scholarly journals Use of Cephalosporin Type Antimicrobials in Infection Wards in Tertiary Hospital in West India

2021 ◽  
pp. 510-517
Author(s):  
Revati D. Kothari ◽  
Anita Barde ◽  
Harshavardhan Bhide ◽  
Teja Deshpande ◽  
Nimish S. Narkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Culture Sensitivity

Background: Antibiotic resistance is exponentially increasing worldwide. Irrational prescription of antibiotic treatment contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance. Appropriate antibiotic use is vital in reducing the mortality caused by bacterial infections. Third generation cephalosporins are now considered as the backbone of antibiotic therapy for treatment of serious infections including those in hospitalized patients. These drugs are the commonly prescribed ꞵ-lactam antibiotics even before culture sensitivity reports arrive. Generation of resistance has been a growing concern for all clinicians and must be avoided at all costs. This drug utilization study was undertaken to understand the growing resistance acquired by the organisms against cephalosporins caused due to the superfluous and unrestrained use of cephalosporins in the medical wards of our institution. Objective: The study objectives were to assess: The cephalosporins generation which was most commonly prescribed The relevance of cephalosporins generations used in various diseases The shift or addition of other antimicrobials upon failure of cephalosporins treatment Methods: This was an observational study done amongst 350 patients admitted in infection wards of Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune over a period of one year between January 2019 to December 2019 after obtaining institutional ethical clearance. Data was analyzed and values were presented descriptively in number and percentage form. Results: Maximum usage of third generation cephalosporin was seen with ceftriaxone being the most commonly prescribed third generation cephalosporin in parenteral form (59.43%). Gender analysis revealed that males (60.28%) were prescribed more cephalosporins as compared to females (39.71%), whereas, frequent usage was seen in the age group 61 – 70 years. Bacteriological investigations were done in only 103 (29.42%) cases following which shift or addition of other antimicrobials was seen in 13 (3.71%) cases. Metronidazole was the most frequently co-prescribed with cephalosporins. Conclusion: Our study revealed extensive usage of third generation cephalosporin and the treatment regimens implemented in majority of the cases were without prior culture sensitivity test leading to irrational prescribing. Our study, along with the various other studies, would help in taking the corrective measures to curb the unnecessary use of antibiotics, and framing the guidelines for the doctors prescribing them.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Factors Contributing to Antibiotic Resistance in China: A Panel Data Analysis

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 994
Author(s):  
Xuemei Zhen ◽  
Jingchunyu Chen ◽  
Xueshan Sun ◽  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Shasha Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Physician Density ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Economic Zones

The relationship between socioeconomic factors and antibiotic resistance (ABR) prevalence remains a knowledge gap in China. In this study, our aim was to examine the association between ABR prevalence and socioeconomic factors across 30 provinces in mainland China. We used two measures of level of ABR: the proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCREC), and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (3GCRKP), and the aggregate resistance. The data of ABR prevalence, education, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure, physician density, hospital bed density, and public toilet density during 2014 and 2018 in 30 provinces in mainland China were included. We examined the association between ABR prevalence and potential contributing socioeconomic factors using panel data modeling. In addition, we explored this relationship in the eastern, central, and western economic zones. Our results indicated that GDP per capita was significantly positively correlated with ABR in mainland China and the eastern economic zone; however, significantly positive associations did not exist in the central and western economic zones. Surprisingly, both higher GDP per capita and higher OOP health expenditure were associated with a higher level of MRSA, but a lower level of 3GCREC; higher physician density was associated with a lower level of MRSA, but a higher level of 3GCREC. In addition, ABR prevalence presented a decline trend during 2014 and 2018. Our study highlights that intervention measures tackling the development and spread of ABR in mainland China must better recognize and address the importance of social and economic determinants.

A UK-based survey of cat owners’ perceptions and experiences of antibiotic usage

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Stallwood ◽  
Alex Shirlow ◽  
Angie Hibbert
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Veterinary Antibiotic

Objectives The aim of this study was to explore owners’ knowledge of antibiotics, experience of antibiotic use in their cats and involvement in decision-making regarding antibiotic prescriptions. Methods Cat owners were recruited via social media and veterinary practices to complete a survey designed to evaluate general knowledge of antibiotics, attitudes to antibiotic stewardship and experiences of antibiotic use in their own cat between November 2017 and March 2018. Data were analysed descriptively. Results A total of 1436 surveys were completed; 247 respondents (17.2%) had a veterinary background. The majority of the remaining respondents correctly identified that antibiotics treat bacterial infections (84.0%; n = 999) but do not treat viral infections (72.8%; n = 865). A minority (n = 338; 28.4%) agreed that antibiotic resistance was a problem in cats in the UK; 92.3% (n = 1097) identified that resistance was a problem in human medicine. Seventy percent (n = 832) of the respondents’ cats had received antibiotics; 29.6% (n = 246) received a long-acting injectable antibiotic (14 days’ duration). Diagnostic tests were performed before antibiotic prescription in 38.7% (n = 322) of cats; 1.4% (n = 7) of respondents reported declining suggested tests and 65.8% (n = 778) indicated that they would be happy to pay for diagnostic tests to allow selection of the most appropriate antibiotic. Most respondents (95.8%; n = 792) indicated that they were happy to follow their veterinarian’s advice and recommendations; however, 49.2% (n = 405) had expected antibiotics to be prescribed. Conclusions and relevance Cat owners demonstrated good knowledge of antibiotic action; however, greater owner education regarding the potential for veterinary antibiotic resistance, requirement for diagnostic testing and training in the administration of oral medication with first-line antibiotics, as well as the use of veterinary antibiotic guidelines, will improve antibiotic stewardship. Good communication between veterinarians and owners is necessary for rational antibiotic use.

scholarly journals Sphingomonas paucimobilis bacteremia from multiple clinical samples in a nosocomial infection in Erbil City

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allaa Aldilemi ◽  
Fattma A. Ali ◽  
. Susan F. Kh. AlSudani ◽  
Payam A. Othman ◽  
Bnar H. Nuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Sphingomonas Paucimobilis ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background:  Sphingomonas paucimobilis is a gram-negative pathogen that causes urinary tract infections, diarrhea, septicemia, and wound infections. Due to the spread of patients with high mortality but low mortality in Sphingomonas paucimobilis, it has been isolated from different clinical samples and is increasing antibiotic resistance all over the world.   Objectives: The aim of our research was to look at the epidemiology, antibiotic susceptibility series, and pathogenic potential of clinical samples from Erbil's Rizgary and Raparin hospitals.   Materials and Methods: A total of 2582 samples were reviewed from different clinical samples from Rizgary Hospital and Raparin Hospital from male and female, we found 24 Sphingomonas paucimobilis isolates, identified by using microscopical, morphological, biochemical tests and Vitek2 compact system according to the standard protocol against Ampicillin/Sulbactam, Cefazolin, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, Imipenem, Tobramycin, Ciprofloxacin, Lev- ofloxacin, Trimethoprim. using Vitek 2 compact system. Results: 24 total positive results of Sphingomonas paucimobilis isolated from 2582 different clinical specimens the highest percentage of Sphingomonas paucimobilis was isolated from female samples (65%) while from male (35%) wen performing antibiotic susceptibility the highest resistance rate was Trimethoprim (66.66%), followed by To bramycin (50%), Ciprofloxacin (50%) and Levofloxacin (41.66%), respectively in contrast the highest effective antibiotic against Sphingomonas paucimobilis was Cefepime (75%), Imipenem (75%), followed by Ceftriaxone (66.66%), Ceftazidime (66.66%), Cefazolin (66.66%), Ampicillin/Sulbactam (66.66%) Conclusion: Morbidity attribute to antibiotic resistance to third generation cephalosporin resistant, Sphingomonas paucimobilis resistant is significant, if prevailing resistance trends continue, high societal and economic costs can be expected. Better management of antibiotic use, and infection control is needed to avoid infections that caused by drug resistant pathogens like Sphingomonas paucimobilis.  

Prevalence of Fluroquinolone and Third-Generation Cephalosporin Resistance among the Patients With Urinary Tract Infection Due to Escherichia Coli

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (Number 1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Chowdhury MJ ◽  
Faruque CMO ◽  
Noor J ◽  
Rouf CM ◽  
Hossain MM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) has become the most frequent bacterial infections worldwide. It is well established that Escherichia coli is the predominant cause of UTI. The aim of our study was to evaluate the rates of resistance to fluroquinolone and third generation cephalosporin among the patients with UTI due to E.Coli and to assess the potential correlation between both trends. Methods: The study was a cross sectional observational study conducted at the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in collaboration with Department of Microbiology of Sylhet Women’s Medical College and Hospital from 1st July 2019 to 30th June 2020. Results: A total of 246 urine samples were collected from patients with UTI followed by isolation and identification of E.coli strains. Antibiotic sensitivity and resistance analysis was performed by the disc diffusion method employing multiple antibiotic discs. The sensitivity was monitored by zone of inhibition around the disc. Overall rates of resistance to fluroquinolone and third generation cephalosporin were 70.31% and 65.10% respectively. The rates of co-resistance to both fluroquinolone and third generation cephalosporin was 53.13%. Conclusion: Our study suggests that fluroquinolone should be reserved and third generation cephalosporin should be used with caution among patients with E.coli.

scholarly journals The Mortality Burden of Multidrug-resistant Pathogens in India: A Retrospective, Observational Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumanth Gandra ◽  
Katie K Tseng ◽  
Anita Arora ◽  
Bhaskar Bhowmik ◽  
Matthew L Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
Hospital Study

Abstract Background The threat posed by antibiotic resistance is of increasing concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as their rates of antibiotic use increase. However, an understanding of the burden of resistance is lacking in LMICs, particularly for multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Methods We conducted a retrospective, 10-hospital study of the relationship between MDR pathogens and mortality in India. Patient-level antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) results for Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. were analyzed for their association with patient mortality outcomes. Results We analyzed data on 5103 AST results from 10 hospitals. The overall mortality rate of patients was 13.1% (n = 581), and there was a significant relationship between MDR and mortality. Infections with MDR and extensively drug resistant (XDR) E. coli, XDR K. pneumoniae, and MDR A. baumannii were associated with 2–3 times higher mortality. Mortality due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was significantly higher than susceptible strains when the MRSA isolate was resistant to aminoglycosides. Conclusions This is one of the largest studies undertaken in an LMIC to measure the burden of antibiotic resistance. We found that MDR bacterial infections pose a significant risk to patients. While consistent with prior studies, the variations in drug resistance and associated mortality outcomes by pathogen are different from those observed in high-income countries and provide a baseline for studies in other LMICs. Future research should aim to elucidate the burden of resistance and the differential transmission mechanisms that drive this public health crisis.

scholarly journals Associations of facility-level antibiotic use and hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile infection in US acute-care hospitals, 2012–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Sophia V. Kazakova ◽  
James Baggs ◽  
Sarah H. Yi ◽  
Sujan C. Reddy ◽  
Kelly M. Hatfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Care ◽  
Acute Care Hospitals ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Hospital Level ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection ◽  
Facility Level

Abstract Previously reported associations between hospital-level antibiotic use and hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile infection (HO-CDI) were reexamined using 2012–2018 data from a new cohort of US acute-care hospitals. This analysis revealed significant positive associations between total, third-generation, and fourth-generation cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, carbapenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam use and HO-CDI rates, confirming previous findings.

scholarly journals Rational Use of Antibiotics – A Point Prevalence Study Carried out at a Tertiary Hospital in South-South Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Okechukwu Chioma
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Point Prevalence ◽  
Prescribing Patterns ◽  
Prevalence Study ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Point Prevalence Study ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Rational Use Of Antibiotics

Introduction: The burden of antibiotic resistance in the hospitals and communities is progressively worsening hence the critical need to put into practice all the key components of rational use of antibiotics in our daily patient interactions. This paper aims to highlight the problem of antibiotic resistance, the importance of rational use of antibiotics and to show an on the spot sketch of the antibiotic use pattern among in-patients in the children wards in a tertiary hospital. Methodology: A brief review of the existing literature on antibiotic resistance and the rational use of antibiotics was done. A one-day cross-sectional point prevalence study was conducted in the children wards in UPTH and all children receiving antibiotics on that day, identified. The prevalence of antibiotic use was determined by dividing the number of inpatients on antibiotics at the time of the survey by the total number of patients on admission. Data were presented in percentages using pie and bar charts. Results: There were a total of 40 children on admission in the paediatric wards with a Male: Female ratio of 1.2:1. 34 (85.0%) of the children on admission were receiving at least one antibiotic. The most common route of administration of the antibiotics was the intravenous route (94.1%). The five most commonly prescribed antibiotics in the children medical wards and the emergency ward were Ceftriaxone, Gentamycin, Cefuroxime, Metronidazole and Crystalline penicillin, while the five most common antibiotics prescribed in the special care baby unit were Gentamycin, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Metronidazole and Ofloxacin. Only 10 (29.4%) out of children receiving antibiotics had a microbiology culture result available, and 4 were receiving antibiotics in line with the culture sensitivity pattern. Two (5.9%) children had a multidrug-resistant infection. Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of antibiotic use among inpatients and low utilization of microbiology culture results in the choice of antibiotics in a tertiary hospital in South-south Nigeria. Antibiotic prescribing patterns among healthcare workers should be improved upon by training and retraining of personnel as well as strict adherence to antibiotic prescription guidelines.

scholarly journals Official statements of the board of experts on the use of topical thiamphenicol in patients with communityacquired respiratory infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-196
Author(s):  
Sergey N. Avdeev ◽  
T.I. Garashchenko ◽  
N.A. Geppe ◽  
I.A. Dronov ◽  
Andrey A. Zaitsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Potential Use

Currently, there is a steady growth antimicrobial resistance (AMP) worldwide. This is especially true now when antibiotic use has become uncontrolled due to its use in COVID-19 treatment regimens. Antibiotics do not have antiviral effect, their appointment is justified only with complicated forms of COVID-19. Moreover, such a massive use antibiotics creates the prerequisites for the formation antibiotic resistance, including among the causative agents of community-acquired infections. Due to the relentless the growth of antibiotic resistance of community-acquired pathogens of respiratory diseases, it becomes necessary to revise approaches to antibacterial therapy (ABT) and assessing the potential use of thiamphenicol for the treatment of community-acquired infections caused by respiratory pathogens.

scholarly journals Stemming the tide of antibiotic resistance by exploiting bacteriophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Michael J Love ◽  
Renwick C J Dobson ◽  
Craig Billington
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines ◽  
Future Supply

The growing prevalence of antibiotic resistance is a global crisis. It is predicted that by 2050, antibiotic resistance-related deaths will exceed by 10 million per year. Thus, there is an urgent need for alternative strategies that can either replace or supplement antibiotic use. Bacteriophages and their encoded lytic proteins, called endolysins, have both shown promise as antibiotic alternatives. Bacteriophages were first investigated as therapeutics nearly a century ago, but the success of antibiotics led to phage therapy being largely abandoned in Western medicine until recently. While sporadic reports of life-saving successes in the ad hoc use of phage therapy have emerged, properly designed, robust clinical trials and clear regulatory guidelines are required before the true potential of phage therapy can be realized. In addition, despite endolysin research still being in its infancy, the early successes of endolysin-based therapeutics already entering clinical trials are an exciting glimpse into the future. No stone can be left unturned in the discovery and development of novel therapeutics if we are to ensure a future supply of effective treatments for bacterial infections.

scholarly journals Comparison of beta-lactamase genes in clinical and food bacterial isolates in India

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (08) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd. Shahid ◽  
Abida Malik ◽  
Mohd. Adil ◽  
Noor Jahan ◽  
Ritu Malik
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of human disease-causing enteric bacteria on raw vegetables, fruits, meats, and milk products sold in Indian markets. The study further aimed to analyze antibiotic resistance rates and the presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaAmpC. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-three food-borne and 23 clinical isolates were compared for antibiotic resistance rates and the presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaAmpC. Swabs were taken from unwashed and washed food items, as well as from some chopped food specimens, and inoculated on appropriate culture medium. Bacterial isolates were identified, antibiotic susceptibility was performed, and bla genes were detected by PCR. RESULTS: Thirty-eight bacterial isolates were obtained from the food specimens, of which 36 (94.7%) were Gram-negative and two (5.3%) were Gram-positive bacterial species. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent (52.6%; 20/38) bacterial species isolated, followed by Citrobacter koseri (18.4%; 7/38). In food isolates, the majority of the isolates were resistant to gentamicin (33.3%) followed by amikacin (11.1%). Resistance to a third-generation cephalosporin was noticed in only 5.6% isolates. However, in clinical isolates, maximal resistance was noticed against third-generation cephalosporins followed by ofloxacin in 91.3% and 86.9% isolates, respectively, and resistance to gentamicin and amikacin was noticed in 78.3% and 52.2% isolates, respectively. The presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaAmpC in clinical isolates was noticed in 52.2%, 60.9%, 21.7%, and 43.5%, respectively. None of the isolates from food showed the presence of any of the above-cited genes. CONCLUSIONS: Probably bla genes have not yet disseminated to raw-food vegetation in India.

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