scholarly journals Precocious puberty in male wild boars: a possible explanation for the dramatic population increase in Germany and Europe

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11798
Author(s):  
Claudia Maistrelli ◽  
Hanna Hüneke ◽  
Marion Langeheine ◽  
Oliver Keuling ◽  
Ursula Siebert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
The Body ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Wild Boars

Background The wild boar population in Europe is steadily growing, one of the reasons for this increase probably being the high reproductive potential of this large mammal. Population management is important to stabilise wild boar numbers and a great deal of attention is focusing on the reasons, which might contribute to the high reproductive rates. Understanding the timing of puberty attainment provides information required for proper management practices. Knowledge of the earliest expected time of sexual maturation in male wild boars is limited, research being mostly focused on females. Previous hunting references indicate that sexual maturity in males occurs in the second year after birth. In contrast, male domestic pigs become sexually mature from about seven months of age. Thus, aims of this study were to investigate (1) whether there is a physiological ability for reproduction also in male wild boars of a younger age and (2) whether the body weight of wild boar males has a more important role than age in driving the maturation of the testis. Methods Male wild boar individuals were sampled during hunting drives in the eastern part of Lower Saxony in Germany. Testes with epididymides from 74 males were collected and prepared for histological examination and immunohistochemistry. The reproductive status could be ascertained based on development/occurrence of different germ cell populations using histology and based on the immunohistochemical detection of the anti-Müllerian hormone and androgen receptor. Results In this study, male wild boars aged nine to ten months already passed puberty and were able to reproduce if they had reached the appropriate body condition of about 29 kg dressed weight. Immunopositivity to the anti-Müllerian hormone in Sertoli cells was evident only in prepubertal animals and decreased with the onset of puberty. No immunoreaction was evident at postpuberty. The androgen receptor was detected in Sertoli cells, peritubular cells and Leydig cells, surprisingly already in Sertoli cells of prepubertal wild boars as well depending on body weight. Moreover, two-thirds of young males aged about ten months were precociously reproductively mature, showing histologically the presence of spermatozoa in testes and epididymides. Conclusions As piglets are mostly born in spring, also these young male individuals could target the heat of female wild boars in the winter months, resulting in the observed population increase. Therefore, a reduction in wild boar numbers should also focus on piglets of both sexes.

scholarly journals Reproductive characteristics of wild boar males (Sus scrofa) under different environmental conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Drimaj ◽  
Jiří Kamler ◽  
Martin Hošek ◽  
Jaroslav Zeman ◽  
Radim Plhal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Sperm Production ◽  
Permanent Increase

The wild boar population has been on a permanent increase over the last decades, causing conflicts with the requirements of modern human society. Existing effort to stabilize wild boar numbers generally fails with one of the causes being the high reproductive potential of wild boar. The aim of this study was to assess the onset of sexual maturity in wild boar males with regard to age, physical frame and environmental conditions on the basis of testicle development and sperm production. This study assessed the dimensions of gonads and the occurrence of sperm in boars caught during common hunts. Environmental conditions were found as an important factor for growth and sexual maturity of wild boar males. The body weight was a more important factor for sperm production than the age of young wild boar males. The weight threshold for sperm production in the testes was 29 kg of live weight, which corresponds to 6 months of age on average. This study has proven that environmental conditions are a significant factor affecting the physical development of male wild boars, more specifically the growth rate of their body frames and the onset of sexual maturity. In a better quality environment boars grow faster and enter puberty at an earlier age. Poor food supply and/or high hunting pressure result in slower body and testicular growth, as well as the production of sperm at a later age (approx. 2-3 months later).

Some factors associated with the behaviour and survival of newly shorn sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Hutchinson ◽  
BH McRae
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Mortality Level ◽  
Factors Associated

Sheep deaths in the 12-day period following shearing were related to a high rate of body weight loss during the 4 weeks before shearing. The body weight or body condition of sheep at shearing was unimportant. Mortality level was not influenced by the amount of herbage available after shearing although the grazing activities of the survivors increased. Mortality was associated with a massive infiltration of lipid into the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.The shorn sheep spent more time standing and less time grazing during the night. These results are discussed in relation to possible management practices to reduce sheep losses.

scholarly journals Corporal and testicular biometry in wild boar from birth to 12 months of age

Revista CERES ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danillo Velloso Ferreira Murta ◽  
Deiler Sampaio Costa ◽  
Marcelo Diniz Santos ◽  
Fábio José Carvalho Faria ◽  
Tarcízio Antônio Rêgo de Paula
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Testicular Growth ◽  
Length Width

The aim of this tudy was to evaluate corporal and testicular development in wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) from birth to 12 months of age, evaluating body weight, biometric testicular parameters, and gonadosomatic index. Thirty-nine male wild boars from a commercial farm licensed by IBAMA were used in the study. The animals were weighed and assigned to 13 experimental groups. The testes were recovered through unilateral orchiectomy, weighed on an analytical balance and measured for length, width and thickness. Body weight and testicular measures increased with the age, up to 12 months, and were more accelerated in the first and ninth months. Initially the testicular growth pattern, between zero and nine months, followed the body growth, and the gonadosomatic index varied from 0.07 to 0.09%. Between 9 and 11 months, the testicular growth was superior to the body growth, and the gonadosomatic index varied from 0.09 to 0.16%. Finally, after 11 months of age, testicular and body growth had a similar behavior. In conclusion, body weight, testicular biometry, and gonadosomatic index development accelerated in the ninth month.

scholarly journals Actual Weight, Perceived Weight and Desired Weight of Romanian School Children by Parents and Children

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
Lucia Maria Lotrean ◽  
Ioana Popa ◽  
Mira Florea ◽  
Cecilia Lazea ◽  
Ana Maria Alexandra Stanescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
School Children ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Actual Weight ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Perceived Weight

Background and Objectives: The perception of the body weight by children and parents influences the consequent actions undertaken for children’s body weight management. This study investigated the correspondence between objective evaluations of Romanian school children (actual weight) and perceptions about weight (perceived weight), preoccupation with body weight management (desired weight) and parents’ perceptions on children’s weight. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was performed among 344 children aged 11 to 14 and 147 parents from Cluj-Napoca, Romania. We made anthropometric measurements of children, and short questionnaires were completed by the children and the parents. Results: The results show that 3.8% of children were underweight, 68.3% had a normal weight and 27.9% were overweight. Of this sample, 61.5% of underweight children, 20% of normal weight children and 43.7% of overweight children had misperceptions about their weight. The percentage of parents who did not estimate their children’s weight correctly was 50%, 11.9% and 41.5%, respectively, for each of the three weight groups. The results of the logistic regression analyses showed that several factors were associated with the misclassification of their own body weight by the children, such as body mass index, gender, weight management practices, misclassification by the parents as well as parent–child discussions on these issues. Conclusions: Education for both Romanian parents and children is needed with regard to correctly identifying and managing children’ body weight.

scholarly journals OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPARATIVE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF NIGHT FED AND NIGHT FASTED BROILER FINISHERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
E. A. O. Laseinde ◽  
F. A. Igbasan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Night Feeding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Better Than

Four-week old broiler finishers were raised in 8 deep litter pens under two treatments, night feeding and night fasting. The birds were fed ad libitum during the day and equally exposed to all necessary management practices. The trial was conducted to observe the comparative body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (F.1) and feed utilization (F.U) between the birds under the two treatments, as well as the body weight shrinkage arising from the night fasting by the night fasted birds. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in BWG between birds in the two treatments except at week 5. An equivalent of 62% of the day time BWG was lost to fasting by the night fasted birds. The loss was, however, adequately compensated during the day time feeding. Body weight shrinkage due to the night fast increased with age and was most pronounced between 9 -10 weeks of age. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in F.1. between the night fed and night fasted birds. For the former, F.I. was higher during the day from ages 5 to 8 weeks and higher during the night at ages 9 and 10 weeks. night fasted birds utilised feed averagely better than the night fed ones. Results from this study show that there is no significant advantage in feeding broiler finishers at night.

scholarly journals Evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of triclabendazole, nitroxynil and albendazole against naturally acquired fascioliasis in cattle of Bangladesh with special reference to its residual effect

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Md. Aktaruzzaman ◽  
Zahurin Mohamed ◽  
Naim -Ul-Alam ◽  
Md. Siddiqu Islam ◽  
Md. Matiar Rahman Howlader
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Total Leukocyte Count ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group D

<p>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of triclabendazole, nitroxynil and albendazole against fascioliasis in naturally infected cattle of government dairy farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study included 50 cattle breed of which 30 were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 based on their weight and egg count. Twenty cattle of 2-3 years old irrespective of sex infested with fascioliasis were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into four equal groups (group A, B, C and D) where each group consisted of 5 cattle and cattle of group D were kept as control group. One injectable nitroxynil (10 mgkg-1 body weight, S/C) preparations (Renata Ltd. Bangladesh) and two solid triclabendazole, albendazole (12 mgkg-1, 15 mgkg-1 body weight, orally) preparations (Novartis Ltd. and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Bangladesh) were used for positive control of fascioliasis as group A, B and C. Cattle of group D was kept as control without giving any treatment. Before trials (day 0), total egg count, blood samples and initial body weight were recorded. During the study period the fecal and blood samples were collected directly from rectum and examined on 7<sup>th</sup>, 14<sup>th</sup>, 21<sup>st</sup> and 28<sup>th</sup> day using McMaster fecal egg counting method. Body weight was recorded on day 28 following the treatments. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated through determination of parasitic prevalence, body weight gain/loss and hematological findings. Pre and post-treatment EPG (eggs per gram) values were recorded, and efficacies compared. The results showed that the efficacy of nitroxynil was 92.57%, followed by triclabendazole 91.55% and albendazole 84.53%, which were significant (p&lt;0.01). The observed differences in efficacy between these three brands of anthelmintics were most likely due to variations either in quality or the administered doses. The body weight of the treated animals was increased, which were significant (p&lt;0.01). After treatment triclabendazole, nitroxynil and albendazole, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) content and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p&lt;0.01 and p&gt;0.05) in cattle but Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05 and p&gt;0.01) in all treated cattle and body weight was increased significantly (p&lt;0.01) on day 28.  The farm management practices along with results of the present study revealed the efficacy of multiple anthelmintics against fascioliasis in cattle. Additional detailed studies are required to clarify the current status of the efficacy of the anthelmintics widely used in different agro ecologies, animal species, and livestock management systems in Bangladesh.</p>

scholarly journals Body Image, Weight, and Self-Concept in Men

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Montgomery Sklar
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Existing Data

In the traditional debate between biological and environmental determinants of body weight, the body has most often been explored in terms of its anatomical, genetic, or hormonal influences on personality, experience, and behavior. While obesity has been identified as a threat to our public health, correlating attitudes toward body image and self-concept have been explored within women to a limited extent, and even less so in relation to men. Consequently, men’s body image will be discussed in light of current literature reveals for women. For men, as for women, as the social pressure to attain an “ideal” physique increases, the discrepancy between that ideal and one’s body increases as well. This dynamic is more readily recognized for women than for men. As men are socialized not to discuss their body image concerns, negative self-concept and esteem may reinforce behaviors resulting in weight gain. In recent years, the proliferation of media has served to reinforce messaging related to one’s body. This review of existing data and literature suggests that body image and self-concept are related to body weight in men (as with women) and need to be addressed as part of healthy weight management practices.

scholarly journals Ethanol Extract of Young Papaya Seeds (Carica Papaya, L ) Lower the Level of testosterone, Spermatozoa Count and Expression of Androgen Receptors in Sertoli Cells of Adult Mice (Mus Musculus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-213
Author(s):  
I Dewa Made Ruspawan ◽  
I Made Bakta ◽  
I Nyoman Mangku Karmaya ◽  
Bagus Komang Satriyasa ◽  
I Gusti Kamasan Nyoman Arijana
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Androgen Receptor Expression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Papaya Seeds

Background: Ethanol extract of young papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) contains steroids that thought to has the antifertility property. This study aims to prove this hypothesis by measuring the low levels of testosterone hormone, spermatozoa count, and androgen receptor expression in sertoli cells. Material and Method:We use the randomized post-test only control group design on thirty-six male Balb/c strain adult male mice aged 12-14 weeks, weight 20-25 grams. They were randomly divided into a control and treatment group. The treatment group was given the same food as the control group plus ethanol extract of young papaya seeds 20 mg/20 gram body weight as much as 0.5 ml, orally every day for thirty-six days. Data were analyzed using the independent-sample T-test and Mann Whitney test. Result:The levels in the treatment group were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in the control. Testosterone levels 31,64±1,91 vs 48,67±1,81 nmol/L, spermatozoa count 42,72±3,33 vs 75,89±4,71 cell/field of view, and androgen receptor expression 28,11±3.06% vs 55.07±2.49%. Conclusion:The ethanol extract of young papaya seeds 20 mg/20 g body weight has the antifertility property.

scholarly journals INTERRELATIONSHIP EXISTING BETWEEN BODY WEIGHT AND EGG PRODUCTION TRAITS IN OLYMPIA BLACK LAYERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
C. A. CHINEKE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
The Body ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Quadratic Equations ◽  
Satisfactory Performance ◽  
Body Weights

Forty 76 weeks old Olympia Black layers were randomly selected, individually caged and intensively reared for a period of 16 weeks to study the effect of body weight on some egg production traits. The analysis of variance revealed significant effect of body weight on production traits investigated (P<0.01) except egg index (P>0.05). The correlation analysis showed that the body weight was positively and non-significantly (P>0.05) correlated with egg length, egg breadth, she'll weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, she'll thickness and significantly with egg weight (P<0.01) and negatively with egg index (r = 0.016). The second-degree (quadratic) equations for estimates of optimum 76 week body weights suggested 1.271 to 1.801 as required body weight range in kilograms for satisfactory performance. The body weight range at this age is attainable through breeding, good feeding and other management practices.

Somatic characteristics and reproduction potential of snow vole and Tatra vole (Rodentia) in Slovakia

Biologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Baláž ◽  
Michal Ambros
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
Chionomys Nivalis ◽  
Reproduction Season ◽  
Hind Foot

AbstractSomatic features (morphometric or meristic features, i.e., body weight, length of body, tail, hind foot and ear) and reproduction characteristics (number of embryos in uterus, reproduction potential, duration of reproduction season) are the basic attributes of the biology of a species. In the present paper, biometry of somatic characteristics and reproduction potential of two mountain vole species, the Tatra vole (Microtus tatricus) and the snow vole (Chionomys nivalis) which originate from various sites of Slovakia, were investigated. Among somatic features, the body length, tail length, hind foot length, length of ear and body weight were assessed. The highest variability was found in body length and the lowest one in the hind foot length. These characteristics were evaluated separately for sub-adult and adult individuals, and males and females. Values of somatic features and body weight of both species are larger in males than in females. Throughout the life of these rodents, the ratio between the length of tail and length of body does not vary considerably. The reproductive potential of the two species is, compared to other small mammals, very low and the length of reproductive season is shorter in the extreme conditions of the mountain environment. Thanks to a sufficient data set, it was possible to evaluate the influence of altitude on somatic features as well as on reproduction potential of M. tatricus and it was found that the average values of somatic features and body weight increased with increasing altitude.

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