Overview on Organic and Inorganic Materials Used for Furniture and Its Decorations

: In recent years inorganic materials are largely present in products intended for health care. Literature gives many examples of inorganic materials used in many healthcare products, mainly in pharmaceutical field. : Silver, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, iron oxide, gold, mesoporous silica, hydrotalcite-like compound and nanoclays are the most common inorganic materials used in nanosized form for different applications in the health field. Generally, these materials are employed to realize formulations for systemic use, often with the aim to perform a specific targeting to the pathological site. The nanometric dimensions are often preferred to obtain the cellular internalization when the target is localized in the intracellular space. : Some materials are frequently used in topical formulations as rheological agents, adsorbents, mattifying agents, physical sunscreen (e.g. zinc oxide, titanium dioxide), and others. : Recent studies highlighted that the use of nanosized inorganic materials can represent a risk for health. The very small dimension (nanometric) until a few years ago represented a fundamental requirement; however, it is currently held responsible for the inorganic material toxicity. This aspect is very important to be considered as actually numerous inorganic materials can be found in many products available in the market, often dedicated to infants and children. These materials are used without taking into account their dimensional properties with increased risk for the user/patient. : This review deals with a deep analysis of current researches documenting the toxicity of nanometric inorganic materials especially those largely used in products available in the market.

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A multi-analytical approach for the characterisation of the oldest pictorial cycle in the 12th century monastery Santa Maria delle Cerrate

Open Journal of Archaeometry ◽

10.4081/arc.2013.e12 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 12 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Giuseppe E. De Benedetto ◽

Amedeo Savino ◽

Daniela Fico ◽

Daniela Rizzo ◽

Antonio Pennetta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Analytical Approach ◽

Point Of View ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Multidisciplinary Research ◽

South Italy ◽

Material Characterisation ◽

12Th Century ◽

Materials Used ◽

The University ◽

Santa Maria

A multidisciplinary research, currently in progress at the University of Salento in collaboration with the Lecce Provincial Museum, interests different artistic expressions widespread in the Salento peninsula (South Italy). In the present study, the characterisation of organic and inorganic materials used in the oldest pictorial cycle found in the 12th century monastery Santa Maria delle Cerrate was carried out thanks to a multi-analytical approach. Previous investigations have focused on the problem of dating the frescoes mainly on the basis of the stylistic aspects and the material characterisation has been definitely underinvestigated. Chromatographic and spectrometric techniques were used: micro-Raman spectroscopy was used for recognising pigments and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection for analysing organic binders. These techniques enabled us to characterise pigments and binders. The presence of both true fresco and tempera bound pigments was assessed. Among the different pigments detected, the results relevant to the blue paints were interesting: two different blue pigments were, indeed, identified, lapis lazuli and smalt (cobalt blue glass) both unexpected. As a result, Santa Maria delle Cerrate appears to be the first known example of their use in South Italy. From a conservation point of view, moreover, the knowledge of the palette permitted to highlight the reason of observed decay of some paints: for instance, lead white was used in some panels, explaining their blackening.

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Polymer Solar Cells

Advanced Solar Cell Materials, Technology, Modeling, and Simulation - Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-1927-2.ch007 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 101-119

Author(s):

Catalin Zaharia

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Polymer Solar Cells ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Major Drawback ◽

Environmentally Safe ◽

Large Production ◽

Materials Used ◽

Solar Cell Technology ◽

Significant Attention ◽

Plastic Solar Cell

Currently, the active materials used for the fabrication of solar cells are mainly inorganic. Materials such as silicon (Si), gallium-arsenide (GaAs), cadmium-telluride (CdTe), and cadmium-indium-selenide (CIS). Nevertheless, the large production cost for the silicon solar cells is one of the major drawback in this field. This chapter is dedicated to a critical presentation of another type of photovoltaics, called polymer, or plastic, solar cell technology. Polymer solar cells have attracted significant attention in the past few years due to their potential of providing environmentally safe, lightweight, flexible, and efficient solar cells.

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On Performance & Application Prospect of Inorganic Materials Used for Exterior Walls Insulation in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1913 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 535-537 ◽

pp. 1913-1917

Author(s):

Lu Jun

Keyword(s):

Aluminum Sulfate ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Future Market ◽

Cold Winter ◽

Insulating Materials ◽

Insulating Material ◽

Thermal Insulating ◽

First Choice ◽

The Common ◽

Materials Used

In response to the requirement of saving 65% energy in hot summer and cold winter zone, a comprehensive comparative analysis has been conducted in various aspects towards the common organic and inorganic thermal insulating materials in the market. And a conclusion has been drawn that, on the basis of reaching the standards, inorganic thermal insulating materials represented by aluminum sulfate boast obvious advantages compared to organic ones in terms of fire proofing, durability, economical efficiency, and environmental protection etc. Thus, the inorganic thermal insulating material will become the first choice in future market.

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Polymer Solar Cells

Sustainable Practices ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-4852-4.ch020 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 365-383

Author(s):

Catalin Zaharia

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Polymer Solar Cells ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Major Drawback ◽

Environmentally Safe ◽

Large Production ◽

Materials Used ◽

Solar Cell Technology ◽

Significant Attention ◽

Plastic Solar Cell

Currently, the active materials used for the fabrication of solar cells are mainly inorganic. Materials such as silicon (Si), gallium-arsenide (GaAs), cadmium-telluride (CdTe), and cadmium-indium-selenide (CIS). Nevertheless, the large production cost for the silicon solar cells is one of the major drawback in this field. This chapter is dedicated to a critical presentation of another type of photovoltaics, called polymer, or plastic, solar cell technology. Polymer solar cells have attracted significant attention in the past few years due to their potential of providing environmentally safe, lightweight, flexible, and efficient solar cells.

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Emerging Photovoltaic (PV) Materials for a Low Carbon Economy

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13164131 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 4131

Author(s):

Ilke Celik ◽

Ramez Hosseinian Ahangharnejhad ◽

Zhaoning Song ◽

Michael Heben ◽

Defne Apul

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impacts ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Contact Layer ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Low Carbon Economy ◽

Materials Used ◽

The Cost

Emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies have a potential to address the shortcomings of today’s energy market which heavily depends on the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation. We created inventories that offer insights into the environmental impacts and cost of all the materials used in emerging PV technologies, including perovskites, polymers, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and quantum dots. The results show that the CO2 emissions associated with the absorber layers are much less than the CO2 emissions associated with the contact and charge selective layers. The CdS (charge selective layer) and ITO (contact layer) have the highest environmental impacts compared to Al2O3, CuI, CuSCN, MoO3, NiO, poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl (P3HT)), phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), poly polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), SnO2, spiro-OMeTAD, and TiO2 (charge selective layers) and Al, Ag, Cu, FTO, Mo, ZnO:In, and ZnO/ZnO:Al (contact layers). The cost assessments show that the organic materials, such as polymer absorbers, CNT, P3HT and spiro-OMeTAD, are the most expensive materials. Inorganic materials would be more preferable to lower the cost of solar cells. All the remaining materials have a potential to be used in the commercial PV market. Finally, we analyzed the cost of PV materials based on their material intensity and CO2 emissions, and concluded that the perovskite absorber will be the most eco-efficient material that has the lowest cost and CO2 emissions.

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New Insights to Characterize Paint Varnishes and to Study Water in Paintings by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)

Magnetochemistry ◽

10.3390/magnetochemistry6020021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Valeria Di Tullio ◽

Noemi Proietti

Keyword(s):

Linseed Oil ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Layered Systems ◽

Oil Paintings ◽

Painting Technique ◽

Restoration Work ◽

Materials Used ◽

Portable Nmr

Paintings are complex multi-layered systems made of organic and inorganic materials. Several factors can affect the degradation of paintings, such as environmental conditions, past restoration works and, finally, the type of painting technique and the art materials used over the centuries. The chemical–physical characterization of paintings is a constant challenge that requires research into and the development of novel analytical methodologies and processes. In recent years, solvents and water-related issues in paintings are attracting more attention, and several studies have been focused on analyzing the interaction between water molecules and the constitutive materials. In this study, recent applications applying different NMR methodologies were shown, highlighting the weakness and the strength of the techniques in analyzing paintings. In particular, the study of water and its diffusive interactions within wall and oil paintings was performed to prove how the portable NMR can be used directly in museums for planning restoration work and to monitor the degradation processes. Furthermore, some preliminary results on the analysis of varnishes and binders, such us linseed oil, shellac, sandarac and colophony resins, were obtained by 1H HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy, highlighting the weakness and strengths of this technique in the field of conservation science.

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Physical and Mechanical Properties of Visible Light Cure Composites Based on Novel Organically Modified Ceramic Resins

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.685.50 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 685 ◽

pp. 50-53

Author(s):

P.P. Lizymol

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Visible Light ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Polymerization Shrinkage ◽

Tooth Structure ◽

Organically Modified ◽

Restoration Failure ◽

Materials Used

Replacement of damaged tooth is necessary for proper functioning and better aesthetics. Polymeric composites based on organic resins are the most popular materials used for restoration of damaged tooth though they have many problems like polymerization shrinkage. The post gel polymerization shrinkage causes significant stresses in the surrounding tooth structure and composite tooth bonding leading to premature restoration failure. Other problems such as uncured organic monomers leaching from the dental composites into the surrounding gum tissue have been reported to cause cytotoxic effects, pulpal necrosis, requiring tooth extraction. The present paper describes the studies on visible light cure composites based on organically modified ceramic resins. Effect of different inorganic materials incorporated during resin synthesis on mechanical properties of photo cured composite was evaluated in terms of diametral tensile strength (DTS), compressive strength (CS) and surface hardness (VHN). The better properties of photocured composites based on the novel organically modified ceramic resin which are hybrid inorganic organic resins may be due to the effective bonding between the organic and inorganic parts within the resin.

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State of the art in organic piping systems: alternative solutions for avoiding internal corrosion

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2001.0051 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 33-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Rigal ◽

J. Baron

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Internal Corrosion ◽

Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽

Piping Systems ◽

Drinking Water Distribution ◽

Materials Used ◽

Alternative Solutions

Corrosion can lead to degradation of water quality and affect the mechanical characteristics of drinking water piping systems. Alternative solutions consist of replacing traditional inorganic materials by plastic materials. A review of the organic materials used in drinking water distribution systems is presented in relation to their specific application. Future aspects of the European Regulation for Drinking Water Construction Products and the next European Approval Scheme (EAS) are developed.

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Electrostrictive polymer composite for energy harvesters and actuators

Journal of Polymer Engineering ◽

10.1515/polyeng.2011.030 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (2-3) ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Pierre-Jean Cottinet ◽

Daniel Guyomar ◽

Benoit Guiffard ◽

Laurent Lebrun ◽

Chatchai Putson

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Electric Field ◽

Mechanical Energy ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Nanocomposite Films ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Volume Percentage ◽

Energy Harvesters ◽

Electrostrictive Polymer ◽

Materials Used

Abstract Polymers have attractive properties when compared with inorganic materials: they are lightweight, inexpensive, pliable, and easily processed and manufactured. They can be configured into complex shapes and their properties can be tailored according to demand. With the rapid advances in materials used in science and technology, various substances embedded with intelligence at the molecular level are being developed. A type of electroactive polymer known as electrostrictive has shown considerable promise for a variety of applications, such as actuation with a strain thickness of 15% for an electric field of 10 V/μm. Polyurethane-based nanocomposite films were prepared by incorporating a carbon black nanopowder (C) into the polymer matrix. Electric field-induced strain measurements revealed that a loading of 1 vt% C (volume percentage of carbon black nanopowder) increased the strain level by a factor of 2.5 at a moderate field strength (10 V/μm). Moreover, another application for this material concerned the harvesting of mechanical energy, which constitutes an attractive alternative to the strict reliance on traditional batteries with limited lifetimes. For instance, an effective conversion from the mechanical-to-electric domains of 2.3 μW/cm3, under a transverse vibration level of 0.25% at 100 Hz, has been demonstrated for nylon. The final results indicated that the dielectric constant was a crucial parameter for energy harvesting.

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