scholarly journals CHILD SAFETY IN AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES: "LIVING ROOM" LAYOUT

10.6036/10215 ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Mónica Diez Marín ◽  
JULIO ABAJO ALONSO ◽  
ALBERTO NEGRO MARNE ◽  
SUSANA MARIA ESCALANTE CASTRODEZA ◽  
MARIA TERESA FERNANDEZ
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Child Safety ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Occupant Safety ◽  
Passenger Safety ◽  
Seating Position ◽  
Child Occupant

Autonomous vehicles start to be introduced on our roads and will soon become a reality. Although fatal traffic accidents will be significantly reduced, remaining fatal passenger car crashes should be taken into account to ensure the safety of users. The new highly adaptable interior designs, with totally different layouts from the current ones, may significantly impact occupant safety, especially child passenger safety. Analyzing how these new vehicles affect child safety is a challenge that needs to be addressed. The "living room" layout (face-to-face seating position) is one of the preferences of families traveling with children. Young children need further support and supervision so the possibility of rotating seats to be able to be in front of the small children is a valuable feature for parents. Therefore, new seating orientations away from the forward facing position should be taken into account to ensure children protection. The objective of this study is to evaluate child occupant safety in a "living room" seating position (a possible option in full autonomous vehicles) versus the current forward facing position. Virtual testing methodology was used to perform this study. The virtual PIPER child human body model (HBM) was used. This model is one of the only HBMs developed and validated from child PMHS data (Paediatric Post-Mortem Human Surrogate). The two configurations were defined according with the EuroNCAP child occupant protection test protocol. It was found that the "living room" layout presents worse results according to the child's head injury patterns than in forward facing position. In conclusion, attending to the new seating orientations away from the forward facing position, it is necessary to adapt the restraint systems; otherwise children could suffer potentially dangerous situations.

CHILDREN IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 847-854
Author(s):  
G. Anthony Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rear Seat ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Front Seat ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Rural Highways ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Seating Position

The part that children play in traffic accidents has been studied by numerous workers from differing points of view. Slätis,1 in a study of 5,291 persons injured in traffic accidents and receiving medical treatment in Sweden, found that 16.3% were less than 15 years of age. An examination by Mackay2 of a series of 250 accidents investigated at the scene in Birmingham, England, found that children less than 16 years of age formed 6.2% of the 464 persons involved. In Brisbane, Australia, Jamieson and Tait3 found that children less than 15 years old formed 10.9% of a group of 1,000 admissions or deaths from traffic accidents. Gädeke4 in Germany, found children less than 15 years old were injured more often in rural accidents, that traffic accidents formed 35 to 40% of all fatal accidents in children, and that injuries to the head and lower limb were most common. In Sweden, Ekström, et al.5 found that the majority of children involved in accidents they studied were pedestrians or pedal cyclists, and 40% were between 5 and 9 years old. Moore and Lilienfeld6 reported on 31,001 occupants of known age in 14,520 automobiles involved in injury-producing accidents on rural highways in the United States. They found that children less than 12 years of age formed 9%, adolescents age 12 to 18 years formed 16%, and adults of more than 18 years formed 75%. They found that children received fewer and less severe injuries than adolescents or adults, in each seating position. Front seat passengers in each age group were injured more often and more severely than rear seat passengers.

Crash Tests and the Loads over Driver Head in Different Side Impact Cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 823 ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolae Ispas ◽  
Mircea Nastasoiu
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Real World ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
Passive Safety ◽  
Occupant Safety ◽  
The Real ◽  
Occupant Protection ◽  
Head Injury Criterion ◽  
Crash Tests

Car occupant protection in traffic accidents is a key target of today cars manufacturers. Known as active or passive safety, many technological solutions were developing over the time for an actual better car’s occupant safety. In the real world, in traffic accidents are often involved cars from different generations with various safety historical solutions. The aims of these papers are to quantify the influences over the car driver head loads in cases of different generation of cars involved in side crashes. For each case the experimental load results can be future used to calculate Head Injury Criterion (HIC) [1]

The Security Design of Child Seat of Electric Bicycle

2013 ◽  
Vol 441 ◽  
pp. 572-575
Author(s):  
Fei Peng Wang ◽  
Qian Hui Yang ◽  
Ling Chen Zheng ◽  
Hong Li Chen
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Child Safety ◽  
Security Design ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Electric Bicycle ◽  
Structure Strength ◽  
Electric Bicycles ◽  
Safety Seat

In recent years, with many cities limiting motorcycle-related regulations in China, Electric bicycles due to the inexpensive, easy to maneuver, energy saving and environmental protection, are used by people of all ages. Now, electric bicycles have become one of the main means of transport, back of electric bicycles as "child seat" to carry child travel commonplace, traffic accidents are also frequent. Through the widespread use of electric bicycle child seat from the safety and comfort of both analysis concluded: these structures a variety of seat provides safety and security for their children is very limited. Next child safety seat structure, strength, and to do in-depth research, quality standards and quality control methods.

scholarly journals Risk analysis for forecasting cyberattacks against connected and autonomous vehicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunniva F. Meyer ◽  
Rune Elvik ◽  
Espen Johnsson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Domestic Abuse ◽  
Connected Vehicles ◽  
Security Risk ◽  
Safety Measures

AbstractA security risk analysis was conducted to identify possible cyberattacks against a future transport system consisting of autonomous and connected vehicles. Six scenarios were developed: joyriding, kidnapping, domestic abuse, autopilot manipulation, a large transport accident, and paralysis of the transport system. Even if it were possible to increase the difficulty of conducting such cyberattacks, it might be impossible to eliminate such attacks entirely. Measures that limit the consequences will therefore be necessary. Such measures include safety measures in vehicles to protect their occupants in traffic accidents and measures that make vehicles easier to remove in case they do not function.

scholarly journals Threats and Alert Analytics in Autonomous Vehicles

10.29007/j6h1 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aakanksha Rastogi ◽  
Kendall Nygard
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
Vehicle To Vehicle ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Self Driving Cars

Autonomous vehicles or self-driving cars emerged with a promise to deliver a driving experience that is safe, secure, law-abiding, alleviates traffic congestion and reduces traffic accidents. These self-driving cars predominantly rely on wireless technology, vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) and Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) networks, Road Side Units (RSUs), Millimeter Wave radars, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), sensors and cameras, etc. Since these vehicles are so dexterous and equipped with such advanced driver assistance technological features, their dexterity invites threats, vulnerabilities and hacking attacks. This paper aims to understand and study the technology behind these self-driving cars and explore, identify and address popular threats, vulnerabilities and hacking attacks to which these cars are prone. This paper also establishes a relationship between these threats, trust and reliability. An analysis of the alert systems in self-driving cars is also presented.

scholarly journals Foldable Front Child-Seat Design for Scooter Motorcycle: Strength Analysis Under Static and Dynamic Loading

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Siti Zulaikah ◽  
Wahyu Haykal Rahmanda ◽  
Farid Triawan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Child Safety ◽  
Small Child ◽  
Safety Consideration ◽  
Motorcycle Rider ◽  
Static And Dynamic Loading ◽  
Safety Seat

Nowadays, motorcycle is considered as one of the most practical transportation mode in Indonesia. It has become a common practice that a motorcycle rider often brings a small child using a child seat while riding. However, the used child seat is usually not safe and can easily fall off from the motorcycle due to the lack of safety consideration. Moreover, it is very risky to ride a motorcycle with a small child, knowing that motorcycles are the highest contributor to road traffic accidents. For this reason, this paper proposes a primary design idea of a foldable child safety-seat that can be placed on the front part of a scooter motorcycle. This design is also completed with strength analysis to evaluate the components’ safety for children under five years old with a weight of around 50 kg. The strength calculation of the frame is done by a theoretical approach under static and dynamic loading. According to the analysis, the proposed child seat design could provide a factor of safety of more than 3.6 for static loading and 1.6 for dynamic loading. This study is expected to be used as a reference for developing a more reliable child safety- seat for motorcycle rider in Indonesia.

Assessment of Child Occupant Protection in ASEAN NCAP

2014 ◽  
Vol 660 ◽  
pp. 804-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Syazwan Solah ◽  
Mohd Hafzi Md Isa ◽  
Azhar Hamzah ◽  
Aqbal Hafeez Ariffin ◽  
Yahya Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Child Injuries ◽  
Occupant Protection ◽  
Development Phases ◽  
Child Occupant

Statistics show that child traffic injuries are a public health problem globally, including Southeast Asia (SEA) region. With an overall value of road traffic death rate among children of 7.4 per 100,000 populations has put SEA as the second region to have the highest death rate after Africa. Due to this alarming figure, many safety interventions and inventions have been introduced and implemented to mitigate child injuries resulted from road traffic accidents. One of them is the establishment of crashworthiness rating programme for new passenger cars to evaluate the resulted child injuries via destructive tests. The New Car Assessment Programme for Southeast Asia region (ASEAN NCAP) established to elevate vehicle safety standards, raise consumer awareness and encourage market for saver vehicles in the dedicated region. Currently the programme assessed and rated passenger cars based on performance of adult and child occupant protection in frontal offset crash tests. Since its introduction, ASEAN NCAP has crash tested 28 popular passenger cars throughout its development phases. During these phases, there has been improvement on the rating of child occupant protection (COP) with the increase of number of cars getting 4-star. This paper presents the results of ASEAN NCAP tests for the development phases in term of COP rating as well as provides explanation on the related assessment.

Design Guidelines on Deep Learning–based Pedestrian Detection Methods for Supporting Autonomous Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Azzedine Boukerche ◽  
Mingzhi Sha
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Pedestrian Detection ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Present Design

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) enable transportation participants to communicate with each other by sending and receiving messages, so that they can be aware of their surroundings and facilitate efficient transportation through better decision making. As an important part of ITS, autonomous vehicles can bring massive benefits by reducing traffic accidents. Correspondingly, much effort has been paid to the task of pedestrian detection, which is a fundamental task for supporting autonomous vehicles. With the progress of computational power in recent years, adopting deep learning–based methods has become a trend for improving the performance of pedestrian detection. In this article, we present design guidelines on deep learning–based pedestrian detection methods for supporting autonomous vehicles. First, we will introduce classic backbone models and frameworks, and we will analyze the inherent attributes of pedestrian detection. Then, we will illustrate and analyze representative pedestrian detectors from occlusion handling, multi-scale feature extraction, multi-perspective data utilization, and hard negatives handling these four aspects. Last, we will discuss the developments and trends in this area, followed by some open challenges.

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