Expectedness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Kagan
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Locus Ceruleus ◽  
Unexpected Event ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Oscillation Frequencies ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

This chapter analyzes how subject expectations affect all brain measures. An expectation of pain, a difficult task, an unpleasant picture, an air puff to the face, the sound of hands clapping, a metaphorical sentence, a caress, cocaine, an exemplar of a semantic category, or the benefit of a medicine each affects brain profiles as well as the speed and accuracy of perceptions. Meanwhile, unexpected events activate many brain sites, but especially the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, and locus ceruleus. The difference in the oscillation frequencies evoked by the event anticipated and the one that occurs may be a critical cause of these activations. The brain and psychological states generated by an unexpected event depend on its desirability and familiarity.

scholarly journals Rapid Temporal Recalibration to Audiovisual Asynchrony Occurs Across the Difference in Neural Processing Speed Based on Spatial Frequency

i-Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 204166952096661
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Takeshima
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Audiovisual Integration ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Temporal Recalibration ◽  
Synchrony Perception ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

Audiovisual integration relies on temporal synchrony between visual and auditory stimuli. The brain rapidly adapts to audiovisual asynchronous events by shifting the timing of subjective synchrony in the direction of the leading modality of the most recent event, a process called rapid temporal recalibration. This phenomenon is the flexible function of audiovisual synchrony perception. Previous studies found that neural processing speed based on spatial frequency (SF) affects the timing of subjective synchrony. This study examined the effects of SF on the rapid temporal recalibration process by discriminating whether the presentation of the visual and auditory stimuli was simultaneous. I compared the magnitudes of the recalibration effect between low and high SF visual stimuli using two techniques. First, I randomly presented each SF accompanied by a tone during one session, then in a second experiment, only a single SF was paired with the tone throughout the one session. The results indicated that rapid recalibration occurred regardless of difference in presented SF between preceding and test trials. The recalibration magnitude did not significantly differ between the SF conditions. These findings confirm that intersensory temporal process is important to produce rapid recalibration and suggest that rapid recalibration can be induced by the simultaneity judgment criterion changes attributed to the low-level temporal information of audiovisual events.

Ordering Disorder

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Graham
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

The basic claims of the chapter are, first, that mental disorders are not best understood as types of brain disorder, even though mental disorders are based in the brain. And, second, that the difference between the two sorts of disorders can be illuminated by the sorts of treatment or therapy that may work for the one type (a mental disorder) but not for the other type (a brain disorder). In the discussion some of the diagnostic implications and difficulties associated with these two basic claims are outlined.

Bradycardia during face cooling in man may be produced by selective brain cooling

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Caputa ◽  
M. Cabanac
Keyword(s):  
Venous Return ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Brain Cooling ◽  
Selective Brain Cooling ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Face Cooling

In human subjects, bradycardia was produced by immersing the subjects' faces in water at 15 degrees C when they were hyperthermic. When they were hypothermic, the same face cooling produced tachycardia. It is suggested that the difference in cardiac response originates in selective brain cooling during hyperthermia, by venous return from the face to the brain, via ophthalmic veins.

Tuberose Sclerosis Treated by Deep Irradiation

1954 ◽  
Vol 100 (420) ◽  
pp. 711-717
Author(s):  
Brian H. Kirman
Keyword(s):  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Huntington's Chorea ◽  
Heart Lesion ◽  
Tay Sachs Disease ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
Heart Lesions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tuberose Sclerosis

Epiloia occupies an intermediate position between the neoplasms on the one hand and other diseases, such as Huntington's chorea and Tay-Sachs disease, which are system disturbances, presumably based on a metabolic disorder. The lesions in the disease-complex of epiloia might at first sight appear mainly neoplastic in form. Thus the brain nodules have the form of gliomata. Polycystic kidneys may be classed as neoplastic (Jeanbrau, 1928; Vines, 1949). In some cases a frank hypernephroma may develop (Kirpicznik, 1910; Berg, 1913; Ferraro and Doolittle, 1937). The rarely encountered heart lesions may take the form of rhabdomyomata, whereas the skin lesions of the face which are pathognomonic of the disease are described as sebaceous adenomata (Figs. 1 and 2), i.e. benign neoplasms of the sebaceous glands of the face in the area to either side of the nose. In fact the facial eruption is seldom simply adenomatous but is complicated by elements of an angiomatous or warty nature. The heart lesion may likewise involve a variety of elements.

Incubation and Nest-Building Behaviour of Black-Headed Gulls Ii : Incubation Behaviour in the Laying Period

Behaviour ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Incubation Behaviour ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Building Behaviour ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Sharp Corners

Abstract(i) Gulls in the laying period show incubation responses towards eggs in the nest but the pattern differs from the incubation pattern shown by gulls in the incubation period; the birds in the laying period rise and settle more often, complete relatively fewer of their settling sequences, sit for less of the available time, and the partners spend more time together on the territory. (ii) By adding two eggs to nests in the one-egg stage, and by comparing the behaviour of birds in the one-egg stage with birds with clutches of one egg in the incubation period, it is shown that part of the difference between the behaviour of birds in the laying period and birds in the incubation period can be attributed to the difference in clutch sizes but that this factor does not account for all the difference. (iii) Experiments with cylindrical models at the two stages of the laying period indicate that, at this time, the gulls are not as sensitive to the sharp corners of the models as they are in the incubation period; birds sitting or trying to sit on the oddly shaped "eggs" did not rise and resettle as often in the laying period as they did in the incubation period. (iv) It is suggested that during the laying period there is progressive increase in the tendency to sit on the nest and eggs coupled with increase in sensitivity to the shapes of the objects sat on. (v) The males perform more settlings and sit for more time than do the females during the laying period but both partners spend about equal amounts of time near the nest at this time. (vi) The proportion of eggs warm to the touch steadily increases during the laying period. (vii) Defeathering of the brood-patches progresses during the laying period. (viii) The tendency to return to the nest in the face of fear stimulation increases as the laying period advances. (ix) Increase in effective incubation during the laying period accounts for the differences between laying and hatching intervals. Functional aspects of this are discussed.

scholarly journals A moving observer in a three-dimensional world

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1697) ◽  
pp. 20150265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Glennerster
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Local Shape ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
The Face ◽  
Three Dimensional Coordinate ◽  
Three Dimensional Vision ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

For many tasks such as retrieving a previously viewed object, an observer must form a representation of the world at one location and use it at another. A world-based three-dimensional reconstruction of the scene built up from visual information would fulfil this requirement, something computer vision now achieves with great speed and accuracy. However, I argue that it is neither easy nor necessary for the brain to do this. I discuss biologically plausible alternatives, including the possibility of avoiding three-dimensional coordinate frames such as ego-centric and world-based representations. For example, the distance, slant and local shape of surfaces dictate the propensity of visual features to move in the image with respect to one another as the observer's perspective changes (through movement or binocular viewing). Such propensities can be stored without the need for three-dimensional reference frames. The problem of representing a stable scene in the face of continual head and eye movements is an appropriate starting place for understanding the goal of three-dimensional vision, more so, I argue, than the case of a static binocular observer. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in our three-dimensional world’.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

About the Brain, the Face, and Emotion

1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 567-568
Author(s):  
Gilles Kirouac
Keyword(s):  
The Face ◽  
The Brain

Use of a Lyophilized Reference Plasma to Compare Coagulation Test Procedures

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 426-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kahan ◽  
I Nohén
Keyword(s):  
Oral Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Coagulation Activity ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Measured Activity ◽  
Test Materials ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One

SummaryIn 4 collaborative trials, involving a varying number of hospital laboratories in the Stockholm area, the coagulation activity of different test materials was estimated with the one-stage prothrombin tests routinely used in the laboratories, viz. Normotest, Simplastin-A and Thrombotest. The test materials included different batches of a lyophilized reference plasma, deep-frozen specimens of diluted and undiluted normal plasmas, and fresh and deep-frozen specimens from patients on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy.Although a close relationship was found between different methods, Simplastin-A gave consistently lower values than Normotest, the difference being proportional to the estimated activity. The discrepancy was of about the same magnitude on all the test materials, and was probably due to a divergence between the manufacturers’ procedures used to set “normal percentage activity”, as well as to a varying ratio of measured activity to plasma concentration. The extent of discrepancy may vary with the batch-to-batch variation of thromboplastin reagents.The close agreement between results obtained on different test materials suggests that the investigated reference plasma could be used to calibrate the examined thromboplastin reagents, and to compare the degree of hypocoagulability estimated by the examined PIVKA-insensitive thromboplastin reagents.The assigned coagulation activity of different batches of the reference plasma agreed closely with experimentally obtained values. The stability of supplied batches was satisfactory as judged from the reproducibility of repeated measurements. The variability of test procedures was approximately the same on different test materials.

Óscar Romero and the Politics of Sainthood

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-291
Author(s):  
Manuel A. Vasquez ◽  
Anna L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil War ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Holy See ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Face ◽  
Crisis Of Modernity ◽  
The One

In this article, we explore the debates surrounding the proposed canonization of Archbishop Oscar Romero, an outspoken defender of human rights and the poor during the civil war in El Salvador, who was assassinated in March 1980 by paramilitary death squads while saying Mass. More specifically, we examine the tension between, on the one hand, local and popular understandings of Romero’s life and legacy and, on the other hand, transnational and institutional interpretations. We argue that the reluctance of the Vatican to advance Romero’s canonization process has to do with the need to domesticate and “privatize” his image. This depoliticization of Romero’s work and teachings is a part of a larger agenda of neo-Romanization, an attempt by the Holy See to redeploy a post-colonial and transnational Catholic regime in the face of the crisis of modernity and the advent of postmodern relativism. This redeployment is based on the control of local religious expressions, particularly those that advocate for a more participatory church, which have proliferated with contemporary globalization

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