EFFECTS OF MARINE CONDITION ON THE SPEED AND FUEL CONSUMPTION OF A FULLY – LOADED VLCC

2021 ◽  
Vol 160 (A4) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hakimzadeh ◽  
M A Badri ◽  
M Torabi Azad ◽  
F Azarsina ◽  
M Ezam
Keyword(s):  
Froude Number ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Wave Effects ◽  
Dry Dock ◽  
Reliable Methods

Minimizing fuel consumption is a priority for ship-owners seeking to reduce their vessel costs due to sea conditions. One of the most reliable methods used to estimate fuel consumption is to identify field investigations for future voyages. The VLCC Salina was used based on daily field data collected over a proper period and year of 2014 was identified as a period of optimal performance after its periodic dry dock repair. According to verified results for Beaufort scales of 2, 3 and 4, the vessel exhibited an average speed loss of 2.2% due to wind and wave effects for a Froude number of 0.15 while its greatest speed loss was observed at angles of 30‒60° relative to its longitudinal axis. The results were finally used to develop a methodology for estimating fuel consumption of Salina and 3 other sister-ships, during future voyages, in the fleet of the National Iranian tanker company.

Effects of Marine Condition on the Speed and Fuel Consumption of a Fully-Loaded VLCC

2018 ◽  
Vol Vol 160 (A4) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hakimzadeh ◽  
M A Badri ◽  
M Torabi Azad ◽  
F Azarsina ◽  
M Ezam
Keyword(s):  
Froude Number ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Wave Effects ◽  
Dry Dock ◽  
Reliable Methods

Minimizing fuel consumption is a priority for ship-owners seeking to reduce their vessel costs due to sea conditions. One of the most reliable methods used to estimate fuel consumption is to identify field investigations for future voyages. The VLCC Salina was used based on daily field data collected over a proper period and year of 2014 was identified as a period of optimal performance after its periodic dry dock repair. According to verified results for Beaufort scales of 2, 3 and 4, the vessel exhibited an average speed loss of 2.2% due to wind and wave effects for a Froude number of 0.15 while its greatest speed loss was observed at angles of 30‒60° relative to its longitudinal axis. The results were finally used to develop a methodology for estimating fuel consumption of Salina and 3 other sister-ships, during future voyages, in the fleet of the National Iranian tanker company.

scholarly journals Influence of road conditions on vehicles’ fuel consumption

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
Kateryna Dodukh ◽  
◽  
Anton Palchyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
General Criterion ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
The Road ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Road Width

The work is devoted to the solution of the issue of economic and safe transportation of goods and passengers by road. This transportation depends on the condition of roads, road surface, vehicle type and weather conditions. Weather conditions are taken into account both in terms of visibility (meteorological) and in terms of the coefficient of adhesion. The general criterion for assessing all conditions is the average speed of the vehicle, taking into account weather and road conditions. Weather conditions are determined by the type of visibillity: clear weather, rain, snowfall, blizzards, rain. By the coefficient of adhesion: dry surface, normal, wet, snow, ice. By road conditions: category of road, width of the travel section, radii of horizontal curves, longitudinal slopes, width of the road, the state of surface (coefficient of solidity). According to weather conditions, the calendar year is divided into three periods according to the conditions of cars’ movement. The first (winter) - December, January, February, March; second (spring-summer) - April, May, July, June, August; third (autumn) - September, October, November. The use of weather conditions in the Northern regions of Ukraine is presented in this work.

scholarly journals The Calculation of the Fuel Cost for a Car

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radik Ildarkhanov
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fuel Cost ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Vehicle Weight ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Formula ◽  
Physical Phenomena

The proposed formula derived considering the physical phenomena which occur during truck operation makes it possible to calculate fuel cost during the operation more accurately. The results of comparison of calculations by the proposed formula with test results tractors parties “TransEuroTest” are presented. The results of the calculation with the help of new formula differ from the experimentally obtained values of the fuel consumption of vehicles for not more than 1%. The average fuel consumption of tractors at an average speed is shown. The proposed formula for calculating the cost makes it easy to compare the fuel consumption of different vehicle options. The formula can also be used when evaluating the effect of vehicle weight on fuel consumption, which is impossible according to the well-known formulas.

scholarly journals Using field data to assess model predictions of surface and ground fuel consumption by wildfire in coniferous forests of California

2014 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie M. Lydersen ◽  
Brandon M. Collins ◽  
Carol M. Ewell ◽  
Alicia L. Reiner ◽  
Jo Ann Fites ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Model Predictions

Modeling Diesel and Hybrid Bus Fuel Consumption with Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-Based Fuel Consumption Model: Model enhancements and Calibration issues

2015 ◽  
Vol 2533 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Edwardes ◽  
Hesham Rakha
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Virginia Tech ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Consumption Model

The goal of this paper was to develop a calibration procedure and use it to estimate diesel bus fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission levels. There are few models for estimating those values. Available models require dynamometer data to calibrate model parameters and produce a bang-bang control system (optimum control entails maximum throttle and braking input). The only diesel fuel consumption model that does not suffer from these deficiencies is the Virginia Tech comprehensive power-based fuel consumption model (VT-CPFM). VT-CPFM can be calibrated with publicly available data from the Altoona Bus Research and Testing Center. However, each bus is slightly different because it is built and tuned for the specific transit agency. Consequently, research presented in this paper enhanced the VT-CPFM for modeling diesel buses and developed a procedure for calibrating bus fuel consumption models by using in-field data. All models produced a good fit to the in-field data with a coefficient of determination ( R2) greater than .936, and the sum of the mean squared error for each quarter of a second was less than 0.002. Validation found an average error of 17.55% in total fuel consumed during the validation portion of the test. However, for tests with air-conditioning on, the average error was 10.82%.

scholarly journals Car-following Behavior Analysis of Left-turn Vehicles at Signalized Intersections

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulu Wei ◽  
Long Chen ◽  
Yongqing Guo ◽  
Mingtao Chen ◽  
Jiaxiang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Signalized Intersection ◽  
Velocity Difference ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Car Following ◽  
Turning Radius ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Stability And Accuracy

In order to enrich the car-following theory of urban signalized intersections, and reveal the car-following characteristics of left turn at signalized intersections, the car-following behavior of left turn at signalized intersections is studied. The car-following data acquisition test which was based on high precision GPS was designed. And the car-following characteristics of left-turning vehicles at signalized intersections with different turning radii were analyzed. Based on which, the influence of radius on the car-following behavior was explained, and the New Full Velocity Difference (NFVD) model was developed. The genetic algorithm was used to calibrate the parameters of the NFVD model. The stability and accuracy of the calibrated model was further analyzed by using field data. The results showed that the average speed of the following car increases with the turning radius of the signalized intersection; the car-following speed which the highest frequency occurs under different turning radii tends to increase with the enlargement of turning radius; the larger the average headway distance between the car-following vehicles, the more intense of the driver’s response to the deceleration of the front vehicle. These findings could be used in traffic simulation and to make engineering decisions.

scholarly journals Modeling daily dynamics of speed and fuel consumption for urban delivery means

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Lidiia Savchenko ◽  
Miroslava Semeriahina ◽  
Irina Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Approximation Accuracy ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The City

Road transport is one of the most important elements of the functioning of a modern city. Maneuverability, mobility, speed of delivery of goods and other criteria have provided him with a special and leading place in urban logistics. However, along with the benefits of a developed transport network for society, its progress is accompanied by negative consequences for the environment and the population of the city. High rates of growth in the number of cars, especially in large cities, cause an increase in emissions of harmful products into the atmosphere, which, accordingly, negatively affects the health of the population. Consequently, the problem of environmental pollution in large cities from harmful emissions from vehicles requires an urgent solution. The increase in emissions of harmful substances is affected by an increase in the consumption of fuel materials due to a decrease in speed because of an increase in traffic density in the city. The frequency, duration, prevalence of congestion is increasing along with the urbanization of the population and the increase in the number of cars in cities. The dense development of the central historical districts of the city exacerbates the problem of unhindered passage of individual, public and freight vehicles. In addition, a decrease in the speed of city traffic affects the speed of delivery of goods, correspondence, etc., which negatively affects the speed of business processes, and ultimately worsens the level of logistics services for customers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current situation in terms of the dynamics of the average speed of the city's traffic flow by hours of the day and to obtain a mathematical model of the dependence of the speed of movement on the consumption of fuel materials for various environmentally friendly means of urban delivery (car, motorcycle, bicycle and pedestrian courier). The research was carried out in two stages. At the first, the study of the dependence of the average speed of movement in the city on the time of day (for all means of city delivery) was carried out. At the second stage, the study of the dependence of the average consumption of fuel materials in the city (which, accordingly, is a function of the speed of movement) on the time of day for motorized urban delivery vehicles was done. In the course of the study, at each stage, an equation of the trend lines was obtained with a sufficient approximation accuracy. In conclusion, the study proposes an algorithm for determining the average speed and average amount of fuel consumption when delivering small consignments in an urban environment using four urban logistics means - a car, a motorcycle, a bicycle, and a pedestrian courier (with the possibility of using public transport). The proposed algorithm can be applied in any delivery conditions in the city.

scholarly journals Radiographic Sagittal Tibio-Talar Offset in Ankle Arthrodesis—Accuracy and Reliability of Measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 801
Author(s):  
Sophie Schieder ◽  
Elena Nemecek ◽  
Reinhard Schuh ◽  
Alexander Kolb ◽  
Reinhard Windhager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interobserver Agreement ◽  
Interobserver Reliability ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Ankle Arthrodesis ◽  
Inferior Aspect ◽  
Radiographic Measurements ◽  
Reliable Methods

Radiographic outcome assessment of ankle arthrodesis (AA) requires accurate measurement techniques. This study aimed to identify the most reliable methods for sagittal tibio-talar alignment measurements with regard to the tibio-talar offset after AA. Lateral weight-bearing radiographs of 38 fused ankles were selected for retrospective review. The sagittal tibio-talar angle (STTA), the modified tibio-talar ratio (mT-T ratio) and the sagittal tibio-talar offset (tibCOR, procLAT) were measured by three independent observers. Intra- and interobserver correlation coefficients (ICC) and mean measurement differences were calculated to assess measurement reliability and accuracy. By defining the talar longitudinal axis as a line from the inferior aspect of the posterior tubercle of the talus to the most inferior aspect of the talar neck, STTA showed excellent (ICC 0.924; CI 95% 0.862–0.959) and mTT-ratio provided high (ICC 0.836; CI 95% 0.721–0.909) interobserver reliability, respectively. For tibio-talar offset measurement the tibCOR method showed superior reliability and better interobserver agreement compared to the procLAT technique. The STTA and a modified T-T ratio are recommended for future scientific radiographic measurements in AA.

Component sizing and intelligent energy management of a heavy hybrid electric vehicle based on a real drive cycle

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kebriaei ◽  
Mohammad Ali Sandidzadeh ◽  
Behzad Asaei ◽  
Ahmad Mirabadi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Fuzzy Controller ◽  
Heavy Vehicle ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Component Sizing ◽  
Measured Field ◽  
Traction Power

In this paper, hybridizing a heavy vehicle is developed. A switcher locomotive is considered for hybridization. Due to their low operational speed, the switcher locomotives require much lower power when compared to other types of locomotives. Besides, switcher locomotives have higher loss of energy due to their frequent starting and stopping. Hybrid-powered transit vehicles are considered to be excellent replacements for ordinary transit vehicles, since hybrid powered vehicles are equipped with more than one traction power sources. Therefore, a switcher locomotive’s driving cycle is derived from the measured field data and used to calculate and design the hybrid vehicle’s components. A “fuzzy controller” is used to plan a suitable controller for the designed hybrid locomotive. Comparisons show a substantial decrease, both in the fuel consumption and the pollutions of the designed hybrid switcher locomotive versus the conventional diesel-electric locomotives.

Fuel Consumption of Freight Trains Hauled by Diesel Electric Locomotives

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
R. W. Radford
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Fuel Cost ◽  
Freight Train ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
The Cost

The cost of railway diesel fuel has become an increasingly high proportion of railway operating expenses. The paper analyzes the generation and utilization of rail horsepower in freight train operations. The effects on fuel consumption of variations in several parameters including train consist, car weight, gradient, average speed, meet strategy, throttle control, locomotive axle arrangement, and train marshalling are examined. Estimates are made of the value, in terms of fuel cost, of weight reduction of freight cars and of selective train marshalling.

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