost to the control level. These results support previous thesis on the regulatory mechanism of nutrient utilization regulated by glutamine derivatives and enrich the nutritional science.

scholarly journals POSSIBLE ROLE OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS FOR INDIVIDUALSENSITIVITY TO SIMVASTATIN IN INITIAL THERAPEUTIC DOSE

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
K A Zagorodnikova ◽  
A A Topanova ◽  
M A Natas ◽  
V A Shumkov
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Therapeutic Dose ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Transporter Proteins ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Despite proven benefits of statins their effects and tolerability differ significantly in different patients. Genetic polymorphisms in genes of metabolizing enzymes, especially CYP3A5, and transporter proteins, especially OATP1B1, represent important factor for these changes. In our study we investigated influence of genetic polymorphisms on effects and safety of simvastatin 20 mg daily in 60 patients with dislipidemia. We observed reverse correlation of effects and adverse effects of simvastatin in our patients. Among CYP3A5*1 carriers we observed a tendency to less pronounced lipid-lowering effects (1,2 vs 2,9 mcmol/l). Our data may indicate importance of genetic polymorphisms even when statins are use in minimal therapeutic doses.

The toxicity and adverse effects of selected drugs in animals – overview

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Siroka ◽  
Z. Svobodova
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Veterinary Drugs ◽  
Off Label Use ◽  
Accidental Ingestion ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Medicinal Substances ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Abstract Therapeutic products quite often are causes of poisoning in both small and large animals. Drug poisonings in animals occur commonly due to off-label use of medicines, wrong dosage, negligence, accidental ingestion and deliberate poisonings. Toxicity of veterinary drugs may become evident also in therapeutic doses when adverse effects may occur. The aim of this review is to inform veterinary specialists about both veterinary and human drugs, specifically antiparasitics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other medicinal substances, which are most often reported to cause acute poisonings or adverse reactions in animals and to contribute to their broader knowledge and more accurate use of medicines, improving instructions to the animal owners and, hopefully, decrease the incidence of drug poisonings in animals.

scholarly journals Comparative histological and histochemical studies between ranitidine and nizatidine in treatment of peptic ulcer with evaluation of their adverse effects on male sex hormones

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed S. Alazzouni ◽  
Elsayed A. Abdel Aziz ◽  
Sameh Elnabtity ◽  
Areej I. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
H2 Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Background Peptic ulcer is an excoriated area of stomach or intestinal mucosa. Two experimental designs were proceeded: the first aimed. on twenty adult male albino rats, used to study the protective effect of both ranitidine and nizatidine; on the second, including sixty adult male albino rats, was used to study the therapeutic effect of ranitidine and nizatidine after induction of ulcer and also to evaluate the adverse effects of therapeutic doses of H2-receptor antagonists on male hormonal profile. The study aims to assess the gastroprotective effects of nizatidine and ranitidine and on treating of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induced peptic ulcer and to evaluate its adverse effect on male sex hormones. Result The result revealed that ranitidine and nizatidine reduced incidence of ulceration. Histopathological findings showed a significant recovery of the alteration, and disturbance in male sex hormones. Conclusion Nizatidine is better than ranitidine in the management of NSAIDs induced peptic ulcer in rats.

Inhaled Glucocorticoids in Rhinosinusitis: A Few Pharmacological Aspects, We Must Know

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-130
Author(s):  
JS Thakur ◽  
NK Mohindroo ◽  
DR Sharma ◽  
Anamika Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Inhalation Therapy ◽  
Perennial Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Systemic Side Effects ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
Inhaled Glucocorticoids

Abstract Inhaled glucocorticoids are very effective for the management of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis. Various glucocorticoids are available for inhalation therapy with varying affinity for the receptors. Inhaled glucocorticoids have very low incidence of systemic side effects at the usual therapeutic doses. In this review we have discussed the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and adverse effects profile of the commonly available inhaled glucocorticoids.

scholarly journals Hepatotoxicity associated with statins

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bensu Karahalil ◽  
Emine Hare ◽  
Göksel Koç ◽  
İrem Uslu ◽  
Kerem Şentürk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Drug Induced Liver Injury ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Abstract Treatment with statins is known all over the world. They are generally considered safe at therapeutic doses. Nevertheless, clinical trials are not enough to assess their scarce adverse effects such as idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI). Due to some conditions, such as concomitant usage (drug-drug interaction using an identical metabolising enzyme) and genetic polymorphisms, there is an increasing concern about their safety. Hepatotoxicity and rhabdomyolysis have begun to appear in published studies. Most of investigations have focused on both these adverse effects and mechanisms of drug induced toxicity. The present review has attempted to compile almost all of the existing studies on the hepatotoxicity of statins but not rhabdomyolysis. The aim of our study is to provide an overview of the studies on the statin-associated hepatotoxicity and to discuss the published studies. The researchers are of the opinion that the research on this topic is incomplete but extremely necessary.

scholarly journals Prophylaxis with melatonin for primary stabbing headache in pediatrics: a case report

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Bermúdez Salazar ◽  
Christian Andres Rojas Cerón ◽  
Ronald Santiago Arana Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Therapeutic Trial ◽  
Primary Stabbing Headache ◽  
Practice Guide ◽  
Stabbing Headache ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Introduction: Primary stabbing headache (or “ice pick headache”) is an alteration characterized by brief jabs (short stabs of pain, lasting ~3 seconds), which appear spontaneously, irregularly, and affecting unilaterally or bilaterally. Indomethacin has traditionally been used as the main therapeutic option. However, this drug is ineffective in a considerable percentage of patients and can generate multiple adverse effects that occur at therapeutic doses. Clinical case: A 7-year-old male patient with primary stabbing headache of mild to moderate intensity, lasting 3 to 4 seconds, without relevant history, with normal neurodevelopment, neurological examination and neuroimaging; no triggers were identified. It was started therapeutic trial with Coenzyme Q10; however, no improvement in the symptoms was identified. Treatment and outcomes: A therapeutic management was carried out with Melatonin, which led to complete remission of the symptoms; without adverse effects in the posterior follow-up months. Clinical and scientific relevance: There is little information regarding effective and safe treatments for primary stabbing headache in children. The present case identifies Melatonin as an innovative, effective and safe therapeutic alternative in the treatment of primary stabbing headache in children. This is a significant advance in the understanding of primary stabbing headache in the pediatric population. Conclusion: Melatonin may be an effective and safe therapeutic option for the treatment of primary stabbing headache in pediatric patients. It is necessary to deepen its research, in order to establish its use in a clinical practice guide.

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