Comparative plant biochemistry and soil biology of wild and cultivated cotton species

Purpose No attempts were made to analyze the diversity in soil and plant biology of wild cotton species (WCS) and cultivated cotton species (CCS), so far. Our study aimed to understand the differences in soil biological, plant biochemistry, and defense enzyme activities among the ten WCS and four CCS. Methods We studied the differences in soil biology, plant biochemistry, and defense enzyme activities among the ten WCS (Gossypium anomalum, G. aridum, G. australe, G. barbosanum, G. capitis-virides, G. davidsonii, G. raimondii, G. somalense, G. stocksii, G. thurberi) and four CCS (G. arboreum, G. herbaceum, G. hirsutum, and G. barbadense). Results CCS had 11%, 2%, and 10% higher soil respiration rate, microbial biomass carbon, and microbial metabolic quotient, respectively, compared to WCS. While, WCS had 45%, 15%, and 5% higher glomalin, soil polysaccharide, proteins, respectively, compared to CCS. WCS had 45%, 13%, 8%, and 13% higher acid and alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and soil dehydrogenase activities, respectively, compared to CCS. WCS had higher carbohydrates in the shoot (40%) and root (27%), while, CCS recorded higher proteins in the shoot (13%) and root (13%). WCS had significantly higher polyphenol oxidase (4% and 15%), peroxidase (30% and 31%), and catalase (36% and 31%) activities in shoots and root tissues, respectively, compared with CCS, while, WCS had higher phenol concentrations (4%) than CCS. Conclusion Our study suggests that the difference in soil biological, plant biochemistry, and defense enzyme activities among the WCS and CCS can be attributed to the inherent genetic makeup, which influences consequent plant and soil attributes.

Double Production in Groundnut with Phosphatic Biofertilizers

Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L., 2n=20) is nitrogen fixing pulse crop, belong to Leguminocae family. The present study conducted on production of groundnut with phosphatic biofertilizers. The experiment was conducted at Madhav village and Sattasar village in May, 2015. The mycorrhiza solid powder dissolved with molasses + water to form organic product. The seed poured in the formulated organic product for 24 hrs. Later, the seed was placed in the prepared land. The seed emerged from the soil in 7-10 days and the flower appeared in the plant within 35 days after sowing. The healthy nodule was formed in the root organ with application mycorrhiza solid powder. The application of mycorrhiza solid powder progresses morphological growth, yield, soil property and soil biology. Keywords: groundnut, production, biofertilizer, nodule formation

Caracterização da fauna edáfica na produção pecuária em distintos sistemas de pastoreio

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a densidade e diversidade da faunaa edáfica em dois períodos do ano (inverno e primavera) em sistema de pastoreio contínuo racional Voisin (PRV), com três profundidades do solo. As avaliações foram realizadas conforme o método recomendado pelo programa “Tropical soil Biology and Fertility” (TSBF). A maior densidade da fauna edáfica foi identificada no PRV durante o período de primavera, apesar de termos uma densidade mais baixa de insetos comparado com o inverno. Foi observada a similaridade da fauna nas diferentes profundidades do solo, onde se observou que a profundidade de 0 a10 cm e muito similar à de 10 a 20 cm em o tratamento com exceção do período de PRV inverno, onde a fauna encontrada na cobertura e nos estratos de 0 a 10cm são mais semelhantes considerando a diversidade. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa enquanto a função biológica da fauna edáfica e o tipo de manejo de pastoreio ou a estação do ano que foram coletadas as amostras. O maior número de indivíduos por família maior foi encontrado no manejo PRV durante a estação de inverno, no entanto a diversidade entre estes indivíduos foi mais baixa que nos demais tratamentos.

Identification of Arbuscular Mychorizae Fungi on Oil Palm in Bireuen, Aceh

Oil palm plantations in Aceh , especially in Bireuen, are generally planted on red-yellow podzolic soil types. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are fungi who are symbiotically associated with 97% of plant species. This study aims to identify the type and population of mycorrhizal spores from oil palm rhizosphere soil samples using culture trapping techniques (maize, sorghum, kudzu). This research was carried out in a greenhouse and Experimental Field, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic National University of Indonesia, Bireuen, Aceh. Isolation, identification and observation of AMF colonization on plant roots was carried out at the Laboratory of Soil Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. The parameters included the number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores and the percentage of root colonization using the trapping culture method. The trapping culture method used 50 g of soil samples on oil palm rhizosphere which aged 5 months, 7 years, 9 years and 12 years. The results showed that the most dominant mycorrhizae found was the Glomus type. The mycorrhizae spores types found in the trapping culture were Glomus, Acaulospora and Gigaspora. The host plant that produced the most AMF spores was sorghum, while the highest AMF colonization of the three host plants was found in the roots of maize plants (78%) with very high criteria. Keywords: Oil palm, Culture trapping, AMF

Comparison of Soil Biology Quality in Organically and Conventionally Managed Agro-Ecosystems Using Microarthropods

Since management practices profoundly influence soil characteristics, the adoption of sustainable agro-ecological practices is essential for soil health conservation. We compared soil health in organic and conventional fields in the Abruzzi region (central Italy) by using (1) the soil biology quality (QBS) index (which expresses the level of specialisation in soil environment shown by microarthropods) and (2) microarthropod diversity expressed by Hill numbers. QBS values were calculated using both the original formulation based on only presence/absence data and a new abundance-based version. We found that organic management improves soil biology quality, which encourages the use of organic farming to maintain soil health. Including arthropod abundance in QBS calculation does not change the main outcomes, which supports the use of its original, speedier formulation. We also found that agricultural fields included in protected areas had greater soil health, which shows the importance of the matrix in determining agricultural soil health and highlights the importance of land protection in preserving biodiversity even in managed soils. Finally, we found that soil biology quality and microarthropod community structure are distinctly influenced by certain physical and chemical characteristics of the soil, which supports the use of microarthropods as biological indicators.

Nitrogen-fixation and phosphate-solubilization bacteria isolated from alluvial and latosol soil paddy field

Ikhwani, Saribanon N, Setia TM, Yuniarti E, Jumakir. 2021. Nitrogen-fixation and phosphate-solubilization bacteria isolated from alluvial and latosol soil paddy field. Biodiversitas 22: 4722-4730. This study aims to isolate, select and identify molecular characterization of bacteria from alluvial and latosol soil paddy field. This study has been conducted from February-June 2020 in the Soil Biology Laboratory, ICALRRD, Bogor. Alluvial and latosol soil samples were selected from Pusakanagara and Muara experimental gardens, Muara district. The result showed that bacteria growth in N-free media was higher from latosol soil as compared to alluvial soil. The higher nitrogenase activity isolates, could form ethylene gas concentration 1.1.E + 09 µmol/mL/hours, 1.7.E + 09 µmol/mL/hours and 1.3.E + 09 µmol/mL/hours from alluvial 6, latosol 4, and latosol 9. Three isolates have great PSB performances, i.e. isolates No. 4.2, 2.1 and 2 could dissolve 14.398 mg l-1, 12.648 mg l-1 and 12.145 mg l-1 of phosphate, from latosol soil. The highest N-fixing and solubilization capacity identified by molecular characterization i.e latosol 4, 4.2 and alluvial 7.1, alluvial-1.11. The phylogeny analyzed the presence of bacterial isolates in two distinct groups. Latosol 3.1 and latosol 4.2 isolates clustered in the same as the genus Lysinibacillus bacteria. The Alluvial 7.1 bacterial isolate showed similarities by Fictibacillus sp. and alluvial 1.2 isolate showed similarities by the genus Bacillus sp.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Mikro Organisme Lokal (MOL) Upaya Pengembangan SDM Desa Tanjung Agung

Abstrak Peranan MOL sebagai salah satu materi yang berguna bagi pertanian perlu mendapatkan perhatian dan adanya pengujian serta penelitian lebih lanjut. Sebagai Biofertilizer berbasis mikroorganisme diharapkan mampu memperbaiki struktur dan tekstur tanah, biologi tanah serta menyeimbangkan kembali ekosistem pertanian, baik lingkungan rhizosfer maupun lingkungan di atas rhizosfer. Artikel ini berupaya memberikan gambaran dan penjelasan terkait program kerja pembuatan MOL, meliputi proses, tahapan, hasil, dan manfaatnya. Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan dengan model deskriptif-eksplanatif. Hasilnya, masyarakat menerima pemahaman dan wawasan baru dalam hal pemanfaatan limbah rumah tangga. Selain itu, masyarakat dapat mengurangi penggunaan pupuk kimia dan pupuk buatan pabrik yang umumnya sudah digunakan oleh masyarakat desa, sehingga dapat meminimalkan pengeluaran masyarakat petani desa dalam proses bercocok tanam. Artikel ini terbatas pada pelaksanaan KKN Mandiri Putra Daerah Periode 1 2021. Artikel ini juga berkontribusi dalam keilmuan pertanian serta praktik dan strategi pengimplementasian poin SDGs. Kata kunci: sampah, pupuk MOL. Abstract The role of MOL as one of the useful materials for agriculture needs attention and needs futher testing and researc. As a microoganism based biofertilizer, it is hoped that it will be able to improve soil structure and texture, soil biology and rebalance agricultural ecosystems, both the rhizosphere and the evironment above the rhizosphere. This article seeks to provide an overview and explanation regarding the work program for mol fertilizer making, including the process, stages, results, and benefits. The writing of this article uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive-explanative model. As a result, the community received new insights in the use of household waste. In addition, the community can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and factory-made fertilizers which are generally already used by the village community, so as to minimize the expenses of the village farming community in the process of farming. This article is limited to the implementation of KKN Mandiri Putra Daerah Period II 2021. This article also contributes to agricultural science as well as practices and strategies for implementing SDGs points. Keywords: waste, MOL fertilizer.

Macrofauna evaluation in two coffee agroforestry systems

Knowing the soil macrofauna and its distribution is important to predict the degradation state of a soil as well as its physical properties and biological components. This research was carried out in coffee ecotopes 220A and 221A in southern Colombia. Two systems were evaluated, Coffea arabica var Castillo and native forest coffee, during two different seasons, winter and summer. Sampling was carried out using the tropical soil biology and fertility program (TSBF) methodology. The statistical treatment was carried out by means of a non-parametric analysis of variance Kruskal-Wall test. The density of orders present per square meter was evaluated, demonstrating that the highest density occurred in the winter season in the ecotope 220A and 221A forest system, with averages of 9.33 orders/ m2 and 9.67 orders/ m2, respectively. The highest number of density of individuals was obtained in winter, in the forest system and coffee in the 220A and 221A ecotopes with averages ranging between 1808 individuals/ m2 and 1368 individuals/ m2, statistically exceeding the number of individuals/ m2 that appeared in summer season. For biomass, the highest contribution was obtained in the winter season, with averages of 186.5 grams/ m2 in the 220A ecotope and 205.74 grams/ m2 for the 221A ecotope, exceeding the biomass that was presented in coffee winter season time, both in the 220A and 221A ecotopes.