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Author(s):  
Tijani Musari Abdulmusawir ◽  
Sani Felix Ayegba ◽  
Yahaya Musa Kayode ◽  
Eze Christian Chinemerem

This research work is aimed at bridging the knowledge gap between the most popular knowledge rich English language and the minority Ebira language spoken by the Ebira people, a minority ethnic group in part of Nigeria. Across the globe and on the internet, English language has become the most widely used language for knowledge dissemination. And presently, the majority of the indigenous people of Ebiral and also known as “Anebira” are still not proficient in their use of English language which as a result prevents them from gaining full knowledge disseminated in English language. Hence, the need to develop an automated Machine Translation System capable of translating English text to Ebira text which will help the people to tap from the abundant knowledge conveyed in English language for effective and fast development in their social, political, scientific, philosophical and economic areas of life. The system was designed to consolidate on human translators’ effort and not to replace them. A comprehensive study and analysis of the two languages was carried out with the help of Ebira native speakers in Ebiraland Kogi central and some professional English language tutors at FCE Okene. The knowledge gathered provided the basis for the design and testing of the rule base, inference engine, bilingual dictionary which are important components for the proposed automated system for translation of English text to Ebira text using PHP. Making use of the word in the bilingual dictionary, the system will successfully translate your English text to Ebira. The system was evaluated using one of the popular automatic method of evaluating MT systems BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy). And an accuracy of 81.5% in translation was achieved. An improved system in the future is recommended to accommodate more complex sentences for the more benefit of the good people of Enebira.


BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
André Flores-Bello ◽  
Neus Font-Porterias ◽  
Julen Aizpurua-Iraola ◽  
Sara Duarri-Redondo ◽  
David Comas

Abstract Background The general picture of human genetic variation has been vastly depicted in the last years, yet many populations remain broadly understudied. In this work, we analyze for the first time the Merchero population, a Spanish minority ethnic group that has been scarcely studied and historically persecuted. Mercheros have been roughly characterised by an itinerant history, common traditional occupations, and the usage of their own language. Results Here, we examine the demographic history and genetic scenario of Mercheros, by using genome-wide array data, whole mitochondrial sequences, and Y chromosome STR markers from 25 individuals. These samples have been complemented with a wide-range of present-day populations from Western Eurasia and North Africa. Our results show that the genetic diversity of Mercheros is explained within the context of the Iberian Peninsula, evidencing a modest signal of Roma admixture. In addition, Mercheros present low genetic isolation and intrapopulation heterogeneity. Conclusions This study represents the first genetic characterisation of the Merchero population, depicting their fine-scale ancestry components and genetic scenario within the Iberian Peninsula. Since ethnicity is not only influenced by genetic ancestry but also cultural factors, other studies from multiple disciplines are needed to further explore the Merchero population. As with Mercheros, there is a considerable gap of underrepresented populations and ethnic groups in publicly available genetic data. Thus, we encourage the consideration of more ethnically diverse population panels in human genetic studies, as an attempt to improve the representation of human populations and better reconstruct their fine-scale history.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Emma Lindgren ◽  
Josephine Sörenson ◽  
Carina Wattmo ◽  
Ingemar Kreholt ◽  
Katarina Nägga

Background: With a growing elderly population worldwide, the prevalence of dementia is rapidly increasing. Studies from high income countries have shown that belonging to a minority ethnic group increases the risk of health disadvantages. Objective: The aim of the present registry-based study was to identify potential differences in diagnostics, treatment, and care of individuals with dementia focusing on foreign-born in Sweden and the impact of country level socioeconomic position (SEP). Methods: The study was based on a large dataset from the Swedish Dementia Registry (SveDem) and the Swedish Tax Agency’s population registry. Data on demographic variables, cognitive tests, clinical assessments, medication, diagnosis, and interventions initiated at diagnosis were collected. Country level SEP was determined by country of birth as classified by World Bank Country and Lending groups. Results: Of 57,982 patients with dementia registered in SveDem, 7,171 (12.4%) were foreign-born. The foreign-born were significantly younger at diagnosis (p <  0.001), had a lower MMSE score (p <  0.001), lower odds of receiving a specific dementia diagnosis (p <  0.001), lower use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (p <  0.001), and overall a higher use of neuroleptics compared with the Swedish-born group. The lower SEP, the greater differences to Swedish-born were seen in many of the examined variables. Conclusion: There were significant differences in dementia diagnostics, treatment, and care between foreign-born and Swedish-born, a lower SEP indicating greater differences. Further research should focus on various socioeconomic aspects and health care outcomes for a more profound analysis of equity in dementia care.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Linda T. Betz ◽  
Nora Penzel ◽  
Marlene Rosen ◽  
Kamaldeep Bhui ◽  
Rachel Upthegrove ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Psychosis expression in the general population may reflect a behavioral manifestation of the risk for psychotic disorder. It can be conceptualized as an interconnected system of psychotic and affective experiences; a so-called ‘symptom network’. Differences in demographics, as well as exposure to adversities and risk factors, may produce substantial heterogeneity in symptom networks, highlighting potential etiological divergence in psychosis risk. Methods To explore this idea in a data-driven way, we employed a novel recursive partitioning approach in the 2007 English National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity (N = 7242). We sought to identify ‘network phenotypes’ by explaining heterogeneity in symptom networks through potential moderators, including age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, childhood abuse, separation from parents, bullying, domestic violence, cannabis use, and alcohol. Results Sex was the primary source of heterogeneity in symptom networks. Additional heterogeneity was explained by interpersonal trauma (childhood abuse and domestic violence) in women and domestic violence, cannabis use, ethnicity in men. Among women, especially those exposed to early interpersonal trauma, an affective loading within psychosis may have distinct relevance. Men, particularly those from minority ethnic groups, demonstrated a strong network connection between hallucinatory experiences and persecutory ideation. Conclusion Symptom networks of psychosis expression in the general population are highly heterogeneous. The structure of symptom networks seems to reflect distinct sex-related adversities, etiologies, and mechanisms of symptom-expression. Disentangling the complex interplay of sex, minority ethnic group status, and other risk factors may help optimize early intervention and prevention strategies in psychosis.


Paradigma ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fakhran Al Ramadhan

Racism is rooted from colonial era that the colonizer considers their race that is different and higher than others. It produces social inequality between colonizer and their colonized. The Kite Runner depicts the story of life in Afghanistan in the middle of the tribal conflicts and war; Hazaras, the minority ethnic group genocide done by the Pashtun, the majority, children and women rapes, and civilians slaughter by Taliban. In the middle of the war, live two main characters, Amir and Hassan, ten years old boys who come from different social class yet living in the same roof.  They both have the same father without their knowing, but with different mix of race. Different race and social class results in discriminative acts not just between the two of them but also among society. This research aims to analyze and find out how The Kite Runner depicts the racism in Afghanistn during 1970s up to 2001. Pashtun Taliban represented by Assef as the villain vs Pashtun, Amir as the main character. Pashtun vs Hazara is also known by the characters; Assef with Hassan, Amir and Hassan, Assef and Sohrab, Baba and Ali, Baba and Sanaubar. This research uses descriptive analytical method. This analysis is focusing on five aspects of racism, namely (1) discrimination, (2) segregation, (3) slavery, (4) prejudice, and (5) stereotype. It can be found that the discrimination is done by Amir and his Father, Baba who treat Hassan and Ali, who are from minority ethnic, as their slaves. Next is segregation and discrimination depicted by Assef, a young Afghanistan who praises Hitler and assumes that his ethnic is more decorous than others in Afghanistan and he tries to chase Hazara from Afghanistan. The slavery can be seen when Baba and Amir treats Ali and Hassan as their maid in their house. The prejudice can be seen when there are some Pashtun thinks of the hazrasa existence living together with Baba and Amir. From Prejudice, it results the stereotyping from other people of imagining the Hazara. The authoritarian government, Taliban, also show the mistreatment of racism to the Afghans. Afghans often get sexual harassment, being raped, or even being killed if the break the law of Taliban.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Chuyen ◽  
Vu Van Du ◽  
Nguyen Van Ba ◽  
Dao Duc Long ◽  
Ho Anh Son

Abstract Background To determine the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth and identify factors associated with dental caries among secondary school children in rural highland Vietnam. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that included 1985 secondary schoolchildren. Dental examination was performed at school using World Health Organization criteria. Data collection on demographic characteristics and knowledge, attitude, and practices related to dental caries was conducted by interviewing children. Descriptive and inferential statistics using a multivariate logistic regression model were applied. Results Prevalence of caries in primary and permanent teeth was 41.1 and 68.9 %, respectively. Prevalence of caries in primary teeth in the age group 11–12 years old (59.4 %) was significantly higher than in children in the age group of 13–14 years (27.8 %; p < 0.01). Factors associated with dental caries in primary teeth were age group of 11–12 years, belonging to the Jarai ethnic group, and having inadequate knowledge or attitude related to dental caries. Factors associated with dental caries in permanent teeth were having insufficient knowledge, attitude, and practices related to dental caries. Conclusions The prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth was high among secondary school children in Vietnam’s rural highlands. It is recommended that interventions focus on younger secondary school children and the Jarai minority ethnic group, and that interventions should emphasize improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dental caries.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neus Font-Porterias ◽  
Aaron Giménez ◽  
Annabel Carballo-Mesa ◽  
Francesc Calafell ◽  
David Comas

Genetic patterns of inter-population variation are a result of different demographic and adaptive histories, which gradually shape the frequency distribution of the variants. However, the study of clinically relevant mutations has a Eurocentric bias. The Romani, the largest transnational minority ethnic group in Europe, originated in South Asia and received extensive gene flow from West Eurasia. Most medical genetic studies have only explored founder mutations related to Mendelian disorders in this population. Here we analyze exome sequences and genome-wide array data of 89 healthy Spanish Roma individuals to study complex traits and disease. We apply a different framework and focus on variants with both increased and decreased allele frequencies, taking into account their local ancestry. We report several OMIM traits enriched for genes with deleterious variants showing increased frequencies in Roma or in non-Roma (e.g., obesity is enriched in Roma, with an associated variant linked to South Asian ancestry; while non-insulin dependent diabetes is enriched in non-Roma Europeans). In addition, previously reported pathogenic variants also show differences among populations, where some variants segregating at low frequency in non-Roma are virtually absent in the Roma. Lastly, we describe frequency changes in drug-response variation, where many of the variants increased in Roma are clinically associated with metabolic and cardiovascular-related drugs. These results suggest that clinically relevant variation in Roma cannot only be characterized in terms of founder mutations. Instead, we observe frequency differences compared to non-Roma: some variants are absent, while other have drifted to higher frequencies. As a result of the admixture events, these clinically damaging variants can be traced back to both European and South Asian-related ancestries. This can be attributed to a different prevalence of some genetic disorders or to the fact that genetic susceptibility variants are mostly studied in populations of European descent, and can differ in individuals with different ancestries.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Betz ◽  
Nora Penzel ◽  
Marlene Rosen ◽  
Kamaldeep Bhui ◽  
Rachel Upthegrove ◽  
...  

Background: Psychosis expression in the general population, which may reflect a behavioral manifestation of risk for psychotic disorder, can be conceptualized as an interconnected system of psychotic and affective experiences; a so-called symptom network. Differences in demographics, as well as exposure to adversities and risk factors, may produce substantial heterogeneity in symptom networks, highlighting potential etiological divergence in psychosis risk. Methods: To explore this idea in a data-driven way, we employed a novel recursive partitioning approach in the 2007 English National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity survey (n = 7,242). We sought to identify network phenotypes by explaining heterogeneity in symptom networks through potential moderators, including age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, childhood abuse, separation from parents, bullying, domestic violence, cannabis use, and alcohol. Results: Sex was the primary source of heterogeneity in symptom networks. Additional heterogeneity was explained by interpersonal trauma (childhood abuse, domestic violence) in women and domestic violence, cannabis use, and ethnicity in men. Among women, especially those exposed to early interpersonal trauma, an affective loading within psychosis may have distinct relevance. Men, particularly those from minority ethnic groups, demonstrated a strong network connection between hallucinatory experiences and persecutory ideation. Conclusion: Symptom networks of psychosis expression in the general population are highly heterogeneous. The structure of symptom networks seems to reflect distinct sex-related adversities, etiologies, and mechanisms of symptom-expression. Disentangling the complex interplay of sex, minority ethnic group status, and other risk factors may help optimize early intervention and prevention strategies in psychosis.


2021 ◽  
pp. 095646242110147
Author(s):  
Sara Day ◽  
Kaywaan Khan ◽  
Adrian M Kelly ◽  
Sophie Jones ◽  
Ryan Kinsella

Maximising opportunities and removing barriers to HIV testing can help reduce the undiagnosed HIV population. Digital STI/HIV screening services have increased in availability and can improve access and testing coverage. We identified the characteristics of individuals who tested HIV positive using a regional, integrated, self-sampling STI service. The e-notes of service users with reactive HIV screening results were reviewed. Between 8 January 2018 and 31 December 2019, 0.097% (144/148,257) users received a reactive HIV result, 30/144 (20.8%) of whom had previously diagnosed HIV infection. All of the remaining 114 users were notified of their screening result, an estimated 109/114 (95.6%) received confirmatory testing (CT) at a sexual health clinic (SHC) and the confirmatory outcome was documented in 102/114 (89.5%) of cases: 34/114 (29.8%)were HIV positive, 68/114 (59.6%) HIV were negative and the result was unknown in 12/114 (10.5%). All new diagnoses transitioned to HIV outpatient care. These individuals were median age 28 years; 94.1% (32/34) male; 88.2% (30/34) men who have sex with men and 11.8% (4/34) heterosexual; 58.8% (20/34) of white/‘white other’ ethnicity and 42.2% of Black, Asian and minority ethnic group; 50%(17/34) had a concurrent STI; 9% and 21% had never tested for HIV or attended a SHC before. n HIV test reactivity rate of 0.1%(95% CI) was observed. Confirmed new HIV diagnoses comprised 0.023% of all HIV tests performed. All individuals where CT confirmed a new HIV diagnosis transitioned to HIV specialist care.


BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e047716
Author(s):  
Clarissa Y M Carvalho ◽  
Jan Schumacher ◽  
Paul Robert Greig ◽  
Danny J N Wong ◽  
Kariem El-Boghdadly

ObjectiveTo describe success rates of respiratory protective equipment (RPE) fit testing and factors associated with achieving suitable fit.DesignProspective observational study of RPE fit testing according to health and safety, and occupational health requirements.SettingA large tertiary referral UK healthcare facility.Population1443 healthcare workers undergoing quantitative fit testing.Main outcome measuresQuantitative fit test success (pass/fail) and the count of tests each participant required before successful fit.ResultsHealthcare workers were fit tested a median (IQR) 2 (1–3) times before successful fit was obtained. Males were tested a median 1 (1–2) times, while females were tested a median 2 (1–2) times before a successful fit was found. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Modelling each fit test as its own independent trial (n=2359) using multivariable logistic regression, male healthcare workers were significantly more likely to find a well-fitting respirator and achieve a successful fit on first attempt in comparison to females, after adjusting for other factors (adjusted OR=2.07, 95% CI): 1.66 to 2.60, p<0.001). Staff who described their ethnicity as White were also more likely to achieve a successful fit compared with staff who described their ethnicity as Asian (OR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.38 to 0.58, p<0.001), Black (OR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.41 to 0.71, p<0.001), mixed (OR=0.50 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.80, p=0.004) or other (OR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.99, p=0.043).ConclusionsMale and White ethnicity healthcare workers are more likely to achieve RPE fit test success. This has broad operational implications to healthcare services with a large female and Black, Asian and minority ethnic group population. Fit testing is imperative in ensuring RPE effectiveness in protecting healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.


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