scholarly journals Principles and Modes of Distillation in Desalination Process

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abubakar Sadiq Isah ◽  
Husna Takaijudin ◽  
Balbir Singh Mahinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Separation Technique ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Mode

Distillation has been a very important separation technique used over many centuries. This technique is diverse and applicable in different fields and for different substances. Distillation is important in the desalination section. Various principles are used in desalting seawater and brackish water to fulfill the demands of freshwater. This work explains the modes and principles of distillation in desalination, their types, present improvement, challenges, and limitations as well as possible future improvements. The first and primary mode of distillation is the passive type. As times went by and the demand for freshwater kept increasing, other modes were introduced and these modes fall under the active distillation type. However, each mode has its own advantages, disadvantages, and limitations over each other. The principles and modes of distillation are as significant as understanding the energy sources needed for distillation. Hence, they are the basic knowledge needed for future innovation in the desalination industries.

scholarly journals Integrated Capacitive Deionization and Humidification-Dehumidification System for Brackish Water Desalination

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7641
Author(s):  
Sadam-Hussain Soomro ◽  
Yusufu Abeid Chande Jande ◽  
Salman Memon ◽  
Woo-Seung Kim ◽  
Young-Deuk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Capacitive Deionization ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Flow Rates

A hybrid capacitive deionization and humidification-dehumidification (CDI–HDH) desalination system is theoretically investigated for the desalination of brackish water. The CDI system works with two basic operations: adsorption and regeneration. During adsorption, water is desalted, and during the regeneration process the ions from electrodes are detached and flow out as wastewater, which is higher in salt concentration. This wastewater still contains water but cannot be treated again via the CDI unit because CDI cannot treat higher-salinity waters. The discarding of wastewater from CDI is not a good option, since every drop of water is precious. Therefore, CDI wastewater is treated using waste heat in a process that is less sensitive to high salt concentrations, such as humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination. Therefore, in this study, CDI wastewater was treated using the HDH system. Using the combined system (CDI–HDH), this study theoretically investigated brackish water of various salt concentrations and flow rates at the CDI inlet. A maximum distillate of 1079 L/day was achieved from the combined system and the highest recovery rate achieved was 24.90% from the HDH unit. Additionally, two renewable energy sources with novel ideas are recommended to power the CDI–HDH system.

scholarly journals BIOFUELS FROM ALGAE AS A DIRECTION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE «GREEN» ECONOMY: THE CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Hanna SHEVCHUK
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Algae Biofuel ◽  
The Impact

The article describes environmental aspects of the impact of traditional energy sources on the environment. It is substantiated that energy needs and environmental problems lead to the search for alternative renewable fuels. A comparative analysis of the structure of general supply between traditional and alternative energy sources is done. The current state of production and use of traditional fuels and prospects for the production of biofuels in Ukraine are analyzed. The projected structure of the use of traditional and alternative fuels according to the Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035 «Safety, energy efficiency, competitiveness» is presented. The classification of biofuels is provided depending on raw materials: first, second and third generation. Unlike biofuels from crops such as sugar cane and corn (first-generation biofuels), as well as animal and vegetable wastes (second-generation), algae-derived fuels (third-generation biofuels) have many benefits. In particular, this is a greater potential for biofuel production compared to previous systems: a variety of possible fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, biogas and even jet fuel); flexible production technologies. Algae cultivation technologies have been studied: especially cultivation in open reservoirs or in more advanced closed ponds and bioreactors. It is substantiated that algae are most often used for biodiesel production; a comparison of different technologies for its production is made. The foreign experience of algae biofuel production and its usage by various automobile companies and enterprises, as well as the prospects of algae biofuel production in Ukraine are presented. Despite the prospects for the production of the third-generation biofuels, there we think, that the issue of investigation has been not been studied properly by scientists and Ukrainian producers don’t have basic knowledge.

ONLINE TRAINING ON THE INTRODUCTION AND HANDLING OF THE THREAT OF RATTLESNAKES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Agus Pambudi Dharma ◽  
Winarno Winarno
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Online Training ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Venomous Snakes ◽  
Upper Jaw

Snakes are cold-blooded reptiles that are often found from the lowlands, headlands, soil, trees, freshwater, brackish water, to seawater, except in areas with low temperatures such as the poles. Rattlesnake bites continue to occur anytime and anywhere. Although, currently, there is a covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The community needs to know and identify some basic knowledge about snakes. This training was held on April 22, 2020. The method used in this training was demonstration and question and answered through the chat column on Instagram and YouTube accounts for 1 hour. The results of this online training provide additional information and knowledge to the broader community. Also, the number of participants who took part was more significant and scattered throughout Indonesia. Snakes with high venom have a pair of fangs in the upper jaw, and not all highly venomous snakes have triangular heads, such as Bungarus candidus (weling) and Bungarus fasciatus (welang).

How characean cells have contributed to the progress of plant membrane biophysics

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Tazawa ◽  
Teruo Shimmen
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Free Cells ◽  
Operation Techniques ◽  
Plant Membranes ◽  
Membrane Physiology ◽  
Water And Ion Transport

Basic knowledge on plant membranes has been greatly indebted to internodal cells of charophytes, which are aquatic cryptogams mostly growing in fresh water and some in brackish water. The huge size of the internodal cell enables us to study water and ion transport in a single cell. Furthermore, the cell can be subjected to various kinds of cell operations such as preparation of cells having abnormal osmotic pressures, effusion of the steaming endoplasm, perfusion of the vacuole with artificial solutions, preparation of tonoplast-free cells and plasma membrane-permeabilised cells. Taking advantage of the large cell size and the cell operation techniques, various aspects of characterisations of plant membranes (plasma membrane, tonoplast, endomembranes) have been achieved using characean cells. The present article intends to depict unique contributions of characean cells to membrane physiology and biophysics in the last century, focusing on several topics and with historical perspectives.

scholarly journals Energy sources in gynecologic laparoscopic surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-130
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Kathopoulis ◽  
Athanasios Protopapas ◽  
Ioannis Xatzipapas ◽  
Panagiotis Antsaklis ◽  
Dimitrios Zacharakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Potential Complication ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Bipolar Devices ◽  
Thermal Injuries ◽  
Gynecologic Laparoscopy ◽  
Monopolar Electrosurgery ◽  
Bipolar Electrosurgery

A number of energy sources are used in gynecologic laparoscopy. Monopolar electrosurgery, bipolar electrosurgery, advanced bipolar devices, ultrasonic energy and various types of lasers are some of the technologies used nowadays to facilitate surgeons tasks during laparoscopic operations. A lack of basic knowledge or ignorance of principles of electrosurgery and equipment among obstetricians and gynecologists is reported. As a result thermal injuries during laparoscopic electrosurgery occur, which frequently lead to significant morbidity and mortality and medicolegal actions. It is important though that surgeons have an understanding of the biophysics of these technologies in order to understand their limitations and potential dangers and to utilize the most appropriate energy source in the appropriate clinical setting to minimize the risk of a potential complication. This review provides an overview of the basic principles of these energy sources, the tissue effects and the complications that may arise. It aims to highlight any potential advantages or disadvantages of various energy sources and help surgeons to achieve better knowledge of their instrumentation.

scholarly journals Public opinion on the settlements’ environment and the use of renewable energy sources in the Micro-region of Gyöngyös

2010 ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
Hajnalka Szabóné Pap ◽  
Zoltán Baros
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The Public ◽  
Human Perceptions ◽  
The Media

This paper intends to give an overview on some results of our studies carried out on the public opinion of the above aspects (settlements’comfort level and the use of renewable energy sources) directly or indirectly linked to the topic of climate change and possible adaptations.These studies were carried out by applying questionnaire survey in the (altogether 25) settlements of the Gyöngyös Micro-region.Knowledge on general human perceptions related to climate change and its impacts is considered to be important as it should advance theelaboration of adaptation and applied scientific works. They are highly required as rural areas, due to their closer relationship (dependence)to the physical environment, are more susceptible to changes resultant from the climate change with their possibilities to adaptation alsobeing impeded.The beauty of environment plays an important role in the settlements studied within the micro-region with more than two third of polleesopting the environment as a factor they most proud of, especially among those residing in the villages for more than 10 years. It can bepresumed that any change in this environment would greatly impact their everyday life and emotional relationship to their home villages. Theoverall picture after analysing the public opinion on the use of renewable energy source (as possible way of adaptation to the impacts ofclimate change) is rather controversial. Even basic knowledge and information are limited regarding the relevant technologies callingattention to the importance of raising environmental awareness and providing full information seems to be essential and should beimplemented, through the media and education.

Renewable Energy Sources

IEE Review ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Kenneth Spring
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources
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