scholarly journals Evaluation of Pathogenic Potentials of Microbial Contaminants from Naira Notes in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
Ifeoma Bessie Enweani ◽  
Chinyere Nkemjika Anyanwu ◽  
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Base Pair ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Local Alignment ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Watery Stool ◽  
Search Tool

The study was done to determine burden of fiat currencies. A total of Six hundred and twenty four pieces of different denominations of naira notes obtained from banks in Enugu metropolis and samples of nose swabs aseptically collected from fifty two note counters from those banks were examined for similar bacterial and fungal contaminants. All sequences were identified using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. While the fungi amplicons yielded DNA bands of approximately 650 base pair, that of the bacterial isolates were approximately 850 base pair. Proteus mirabilis (NR11449.1) and Escherichia coli (LN831043.1) were identical and selected from the bacterial category while Aspergillus fumigatus (MK910068), Aspergillus flavus (JQ860302) and Aspergillus niger (MK461093) were identical and selected from the fungal category. Rats inoculated orally with Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis presented with watery stool and reduction of weight by 16+0.4g after two weeks of commencement of inoculation. They showed reduction in activity and reduced locomotion when compared with the control. There were no physically observable changes in the other test groups. In the hematological investigation, the mean PCV in % were 39±1.0 for the E. coli, 40±0.4 for P. mirabilis, 35±0.2 for A. niger, 40±0.7 for A. fumigatus and 37±0.1 for A .flavus. These varied significantly at p<0.05 with the control which has mean PCV of 45±0.3. The differential leucocyte count showed a marked increase in the % neutrophil (E. coli 73±0.1, P. mirabilis 70±0.1, A. niger 78±1.1, A. fumigatus 59±0.3 and A. flavus 62±1.0) when compared with the control rats with percentage neutrophil of 20±0.2. There was also an increase in the white blood cell count of the test groups when compared with the control. Histopathological study of the lungs of the rats inoculated nasally with Aspergillus niger showed necrosis of the alveolar epithelium. This study has shown that naira notes could be a reservoir of microorganisms of medical importance which in turn could become vectors for the transmission of diseases in the society.

Synthesis of Chalcones and Nucleosides Incorporating [1, 3, 4]Oxadiazolenone Core and Evaluation of their Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-679
Author(s):  
Alok K. Srivastava ◽  
Lokesh K. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Good Antibacterial Activity

Background: [1, 3, 4]oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones and nucleosides were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of a variety of benzaldehyde derivatives, obtained from oxidation of substituted 5-(3/6 substituted-4-Methylphenyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-one and various substituted acetophenone. The resultant chalcones were coupled with penta-O-acetylglucopyranose followed by deacetylation to get [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones and nucleosides. Various analytical techniques viz IR, NMR, LC-MS and elemental analysis were used to confirm the structure of the synthesised compounds.The compounds were targeted against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for antibacterial activity and Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum for antifungal activity. Methods: A mixture of Acid hydrazides (3.0 mmol) and N, Nʹ- carbonyl diimidazole (3.3 mmol) in 15 mL of dioxane was refluxed to afford substituted [1, 3, 4]-oxadiazole-2(3H)-one. The resulted [1, 3, 4]- oxadiazole-2(3H)-one (1.42 mmol) was oxidized with Chromyl chloride (1.5 mL) in 20 mL of carbon tetra chloride and condensed with acetophenones (1.42 mmol) to get chalcones 4. The equimolar ratio of obtained chalcones 4 and β -D-1,2,3,4,6- penta-O-acetylglucopyranose in presence of iodine was refluxed to get nucleosides 5. The [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 were tested to determined minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value with the experimental procedure of Benson using disc-diffusion method. All compounds were tested at concentration of 5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL, 0.62 mg/mL, 0.31 mg/mL and 0.15 mg/mL for antifungal activity against three strains of pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) and for antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacterium: Escherichia coli (E. coli), and two Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus subtilis(B. subtilis). Result: The chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 were screened for antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis whereas antifungal activity against A. flavus, A. niger and F. oxysporum. Compounds 4a-t showed good antibacterial activity whereas compounds 5a-t containing glucose moiety showed better activity against fungi. The glucose moiety of compounds 5 helps to enter into the cell wall of fungi and control the cell growth. Conclusion: Chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 incorporating [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core were synthesized and characterized by various spectral techniques and elemental analysis. These compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity against three fungi; viz. A. flavus, A. niger and F. oxysporum. In addition to this, synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria E. Coli and gram positive bacteria S. aureus, B. subtilis. Compounds 4a-t showed good antibacterial activity whereas 5a-t showed better activity against fungi.

Procaryotic Expression of Single-Chain Variable-Fragment (scFv) Antibodies: Secretion in L-Form Cells of Proteus mirabilis Leads to Active Product and Overcomes the Limitations of Periplasmic Expression in Escherichia coli

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 4862-4869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg F. Rippmann ◽  
Michaela Klein ◽  
Christian Hoischen ◽  
Bodo Brocks ◽  
Wolfgang J. Rettig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Heterologous Proteins ◽  
Single Chain Variable Fragment ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Active Product ◽  
Periplasmic Expression

ABSTRACT Recently it has been demonstrated that L-form cells ofProteus mirabilis (L VI), which lack a periplasmic compartment, can be efficiently used in the production and secretion of heterologous proteins. In search of novel expression systems for recombinant antibodies, we compared levels of single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) production in Escherichia coliJM109 and P. mirabilis L VI, which express four distinct scFvs of potential clinical interest that show differences in levels of expression and in their tendencies to form aggregates upon periplasmic expression. Production of all analyzed scFvs in E. coli was limited by the severe toxic effect of the heterologous product as indicated by inhibition of culture growth and the formation of insoluble aggregates in the periplasmic space, limiting the yield of active product. In contrast, the L-form cells exhibited nearly unlimited growth under the tested production conditions for all scFvs examined. Moreover, expression experiments with P. mirabilis L VI led to scFv concentrations in the range of 40 to 200 mg per liter of culture medium (corresponding to volume yields 33- to 160-fold higher than those with E. coli JM109), depending on the expressed antibody. In a translocation inhibition experiment the secretion of the scFv constructs was shown to be an active transport coupled to the signal cleavage. We suppose that this direct release of the newly synthesized product into a large volume of the growth medium favors folding into the native active structure. The limited aggregation of scFv observed in the P. mirabilis L VI supernatant (occurring in a first-order-kinetics manner) was found to be due to intrinsic features of the scFv and not related to the expression process of the host cells. The P. mirabilis L VI supernatant was found to be advantageous for scFv purification. A two-step chromatography procedure led to homogeneous scFv with high antigen binding activity as revealed from binding experiments with eukaryotic cells.

scholarly journals Níveis de sensibilidade de enterobactérias, em particular Salmonella typhi, a rifamicina S.V.

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Ivone R. Suassuna ◽  
I. Suassuna ◽  
C. E. de V. Serpa
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
E Coli

Em face à predominante eliminação biliar da rifamicina S.V. atingindo concentrações muitas vêzes superiores aos níveis séricos obtidos com as doses terapêuticas, e pelo possível interêsse dessa verificação para o tratamento dos portadores biliares crônicos de Salmonella typhi determinou-se a concentração mínima inibitória de 165 estirpes de enterobactérias, incluindo 77 amostras de S. typhi. Foi verificado que a maioria das cepas de Escherichia coli, Shigella e Proteus mirabilis correspondiam a uma concentração inibitória mínima entre 33 a 65 μg/ml. Entre 65 e 128 μg/ml foram determinadas as concetrações inibitórias mínimas da maioria das outras espécies de Proteus, de Providencia e de Klebsiella. Para Salmonella e Enterobacter o limite mínino de sensibilidade foi, em regra, igual ou superior a 128 μg/ml. Diferenças mais acentuadas de comportamento entre as enterobactérias foram observadas quanto à ação bactericida da rifamicidas S.V. De uma maneira geral, para E. coli e Shigella, as concentrações inibitórias mínimas já referidas. Para as espécies de Proteus e Providencia houve variação maior de comportamento, mas tendência a que o efeito bactericidas fôsse encontrado em concentrações que correspondiam a 4 vêzes as bacteriostáticas para as mesmas espécies. Finalmente, de modo pouco feliz para os propósitos visados, em Salmonella, com a inclusão de S. typhi, não foi atingido um efeito bactericida, com as mais altas concentrações usadas as quais corresponderam em média a 6 vêzes as concentrações bacteriostáticas para esse gênero.

scholarly journals Enterobactérias associadas a adultos de Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) e Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1754) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) no Jardim Zoológico, Rio de Janeiro

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.C. Oliveira ◽  
J.M. D’Almeida ◽  
I.V. Abalem de Sá ◽  
J.R. Mandarino ◽  
C.A. Solari
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Chrysomya Megacephala ◽  
E Coli

Enterobactérias foram identificadas em adultos de Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) e Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1754) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Ambas as espécies foram capturadas no Jardim Zoológico da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e tiveram a superfície externa do corpo lavada e o sistema digestivo dissecado, para análise bacteriológica. Identificaram-se Escherichia coli, Citrobacter sp., Proteus mirabilis, Morganella sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter sp. e Salmonella Agona. P. mirabilis foi o isolado bacteriano mais freqüente. Em duas amostragens (8%) de C. megacephala, isolou-se Salmonella Agona. As amostras de E. coli não foram enteropatogênicas. M. domestica e C. megacephala são potenciais veiculadoras de bactérias causadoras de enterites em humanos e animais.

scholarly journals PERFIL DE SENSIBILIDADE A ANTIMICROBIANOS POR COMPONENTES DA MICROBIOTA BACTERIANA ORAL E RETAL DE PRIMATAS NÃO HUMANOS

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcone Helmer Silva ◽  
Hilma Lúcia Tavares Dias ◽  
Ednaldo da Silva Filho ◽  
Sarah Raphaela Rocha de Azevedo Scalercio ◽  
Wellington Bandeira da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Xylosus

Resumo Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram identificar bactérias isoladas da cavidade oral e da ampola retal de Saimiri collinsi e Callithrix jacchus e determinar a sensibilidade a 16 antimicrobianos. Trinta indivíduos de cada espécie foram analisados e foram isoladas 136 bactérias em C. jacchus e 84 em S. collinsi. As bactérias isoladas em maior número em S. collinsi foram Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Raoutella ornithinolytica, Staphylococcus xylosus e Proteus mirabilis. As bactérias isoladas em C. jacchus foram K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, E. coli, Serratia marcescens e S. xylosus na cavidade oral e ampola retal. O teste de sensibilidade mostrou que, dentre as cepas isoladas, os maiores percentuais de resistência foram observados para ampicilina, amoxicilina, cefalotina e nitrofurantoína. Na cavidade oral de ambas as espécies as cepas foram sensíveis à ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, meropenem, amicacina, levofloxacina e a sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim. Na ampola retal, as isoladas foram sensíveis à cefoxitina, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, ertapenem, meropenem, amicacina e levofloxacina. Conclui-se que as espécies de S. collinsi e C. jacchus apresentam sua microbiota oral e retal composta por várias espécies bacterianas e que a resistência pode ser um problema no criatório, uma vez que as cepas mostraram percentuais elevados de resistência a diferentes antimicrobianos.

scholarly journals Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Khaya senegalensis bark extracts on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Aliyu ◽  
Alkali BR ◽  
Yahaya MS ◽  
Garba A ◽  
Adeleye SA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Khaya Senegalensis ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

<p>The aqueous and ethanol extracts of the bark of<em> Khaya senegalensis</em> were screened for their phytochemical constituents and preliminary antibacterial activity against <em>Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli</em> and<em> Proteus mirabilis. </em>The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant on the tested organisms was determined using multiple tubes method.</p><p>Alkaloids, anthraquinones, glycosides, tannins and steroids were detected in both extracts.</p><p>The ethanol and aqueous extracts of the plant showed antibacterial activity against <em>B. subtilis and E. coli,</em> with the aqueous extracts having more activity than those of ethanol. However the growth of<em> P. mirabilis</em> was not inhibited by either of the extracts. The MIC value was determined to be 50 mg/ml for<em> B. subtilis </em>and<em> E. coli. </em>The results are suggestive of considerable antibacterial activity of<em> K. senegalensis </em>and may justify its use in the treatment of bacterial diseases by herbalists or traditional healers.</p>

Isolation of Labeled Lipoprotein from Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis after Incubation with [14C]Penicillin

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Gruner ◽  
Monier H. Tadros ◽  
Roland Plapp
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Apparent Molecular Weight ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Free Form ◽  
E Coli

Abstract [14C]penicillin binding experiments and membrane analysis were carried out with cell envelope preparations from Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. After incubation with [14C] penicillin G labeled free lipoprotein could be identified. The analysis of the isolated lipoprotein by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that there is only one protein with an apparent molecular weight of 7000. The amino acid composition of isolated labeled free lipoprotein from E. coli was identical to the lipoprotein already found in E. coli. It is a point of interest that the amino acid composition of the isolated labeled free lipoprotein from P. mirabilis D52 differs from that found in other mutants of this strain. The free form of lipoprotein from P. mirabilis D52 is composed of 61 amino acids and has glycine, phenylalanine and proline as specific components.

Absence of Bacterial Adherence in the Establishment of Experimental Mastitis in Mice

1978 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 770-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Bacterial Adherence ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Suckling Mice

The possibility of adherence of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli or Streptococcus agalactiae to the epithelium of the mammary gland was investigated by inoculating them into this gland of mice. S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli did not adhere to alveolar epithelium in suckling or non-suckling mice. S. agalactiae adhered to alveolar epithelium in non-suckling mice but adhesion was not sufficiently strong to withstand suckling. Bacterial adherence probably does not play a significant role in the establishment of mastitis by these organisms.

Community spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis: a long-term study in Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1038-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Chong ◽  
Shinji Shimoda ◽  
Hiroko Yakushiji ◽  
Yoshikiyo Ito ◽  
Toshihiro Miyamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Few Data

Community-acquired infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria, particularly CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli, are a rising concern worldwide. There are few data from Japan on the acquisition of ESBLs in the community or the influx of these bacteria into hospitals. Therefore, we examined the prevalence of ESBL carriage in outpatients, in order to estimate the spread of ESBLs in community settings. We analysed bacterial isolates from outpatient samples at our institution over a 9-year period from 2003 to 2011, with respect to epidemiological data on ESBL-producing bacteria and their genotypic features. Out of 5137 isolates, 321 (6.3 %) were ESBL producers, including E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. The detection rates of the ESBL-producing isolates gradually increased and reached 14.3, 8.7 and 19.6 % for E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis strains, respectively, in 2011. Genotyping analysis showed that many of the strains produced multiple β-lactamases, including TEM, SHV and CTX-M, rather than just CTX-M. The CTX-M-9 group was dominant among the CTX-M genotypes; further, the CTX-M-1 and M-2 groups were also detected (~30 %). This is believed to be the first report from Japan showing a definite increase in ESBL detection in outpatients. In addition, our findings suggest the simultaneous community spread of diverse ESBL genotypes, not an expansion of particular ESBL genes.

scholarly journals Comparison of methods for the identification and sub-typing of O157 and non-O157 Escherichia coli serotypes and their integration into a polyphasic taxonomy approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Prieto-Calvo ◽  
M.K. Omer ◽  
O. Alvseike ◽  
M. López ◽  
A. Alvarez-Ordóñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Local Alignment ◽  
Taxonomic Structure ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Ft Ir

AbstractPhenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data from 12 strains ofEscherichia coli werecollected, including carbon source utilisation profiles, ribotypes, sequencing data of the 16S–23S rRNA internal transcribed region (ITS) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic profiles. The objectives were to compare several identification systems forE. coliand to develop and test a polyphasic taxonomic approach using the four methodologies combined for the sub-typing of O157 and non-O157E. coli. The nucleotide sequences of the 16S–23S rRNA ITS regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequenced and compared with reference data available at the GenBank database using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) . Additional information comprising the utilisation of carbon sources, riboprint profiles and FT-IR spectra was also collected. The capacity of the methods for the identification and typing ofE. colito species and subspecies levels was evaluated. Data were transformed and integrated to present polyphasic hierarchical clusters and relationships. The study reports the use of an integrated scheme comprising phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic information (carbon source profile, sequencing of the 16S–23S rRNA ITS, ribotyping and FT-IR spectroscopy) for a more precise characterisation and identification ofE. coli. The results showed that identification ofE. colistrains by each individual method was limited mainly by the extension and quality of reference databases. On the contrary, the polyphasic approach, whereby heterogeneous taxonomic data were combined and weighted, improved the identification results, gave more consistency to the final clustering and provided additional information on the taxonomic structure and phenotypic behaviour of strains, as shown by the close clustering of strains with similar stress resistance patterns.

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