sex characteristics
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinchuan Li ◽  
Panpan Mi ◽  
Jiabao Wu ◽  
Yunge Tang ◽  
Xiaohua Liu ◽  
...  

Leydig cells (Lc), located in the interstitial space of the testis between seminiferous tubules, produce 95% of testosterone in male individuals, which is pivotal for male sexual differentiation, spermatogenesis, and maintenance of the male secondary sex characteristics. Lc are prone to senescence in aging testes, resulting in compromised androgen synthesis capability upon aging. However, little is known about whether Lc undergo senescence in a chronic inflammatory environment. To investigate this question, mouse models of experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) were used, and Lc were analyzed by high throughput scRNA-Seq. Data were screened and analyzed by correlating signaling pathways with senescence, apoptosis, androgen synthesis, and cytokine/chemokine signaling pathways. EAO did induce Lc senescence, and Lc senescence in turn antagonized androgen synthesis. Based on the correlation screening of pathways inducing Lc senescence, a plethora of pathways were found to play potential roles in triggering Lc senescence during EAO, among which the Arf6 and angiopoietin receptor pathways were highly correlated with senescence signature. Notably, complement and interstitial fibrosis activated by EAO worsened Lc senescence and strongly antagonized androgen synthesis. Furthermore, most proinflammatory cytokines enhanced both senescence and apoptosis in Lc and spermatogonia (Sg) during EAO, and proinflammatory cytokine antagonism of the glutathione metabolism pathway may be key in inducing cellular senescence during EAO.


2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
Hong Yi ◽  
Qixiu Ren ◽  
...  

Introduction: Iatrogenic factor is one of the recognized causes for premature ovarian insufficiency. The aim of this case report was to present a rare case with premature ovarian insufficiency and 46, XY karyotype after bone marrow transplant (BMT) for thalassaemia major at childhood. We also reviewed some relevant literature in this report.Case Presentation: A 17-year-old girl was presented with primary amenorrhea and premature ovarian insufficiency after receiving chemotherapy and BMT from her brother due to thalassaemia major at childhood. She had poor secondary sex characteristics, assessed as stage I for the development of breasts and external genitalia based on the Tanner scale. Transabdominal ultrasound showed small uterus with visible endometrial lining and small ovaries. Laboratory data showed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism profile with low level of estrogen and high level of follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH). Patient's peripheral lymphocytes karyotype was 46, XY.Conclusions: This case was diagnosed as a chemotherapy induced premature ovarian insufficiency. Patient's peripheral lymphocytes karyotype (46, XY) after she received BMT from a male donor was a misleading finding, and the case could be easily misdiagnosed as Swyer syndrome. A correct diagnosis in such cases should depend not only on the recent clinical findings, but also on the detailed medical history. To prevent premature ovarian insufficiency in similar cases, fertility preservation should be offered to girls before they receive chemotherapy, total body irradiation and BMT.


Gerontology ◽  
2022 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ayako Takaesu ◽  
Kazuhiko Hanashiro ◽  
Koshi Nakamura

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Evidence for what diseases occur more commonly in older people from a poor residential environment (PRE) is limited. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> We investigated characteristics, especially the underlying reason (disease) for visiting an emergency department (ED), of older people from a PRE in ED settings. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A cross-sectional study was conducted on people aged ≥65 years who presented to the EDs of 2 hospitals in Okinawa, Japan, between 2015 and 2019. PRE cases were identified by searching relevant words, such as a house overflowing with garbage from hoarding or housing squalor (<i>gomi-yashiki</i> in Japanese), in electric medical records. Controls (2 controls per case) were randomly selected from those without a PRE, with both living at home and matching each PRE case for age and sex. Characteristics of interest between cases and controls were compared using a χ<sup>2</sup> test. <b><i>Results:</i></b> PRE cases (<i>n</i> = 67), compared with controls (<i>n</i> = 134), were more often transported by ambulance (79.1% vs. 61.9%; <i>p</i> = 0.01). A family member or relative (43.4%) or professional supporter (20.8%) called an ambulance for most PRE cases. PRE cases were more likely to visit the ED due to injury/fracture (16.4% vs. 8.2%), rhabdomyolysis (11.9% vs. 1.5%), undernutrition/dehydration (10.4% vs. 1.5%), and cancer (9.0% vs. 5.2%) than controls (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). PRE cases had a higher prevalence of being underweight (35.4% vs. 14.9%), dementia (41.8% vs. 16.4%), decubitus ulcer (29.9% vs. 8.2%), living alone (73.1% vs. 23.1%), and receiving public welfare assistance (35.8% vs. 9.0%) than controls (all <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In EDs, older people from a PRE exhibited certain diseases and characteristics.


2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 3111
Author(s):  
K. V. Omelyanenko ◽  
A. Yu. Gorshkov ◽  
A. A. Fedorovich ◽  
A. I. Korolev ◽  
V. A. Dadaeva ◽  
...  

Aim. To study sex characteristics of cutaneous microvascular structure and function in a cohort of healthy working-age people without cardiovascular diseases.Material and methods. The study included 35 healthy men (42±4 years) and 34 women (41 ±5 years). The cardiovascular system was assessed in all patients. The microcirculatory bed of the skin was investigated by the following non-invasive methods: 1) computerized video capillaroscopy; 2) laser Doppler flowmetry; 3) photoplethysmography.Results. According to computerized video capillaroscopy in men, compared with women, there was a smaller number of both functioning capillaries (78 vs 86 capillaries/mm2, respectively (p<0,05)) and their total number (100 vs 120 capillaries/mm2, respectively (p<0,001)). Against the background of a decrease in capillary density in men, there was a higher skin interstitial hydration — 113 vs 96 gm (p<0,005) in men than in women. At the level of precapillary arterioles, where humoral tone regulation prevails. Laser Doppler flowmetry revealed lower pulse amplitude in men than in women — 0,87 vs 1,02 pf, respectively (p<0,05), which indicates a lower arterial blood inflow to exchange microvessels. Against this background, the constrictor response of precapillary arterioles to a sympathetic nervous system stimulation in men is higher than in women — 45% vs 40%, respectively (p<0,05). At the level of large arterioles, where neural tone regulation prevails, photoplethysmography revealed lower augmentation index standardized at a heart rate in men (-4,6 vs 1,7%, respectively, p<0,05), which indicates lower rigidity of muscular vessels in men.Conclusion. In working-age healthy people, sex differences are noted at all cutaneous microvascular levels, which must be taken into account when planning studies.


2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (G) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Wahyu Rima Agustin ◽  
Wahyuningsih Safitri ◽  
Dyan Kurniasari ◽  
Setiyawan Setiyawan ◽  
Atiek Murharyati ◽  
...  

Abstract BACKGROUND: Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a reduction in chronic renal function that leads to non-reversible and progressive kidney tissue damage. Blood pressure is a major risk factor that can increase the mortality rate by up to 20 times in patients with chronic renal failure who are undergoing hemodialysis therapy. Intradialytic exercise is an intervention that can be used to control systolic blood pressure. AIM: This study was to analyze the effect of intradialytic exercise on changes in blood pressure in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis therapy at Indriati Solo Baru Hospital. METHODS: The research method is quasi-experimental design pre-post with control group design. The study population was 97 dialysis patients. The sampling technique used a purposive sampling of 30 people. Data analysis using Paired t-Test. RESULTS: The research results showed  that the sex characteristics of most respondents were male as many as 17 people (56.7%), the average age of the respondents was 51.03 years, the pre-intervention in the control group obtained an average systolic blood pressure of 168.93 mmHg and 106 diastole, 120 mmHg, while the blood pressure in the control group post was 173.13 mmHg systole and 107 mmHg diastoles. In the treatment group, the average blood pressure in the pre-intradialytic exercise showed 162.20 mmHg systole and 104.27 mmHg diastole, while the post-intradialytic exercise system blood pressure was 153.13 mmHg and diastole 94.33 mmHg. CONCLUSION: There is an effect of intradialytic exercise on changes in blood pressure in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis therapy at Indriati Solo Baru Hospital with a p-value of 0.025. Intradialytic exercise can be recommended as structured physical exercise therapy for hemodialysis therapy patients.   KEYWORDS: intradialytic exercise, chronic renal failure, patients, changes in blood pressure, hemodialysis


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Liu ◽  
Wenyuan Shi ◽  
Lin Huang ◽  
Guizhong Wang ◽  
Zhihuang Zhu ◽  
...  

Crustacean female sex hormone (CFSH) plays a pivotal role in the development of secondary sex characteristics in dioecious crustaceans. However, until now the knowledge concerning its functions in hermaphroditic species is scanty. Herein, we explored the function of CFSH (Lvit-CFSH1a) in the peppermint shrimp Lysmata vittata, a species characterized by a rare reproductive system of protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism (PSH). Lvit-CFSH1a cDNA was 1,220-bp in length with a 720-bp ORF encoded a polypeptide of 239-aa. RT-PCR showed that Lvit-CFSH1a was exclusively expressed in the eyestalk ganglion. For female physiology, it was found that Lvit-CFSH1a was indispensable for the development of female gonopores, but it might not involve vitellogenesis of the species. For male physiology, Lvit-CFSH1a suppressed Lvit-IAG2 expression in short-term silencing experiment and recombinant protein injection experiment, but did not affect male sexual differentiation in long-term silencing experiment. In addition, silencing the Lvit-CFSH1a gene impeded individual growth in L. vittata.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e001257
Author(s):  
Martin Gramc ◽  
Jürg Streuli ◽  
Eva de Clercq

BackgroundIn 2006 the Chicago consensus statement on the management of people with variations of sex characteristics (VSC) acknowledged the importance of a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach. The consensus update from 2016 reinforced the call for multidisciplinary collaborations between medical professionals, parents and support groups, and proposed guidelines to improve shared decision making and patient-centred care embedded in ethical principles of self-determination and child participation. But there is little evidence that successfully MDTs have been implemented in clinical practice.Methods and aimsA scoping review was conducted to identify studies that address the collaboration and decision making process of MDTs providing care of people with VSC to identify ideal and actual (1) team composition; (2) models of collaboration and (3) ethical principles that MDTs follow. Six databases were systematically searched: CINAHIL, Medline, Psychinfo, Scopus, Socindex and Web of Science. No restriction was placed on the type of methodology used in the studies. To frame the research, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses was used.ResultsThe MDTs in the literature include mainly medical professionals: endocrinologists, urologists and surgeons. The collaboration among medical professionals in MDTs lacks cooperation as one team member sets the tasks of the team while each professional works separately. Despite the importance of psycho-social support the involvement of psychologists remains secondary. The implementation of ethical principles tends to exclude people with VSC.ConclusionThe care of people with VSC described in the papers is medically oriented as the team members are mainly medical professionals working separately. MDT tend to exclude people with VSC despite references to shared decision making processes and informed consent. There was no mention of adult care and lack of inclusion of patient’s perspective in the care process. The future research should do more empirical research of MDTs.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Andrew Smith ◽  
Kristin Kostka ◽  
David J Beard ◽  
Andrew J Carr ◽  
Jonathan L Rees ◽  
...  

Objectives To examine temporal trends in incidence of arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASAD) surgery internationally during conduct and after publication of placebo controlled trials finding no evidence of meaningful benefit of ASAD for shoulder impingement. Design Observational study of incidence rates. Setting Large routinely collected datasets were used: outpatient data from Belgium and UK, and insurance claims and outpatient data from US. UK data were from Clinical Practice Research Datalink and Belgium and US data were from IQVIA. US and UK data spanned 2005 - 2019 and Belgium data 2011 - 2019. Participants Patients were eligible for inclusion in the study if they had at least one visit recorded in the database in a given year and cases were defined as patients undergoing ASAD for the first time in their records in a given year. Outcome measures We calculated incidence of ASAD over time, overall and stratified by age and sex. Characteristics of patients undergoing ASAD were also assessed over time. Results UK incidence has fallen since a peak of 4.7 per 10,000 person years in 2011 (when the CSAW trial began) to 1.8 in 2019. US incidence shows no clear pattern and remains consistently higher than the UK, at 11.5 per 100,000 person years in 2019. Changes in incidence patterns were similar across different age groups and sexes. The number of cases in Belgium was too small for meaningful conclusions. Conclusions We found ASAD rates have fallen in the UK during conduct and after publication of two large surgical RCTs from the UK and Finland that questioned the effectiveness of ASAD for shoulder impingement. A similar impact on clinical practice has not been seen in US. Further work to understand the barriers or concerns preventing international uptake of high quality evidence into clinical practice is needed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-103
Author(s):  
V. A. Peterkova ◽  
I. L. Alimova ◽  
E. B. Bashnina ◽  
O. B. Bezlepkina ◽  
N. V. Bolotova ◽  
...  

The precocious puberty is an urgent problem of pediatric endocrinology characterized by clinical and pathogenetic heterogeneity. The appearance of secondary sex characteristics before the age of 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys requires timely diagnosis and the appointment of pathogenetically justified treatment in order to achieve the target indicators of final growth and prevent social deprivation. The developed clinical guidelines are the main working tool of the practitioner. They briefly and structurally present the main information about the epidemiology and modern classification of рrecocious puberty, methods of its diagnosis and treatment based on the principles of evidence-based medicine.


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