Constitutional foundations and principles of the formation of a sovereign, secular, and democratic state in India: history and modernity

The purpose of the research was to study the fundamental provisions of the Constitution of India and the amendments made to it, which regulate the constitutional foundations and principles of the formation of a sovereign, secular, and democratic state. In addition, the article discusses the constitutional provisions relating to the acquisition of independence, the freedom of India, the formal establishment and consolidation of the fundamental rights and freedoms of its citizens and the abolition of the institution of untouchability. The study of the role and importance of the political and legal views of the leader of the national liberation movement, the philosopher and jurist Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in shaping the constitutional foundations and state structure of India is of some interest. The author used a complex of scientific methods to achieve the objective. It is concluded that the achievement of India's political independence, the declaration of equal rights and freedoms and the abolition of the untouchable caste in the state Constitution, is a significant contribution to the development of this country and a rapid step in increasing India's importance in the world.

Communication with the public of the Ukrainian SSR KGB in the conditions of glasnost policy (1987–1989)

The article analyzes the main directions and forms of external open communications of the Soviet secret services at the second stage of their reorganization in the Gorbachev Era. It shows the general tendencies of the state security bodies’ implementation of the principle of openness. It highlights the peculiarities of “publicity and democratization” expansion in the operational and service activities of the USSR KGB in the Perestroika period. It is substantiated that in the second half of the 1980s in the USSR there was a transformation of the “repressive-communicative” system with a gradual transition from monologic communication to dialogic communication. At the same time, it is shown that the publicity of the Soviet secret services in this transitional period was influenced by both the specifics of their work and the prevailing propaganda model of communication in the USSR. It is emphasized that at that time the public contacts of the state security bodies with the population had a pronounced propaganda character.It is proven that the KGB of the Ukrainian SSR considered open communications as an important tool for influencing and manipulating public opinion. At the same time, they were provided through public (work with the media, creative unions, public organizations, meetings with employees of enterprises, institutions, organizations, etc.) and personal channels (consideration of applications and reception of citizens).Among the main areas of the communicative interaction of the Soviet secret services in Ukraine, the article deals with the following: public discrediting of national liberation movement members; popularization of state security bodies through mass media and creative unions, in particular the role of press groups in information and propaganda support of state security bodies; participation in rehabilitation processes; work with citizens’ appeals.The leading forms of such activities were as follow: meetings with labor collectives, roundtable discussions, thematic evenings, public meetings, organization of excursions to departmental rooms-museums; participation of representatives of state security bodies in public events; publications in the press, release of TV and radio programs, feature and documentary films dedicated to the Soviet secret services, organization of press conferences; conducting a personal reception of citizens, and correspondence based on the results of consideration of appeals.

Public Resistance in the National Liberation Movement of Poles in Right-Bank Ukraine in the First Half of the 1860s (From the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine, Kyiv)

The article covers important manifestations and specifics of the protest culture of the Polish community within the South-Western region of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 1860s on the basis of analysis and synthesis of information from the documents of "Office of Kyiv, Podillya and Volyn Governor-General" (f.442) and "Office of the trustee of the Kiev school district" (f.707) of the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine (Kyiv). Defending one's own cultural identity as a driver of national development is connected with the awareness of the political interests and goals of the liberation struggle of Poles. The unique influence of the Polish question on historical processes, the configuration of international relations in Europe during the "long 19th century" determines the relevance and scientific significance of the study and thinking of the history of Polish national and cultural movement. Comprehensive study of the Polish question in the European history of the 19th century is an important part of the scientific perception of interethnic contradictions and antagonisms in the Russian Empire and the reaction of European diplomacy and public opinion, a deeper understanding of the essence of Russian-Polish cultural and civilizational confrontation and its impact on Ukrainian national life. Following the three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772, 1793, 1795) most of the territories of this formerly powerful European state were incorporated into the Russian Empire, there was a fierce struggle for cultural and ideological dominance in the region. The Polish national liberation movement of the 1860s, which culminated in the January Uprising of 1863-1864, developed against a background of broad social and cultural resistance to Russian autocracy, manifested in such protest actions as mourning and serving panikhads for dead Poles, singing patriotic Polish songs and hymns, public wearing of national costumes, participation in anti-government manifestations and demonstrations, refusal to read prayers for the emperor in churches, and so on. Clergy and educators, as well as students and pupils, were the driving force behind this protest movement, which had an international resonance

CONGRESSES HELD IN 1917 AND THE FORMATION OF THE TURKESTAN PROVINCIAL COUNCIL OF MUSLIMS

The article on a scientific basis investigates the historical significance of the four congresses of Muslims of Common Turkestan, which took place in 1917. The history of the struggle of the Turkestan progressives and Jadids for the status of the country'sautonomy, the activities of the national political organizations created under the Provisional Government in Tashkent, Samarkand and the Fergana Valley is highlighted. The goals and objectives of the societies "Shura Islamia" and"Shura Ulama" are analyzed. In the course of the research, the essence of the growing national liberation movement in the Bukhara Emirate and the Khiva Khanate was revealed. The life activity of progressive Jadids is also revealed through historical examples. It is scientifically substantiated that the formation of the Turkestan Autonomous Government was the greatest achievement of the country's enlighteners and intelligentsia during this period

The Origin and First Steps of the Yemeni Press (19th - mid-20th Centuries)

The article examined the origin and development of the Yemeni press. The article systematically analyzed the history of the Yemeni press, its origin its development trends. The establishment of the Yemeni press was taking place against the backdrop of the country's historical development under the influence of various political regimes, as well as political and social events that the Yemeni press went through, as it faced and interacted with national, social, and cultural events. The press covered the periods of ebb and flow that the national movement went through, the crises that the country and the people of Yemen went through during the periods of national movements, uprisings and revolutions. The article studied the history of the birth and the first steps of the Yemeni press (XIX — mid XX centuries) in what was known in North Yemen, South Yemen and "before the unity of Yemen" at various historical and political stages, up to the revolution, liberation and independence. In general, in an integrative structure that confirms the dialectical connection between journalism and the social, cultural, national and revolutionary movement, confirming the unity of the Yemeni land, people and destiny. The author concluded that the Yemeni press is one of the oldest in the Arab region and in many countries around the world, not to mention its prominent role in opposing the Turkish presence and imamate rule in northern Yemen, and British colonialism in southern Yemen, where the Yemeni press became the mouthpiece of the national liberation movement. However, mass communications in Yemen are primarily driven by political goals, they are usually influenced by political and economic circumstances, and international mass media coverage.

The idea of independence and freedom in the activities of Hasan Oraltay

Hasan Oraltay is a Kazakh figure abroad, researcher of the national liberation movement, historian, publicist, author of works in Turkish, Kazakh, English, German and other languages, honorary professor of the International Kazakh-Turkish University. He devoted all his life to serving for the benefit of the Kazakh people. In the 20th century, the Kazakhs of East Turkestan waged a liberation struggle for their freedom and independence. Hasan Oraltay wrote a chronicle of the life of the Kazakhs, persecuted by the totalitarian communist system in their homeland and gained freedom in the West. His writings highlight the history of the Alash national intelligentsia and all the pressing problems of Kazakhstan. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the fact that the article deals with the writer's and, as is known, the historical role of Hasan Oraltay, from the perspective that the Kazakhs of East Turkestan, picking a pen, declared the first swallow of the national liberation struggle to the world. Half a century ago, his first book was published in the Turkish city of Izmir “On the way to freedom. Kazakh Turks of East Turkestan”. Until the last period of his life, all works written and organised by him were devoted to urgent problems concerning the Kazakh people, for the Kazakh past and future. Radio Azattyk (RL/RFE) was the first to speak about the uprising of Kazakh youth against the Soviet system in December of 1986. Later, Hassan Oraltay published in the Western press various articles about the December events, collections and books, in which he assessed the protest mood in Soviet Kazakhstan. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that for 27 years of service in Azattyk, Hasan Oraltay constantly raised the urgent problems of Kazakhs in the Soviet Union. The study collected all information on the ideas of independence

Terrorism in Time and Space

The development of the capitalist mode of production, modern technological structures replacing each other, increasing social inequality and the gap in the standard of living of economically advanced and developing countries, the existing cultural and religious country differences revived to life at the beginning of the 21st century. At a new stage in developing the ideology of terrorism, which was popular at the second stage of developing the national liberation movement both in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century and foreign countries in the first half of the 20th century. An analysis of the reasons for the spread of this ideology is required. We raise the question of the main problems in the fight against terrorism in the modern world of globalization, leading to its failure.

SUPPRESSION OF NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS IN FERGANA REGION BY TURKESTAN MILITARY DISTRCT IN THE SECOND HALF OF XIX CENTURY

Fergana region had a very high position in the colonial system of the Russian empire in Turkestan. The most population in Turkestan lived in Fergana and the empire got a lot of profit from this region. But the national liberation movement in Fergana region had always been a big problem for the Turkestan colonial administration. The imperial government used the troops of the Turkestan Military District to keep public order and supression the uprisings in the region.

ISSUES OF PUBLIC POLITICAL LIFE OF AZERBAIJAN İN 1905-1907. Journals operating in 1905-1907.

The article reflects the process of formation of the socio-political thought of Azerbaijan and its rise to the level of national self-awareness. «Hayat», «Irshad», «Fuyuzat», «Molla Nasreddin», «Dirilik», «Achyk soz», «Istiglal» — functioned as progressive, democratic media in Northern Azerbaijan. The article emphasizes the importance of the media in the life of the Azerbaijani Turks. The subject of the research is the media leading to the ideals of the republic while maintaining the solidarity and national identity of the Turkic-Muslim population. The research is based on data from journal publications from 1905-1907, the main driving force of the national liberation movement in Azerbaijan.