EFFECTS OF THE TRIPLE SPLIT WINDOW SCREEN ON VISUAL PRIVACY AND VIEW IN THE RESIDENTIAL LIVING SPACE

In order to examine the effect of the translucent level of each layer on the visual privacy and the view when the window equipment is divided into three sections, the subject experiment was carried out. It was found that “visibility from inside” and “estimated visibility from outside” were proportional to each other regardless of the window equipment condition. The relationship between “visibility from inside” and “estimated visibility from outside” was affected by the shielding position of the window equipment, and it was revealed that the clearer the view from the middle layer, the more privacy could be secured. In addition, it was suggested that opening the lower level of the window rather than the upper level would ensure both privacy and view.

The Adaptive Reuse of Warehouse and Factory Buildings into Residential Living Spaces in Wellington, New Zealand

<p>Adaptive reuse does not only mean successfully putting new uses into an old shell. At best the impression is given that a building at the moment of its conversion has finally achieved its true destiny. Constructed during the industrial era, often utilitarian and non-descript in their design, warehouse and factory buildings were constructed to store and manufacture goods. Upon their obsolescence, due to containerisation, the closure of business, and subsequent dereliction through disrepair or disuse, these largely structurally sound buildings were left vacant until a cultural movement began in America, converting them into living and studio spaces. The adaptive reuse of these buildings resulted in a new programme, which was to provide residence and ‘store’ people. Much later, in the 1990s this movement spread to Wellington, New Zealand. This delay raises the issue of what makes a successful conversion of a warehouse or factory building to loft-style living space, and through which architectural approaches, criteria and methods may we examine these buildings? This thesis first examines pioneering examples of loft and warehouse living in SoHo, New York, from the initial subversive beginnings of the movement, when artists illegally occupied these spaces. It looks at the gentrification of neighbourhoods and how the loft eventually emerged as a highly sought after architectural living space, first in SoHo, New York before spreading globally to Wellington, New Zealand. Four Wellington warehouse and factory buildings that were converted into residential living spaces are examined and compared. The aim is to understand the conversion process and necessary strategies required to instil a new architectural programme within an existing warehouse or factory building, recognising the unique conditions in such converted architectural spaces. A reused, converted warehouse or former factory can acquire characteristics unique to that building: a certain patina of age, a residue of industrial history, imbedded qualities of surface, a unique architectural structure, as well as the location of the building itself. The case studies show how these imbedded characteristics, can be preserved when the building is converted, thereby retaining the building’s former history while providing a new function. This thesis then analyses whether any commonalities and differences in warehouse and factory living existed between Wellington and SoHo New York, in terms of the evolution of the cultural movement and architectural design. The thesis shows that successful approaches to conversion of factories or warehouses can both save the buildings from demolition, preserve and highlight their heritage and create an architecturally unique space, with inherent qualities that cannot be recreated in a new building. Thus, only upon conversion, can the building gain a sense that it has achieved its true destiny.</p>

The Adaptive Reuse of Warehouse and Factory Buildings into Residential Living Spaces in Wellington, New Zealand

<p>Adaptive reuse does not only mean successfully putting new uses into an old shell. At best the impression is given that a building at the moment of its conversion has finally achieved its true destiny. Constructed during the industrial era, often utilitarian and non-descript in their design, warehouse and factory buildings were constructed to store and manufacture goods. Upon their obsolescence, due to containerisation, the closure of business, and subsequent dereliction through disrepair or disuse, these largely structurally sound buildings were left vacant until a cultural movement began in America, converting them into living and studio spaces. The adaptive reuse of these buildings resulted in a new programme, which was to provide residence and ‘store’ people. Much later, in the 1990s this movement spread to Wellington, New Zealand. This delay raises the issue of what makes a successful conversion of a warehouse or factory building to loft-style living space, and through which architectural approaches, criteria and methods may we examine these buildings? This thesis first examines pioneering examples of loft and warehouse living in SoHo, New York, from the initial subversive beginnings of the movement, when artists illegally occupied these spaces. It looks at the gentrification of neighbourhoods and how the loft eventually emerged as a highly sought after architectural living space, first in SoHo, New York before spreading globally to Wellington, New Zealand. Four Wellington warehouse and factory buildings that were converted into residential living spaces are examined and compared. The aim is to understand the conversion process and necessary strategies required to instil a new architectural programme within an existing warehouse or factory building, recognising the unique conditions in such converted architectural spaces. A reused, converted warehouse or former factory can acquire characteristics unique to that building: a certain patina of age, a residue of industrial history, imbedded qualities of surface, a unique architectural structure, as well as the location of the building itself. The case studies show how these imbedded characteristics, can be preserved when the building is converted, thereby retaining the building’s former history while providing a new function. This thesis then analyses whether any commonalities and differences in warehouse and factory living existed between Wellington and SoHo New York, in terms of the evolution of the cultural movement and architectural design. The thesis shows that successful approaches to conversion of factories or warehouses can both save the buildings from demolition, preserve and highlight their heritage and create an architecturally unique space, with inherent qualities that cannot be recreated in a new building. Thus, only upon conversion, can the building gain a sense that it has achieved its true destiny.</p>

Formation Architecture: Interactive Vertical Community

<div>High-density residential architecture under the influence of industrialization and mass production has developed a culture of design toward uniformity and standardization. This thesis deploys the parametrics approach to mass customization for a personalization culture in architecture. A systematic participatory design approach is developed to accommodate individual performance variability of the users and the changing demands of the social environment as part of the design solution. This design strategy allows the architect to balance the two separate forces of control between the collective and the individual, which transform the high-density residential living conditions from externally defined homogeneity towards individually initiated flexibility. A mixed-used vertical neighbourhood is designed to promote social intimacy and stability, and making the creation of community space an outcome of neighbourhood negotiation. The intention is to transform the monotonous and anonymous highdensity residential tower into a dynamic system that always maintains overall coherence. This personalization culture can incentivize people’s emotional connection with the physical environment and making architecture more sustainable by establishing an enduring relationship with the user. </div>

Formation Architecture: Interactive Vertical Community

<div>High-density residential architecture under the influence of industrialization and mass production has developed a culture of design toward uniformity and standardization. This thesis deploys the parametrics approach to mass customization for a personalization culture in architecture. A systematic participatory design approach is developed to accommodate individual performance variability of the users and the changing demands of the social environment as part of the design solution. This design strategy allows the architect to balance the two separate forces of control between the collective and the individual, which transform the high-density residential living conditions from externally defined homogeneity towards individually initiated flexibility. A mixed-used vertical neighbourhood is designed to promote social intimacy and stability, and making the creation of community space an outcome of neighbourhood negotiation. The intention is to transform the monotonous and anonymous highdensity residential tower into a dynamic system that always maintains overall coherence. This personalization culture can incentivize people’s emotional connection with the physical environment and making architecture more sustainable by establishing an enduring relationship with the user. </div>

Severe Clinical Outcomes Among Adults Hospitalized With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections, New York City, 2017-2019

Objectives Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in older adults. We assessed severe clinical outcomes among hospitalized adults that were associated with RSV infections. Methods We performed a nested retrospective study in 3 New York City hospitals during 2 respiratory viral seasons, October 2017–April 2018 and October 2018–April 2019, to determine the proportion of patients with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection who experienced severe outcomes defined as intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and/or death. We assessed factors associated with these severe outcomes and explored the effect of RSV-associated hospitalizations on changes in the living situations of surviving patients. Results Of the 403 patients studied (median age, 69 years), 119 (29.5%) were aged ≥80. Severe outcomes occurred in 19.1% of patients, including ICU admissions (16.4%), mechanical ventilation (12.4%), and/or death (6.7%). Patients admitted from residential living facilities had a 4.43 times higher likelihood of severe RSV infection compared with patients who were living in the community with or without assistance from family or home health aides. At discharge, 56 (15.1%) patients required a higher level of care than at admission. Conclusions RSV infection was associated with severe outcomes in adults. Living in a residential facility at admission was a risk factor for severe outcomes and could be a proxy for frailty rather than an independent risk factor. Our data support the development of prevention strategies for RSV infection in older populations, especially older adults living in residential living facilities.

Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town

Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.

The Impact of U.S. Housing Type and Residential Living Situations on Mental Health during COVID-19

Residential environments could be associated with the mental health of residents, in general, and during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, limited studies have investigated the relationship between these two. This study used data from the Household Pulse Survey, collected between 23 April 2020 and 23 November 2020 to explore the relationship between mental health status as perceived by the residents and housing tenure (own or rent), building type, and the number of household members, while accounting for sociodemographic characteristics, general health-related variables, and week-specific unobserved heterogeneities. The findings suggest that renters had higher odds of experiencing mental health issues than homeowners. Residents in multifamily housing units had higher odds of experiencing mental health problems than single-family units. Further, more people in the household were associated with lower odds of experiencing mental health episodes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Optimization of Furniture Configuration for Residential Living Room Spaces in Quality Elderly Care Communities of Macao

Living conditions in Macao are characterized by dense population, land shortage, and old residences, especially on the Macao Peninsula. This paper explores the demands and living conditions of different types of aged residents of the Youhan Community of Macau by questionnaire survey and research analysis. The demands and living conditions are then classified and summarized through quantitative analysis, and their correlations are identified. Based on ergonomics and the physical, psychological, and behavioral habits of aged people, issues are identified that require attention when configuring furniture for different types of aged people in their residential living spaces. Finally, by combining the demands of different types of aged people with the issues that need attention, several criteria on interior furniture configuration are proposed for different types of aged people. This paper presents a preliminarily quantifiable model for living room furniture configuration from the perspective of aged people.