Perilaku Petani Terhadap Adopsi Teknologi M-Bio untuk Pengembangan Usahatani Agroforestri

This study aims to determine the behavior of farmers in adopting M-Bio technology for the development of agroforestry farming. The research method is a survey with data collection techniques: observation and in-depth interviews with respondents. Research variables include farmer behavior towards the implementation of counseling and training as well as farmer behavior towards the adoption of M-Bio Technology. The research was conducted in Setiawaras Village in the Cipigan Insan Mandiri and Dadap Sari farmer groups from July to October 2020. The data analysis used was descriptive analysis with a Likert scale with scores of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 then measured by weighted values. The data distribution was converted into a ratio scale with a score between 0–100. Furthermore, the scores are grouped into: (1) Very Low: 0–20; (2) Low: 21 - 40; (3) Moderate: 41–60; (4) Height: 61–80; and (5) Very High: 81-100. The results showed that the behavior of farmers towards the implementation of counseling and training on M-Bio technology with all its indicators (presentation and practice, attention, comprehensiveness, results and retention) had a score between 80 - 100 so all of them were categorized as very high. Likewise, the behavior of farmers towards the adoption of M-Bio technology for the development of agroforestry farming along with all its indicators concerning cognitive, apective, and conative aspects has a score between 80 - 100 so that all of them are also categorized as very high. Abstrak Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku petani dalam adopsi teknologi M-Bio untuk pengembangan usahatani agroforestri. Metode penelitian adalah survey dengan teknik pengumpulan data : observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan responden. Varibel penelitian mencakup perilaku petani terhadap pelaksanaan penyuluhan dan pelatihan serta perilaku petani terhadap adopsi Teknologi M-Bio. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Setiawaras pada kelompok tani Cipigan Insan Mandiri dan Dadap Sari dari bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2020. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dengan skala likert skor 1, 2, 3, 4, dan 5 kemudian diukur dengan nilai tertimbang. Sebaran data diubah menjadi skala rasio dengan skor antara 0–100. Selanjutnya, skor dikelompokkan menjadi : (1) Sangat Rendah:0–20; (2) Rendah:21 – 40; (3) Sedang:41–60; (4) Tinggi:61–80; dan (5) Sangat Tinggi: 81-100. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perilaku petani terhadap pelaksanaan penyuluhan dan pelatihan teknologi M-Bio dengan seluruh indikatornya (presentasi dan praktek, atensi, komprehensif, hasil dan retensi) memiliki skor antara 80 – 100 sehingga semuanya terkategori sangat tinggi. Demikian juga dengan perilaku petani terhadap adopsi teknologi M-Bio untuk pengembangan usahatani agroforestri beserta seluruh indikatornya yang menyangkut aspek kognitif, apektif, dan konatif memiliki skor antara 80 – 100 sehingga semuanya juga terkategori sangat tinggi.

Entwicklung und Evaluation der Anstrengungsskala Sport

ZusammenfassungAufgrund ihrer Einfachheit und Nutzerfreundlichkeit wird für die Erfassung der subjektiven Beanspruchungswahrnehmung in Training und Wettkampf bevorzugt die Category Ratio Scale (CR10-Skala) oder eine daran angelehnte Ein-Item-Skala eingesetzt. Die CR10-Skala stellt eine nicht-lineare, leicht positiv beschleunigte Funktion bezogen auf die Beanspruchung dar, die in der autorisierten deutschen Fassung mit „Anstrengungsempfinden“ übersetzt wird. Allerdings ist festzuhalten, dass die existierenden Skalen keine vollständigen Stufenbezeichnungen beinhalten und/oder die Stufenbezeichnungen Überschneidungen mit verwandten Konstrukten, z. B. Ermüdung zulassen. Die Anstrengungsskala Sport (ASS) zeichnet sich demgegenüber durch vollständige Stufenbezeichnungen und begriffliche Klarheit mit der komparativen Deklination des Adjektivs anstrengend aus. Auf der Grundlage einer rationalen Konstruktionsstrategie sowie einer systematischen Item-Analyse kann gezeigt werden, dass die Voraussetzungen für die Verwendung der ASS als Verhältnisskala gegeben sind, die eine zuverlässige und inhaltlich eindeutige Messung der Anstrengung gestattet.

RELAKSASI FASILITAS TIDAK DIPUNGUT CUKAI MMEA KADAR RENDAH DIKEMAS UNTUK PENJUALAN ECERAN

The trading of low-level alcoholic beverages (kombucha and kefir) has recently become massive. The Excise Law states any level of alcoholic beverages may lead to enforcement actions (Excisable Goods). Kombucha and Kefir are mostly produced by household-scale industries and packaged for retail sales. The Excise Law has facilities that are not subject to the Unimposing of the Excise. This study aims to analyze the position of low-level alcoholic beverages, especially its relationship with the implementation of the Excise Law. Using qualitative-interpretative methods, with data/observations for the years 2020-2021. Using secondary data in the form of sales of kombucha and kefir sourced from the Indonesian marketplace. With the type of ratio scale quantitative data. The results indicated Kombucha and kefir for retail sales packaging are Unimposing of the Excise. The short-term solution to legalize the business of making low-level alcoholic beverages is to comply with Unimposing of the Excise according to international best practice and also in line with the Indonesian Council of Religious Scholars which states that fermented beverage products containing alcohol are less than 0.5% legally halal if medical harm. The long-term solution is to reconstruct articles in the Excise Law relating to the alcoholic beverages definition as well as articles relating to free excise and exemption from excise through amendments to the Excise Law. Keywords: Alcoholic Beverages, Excisable Goods, Kefir, Kombucha, Unimposing of the Excise Perdagangan minuman yang mengandung etil alkohol (MMEA) kadar rendah (kombukha dan kefir) akhir-akhir ini semakin masif. UU Cukai menyatakan MMEA dalam kadar berapa pun merupakan barang kena cukai (BKC). Kombukha (kombucha) dan kefir sebagian besar dihasilkan industri skala rumah tangga, namun dikemas untuk penjualan eceran. Dalam UU Cukai terdapat fasilitas tidak dipungut cukai sesuai kriteria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis posisi MMEA kadar rendah, terutama hubungannya dengan implementasi UU Cukai di lapangan. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif-interpretatif, dengan data/pengamatan selama tahun 2020-2021. Data sekunder yang digunakan berupa jumlah penjualan kombukha dan kefir yang bersumber pada marketplace Indonesia dengan jenis data kuantitatif skala rasio. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kombukha dan kefir dikemas untuk penjualan eceran sehingga tidak termasuk kriteria fasilitas tidak dipungut cukai. Solusi dalam jangka pendek untuk melegalkan usaha pembuat MMEA kadar rendah adalah relaksasi ketentuan tentang tidak dipungut cukai sesuai best practice internasional. Selain itu, selaras dengan Fatwa MUI yang menyatakan bahwa minuman hasil fermentasi yang mengandung alkohol dengan kadar kurang dari 0,5%, hukumnya halal jika secara medis tidak membahayakan. Solusi jangka panjang adalah merekonstruksi kembali pasal-pasal dalam UU Cukai yang berkaitan dengan definisi MMEA, cukai tidak dipungut maupun pembebasan cukai melalui amandemen UU Cukai. Kata Kunci: barang kena cukai, kefir, kombucha, MMEA, tidak dipungut cukai.

Predicting students’ academic performance using a modified kNN algorithm

The target (dependent) variable is often influenced not only by ratio scale variables, but also by qualitative (nominal scale) variables in classification analysis. Majority of machine learning techniques accept only numerical inputs. Hence, it is necessary to encode these categorical variables into numerical values using encoding techniques. If the variable does not have relation or order between its values, assigning numbers will mislead the machine learning techniques. This paper presents a modified k-nearest-neighbors algorithm that calculates the distances values of categorical (nominal) variables without encoding them. A student’s academic performance dataset is used for testing the enhanced algorithm. It shows that the proposed algorithm outperforms standard one that needs nominal variables encoding to calculate the distance between the nominal variables. The results show the proposed algorithm preforms 14% better than standard one in accuracy, and it is not sensitive to outliers.

Differences in perceived loudness between men and women: A cross-cultural comparison among Japanese, Chinese, and Malaysians

Previously, we investigated gender difference in loudness perception among Japanese and Chinese. Among Chinese, female participants tended to assigned higher loudness scores than did males for the same sound. That difference was also evident when a ratio scale, such as magnitude estimation, was used to evaluate loudness. However, among Japanese, that difference was not clearly observed when the ratio scale was applied. To examine factors affecting gender differences in loudness perception, we conducted the same rating experiments among Malaysian males and females. We found that a rating experiment using the verbal interval scale showed that the female Malaysian participants tended to rate the same sounds as louder than did males. In one test, we measured the limit of sound pressure level that would be perceived as soft or as loud: we observed the above gender differences with the lowest limit of loud sound. However, that gender difference did not emerge in the rating experiments using the ratio scale. The tendency we recorded among Malaysians was the same as Japanese. Thus, differences in judging loudness between males and females may actually reflect differences in the use of verbal expressions rather than differences in perception.

Cross-modal commutativity of magnitude productions of loudness and brightness

In their fundamental paper, Luce, Steingrimsson, and Narens (2010, Psychological Review, 117, 1247-1258) proposed that ratio productions constituting a generalization of cross-modality matching may be represented on a single scale of subjective intensity, if they meet “cross-dimensional commutativity.” The present experiment is the first to test this axiom by making truly cross-modal adjustments of the type: “Make the sound three times as loud as the light appears bright!” Twenty participants repeatedly adjusted the level of a burst of noise to result in the desired sensation ratio (e.g., to be three times as intense) compared to the brightness emanating from a grayscale square, and vice versa. Cross-modal commutativity was tested by comparing a set of successive ×2×3 productions with a set of ×3×2 productions. When this property was individually evaluated for each of 20 participants and for two possible directions, i.e., starting out with a noise burst or a luminous patch, only seven of the 40 tests indicated a statistically significant violation of cross-modal commutativity. Cross-modal monotonicity, i.e. checking whether ×1, ×2, and ×3 adjustments are strictly ordered, was evaluated on the same data set and found to hold. Multiplicativity, by contrast, i.e., comparing the outcome of a ×1×6 adjustment with ×2×3 sequences, irrespective of order, was violated in 17 of 40 tests, or at least once for all but six participants. This suggests that both loudness and brightness sensations may be measured on a common ratio scale of subjective intensity, but cautions against interpreting the numbers involved at face value.

Subjective Preferences and Discomfort Ratings of Backrest and Seat Pan Adjustments at Various Speeds

Power seats (i.e., electrically adjustable seats that can be designed to move in several ways) have become increasingly common in airplanes, vehicles, and offices. Many studies have investigated the effects of seat attitude parameters, for example, the inclined angles of a backrest, on discomfort during the adjustment process. However, few studies have considered discomfort under different speeds during the adjustment process. In this study, we investigated discomfort with three speeds (i.e., “fast”, “median”, and “slow” corresponding to three durations of 15, 20, and 25 s, respectively) and two adjustments of a power seat, i.e., incline angle adjustment of the backrest and fore-and-aft position adjustment of the seat pan. We also investigated the effects of different physiological parameters on subjects’ discomfort. Twenty-four subjects (12 males and 12 females) completed a questionnaire to indicate their adjustment condition preferences, to rate their overall discomfort during the adjustment processes on a category-ratio scale, and to rate their local body discomfort. The majority of subjects preferred the fast speed adjustment condition and the trend was that a lower backrest adjustment speed increased discomfort during the process. The dominant local discomfort was in the upper and lower back regions during the backrest adjustment, whereas there was no obvious dominant local discomfort during the seat pan adjustment. The physiological parameters also had significant correlations with discomfort in some adjustment movements, for example, the discomfort was negatively correlated with height during the backrest adjustment.

Pengaruh Current Ratio, Perputaran Persediaan, Debt To Asset Ratio, Growth Dan Size Terhadap Profitabilitas Perusahaan Retail Sektor Trade, Investment dan Service Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

The development of companies nowadays have been growing rapidly and causing intense competition in the market. Trade, service, and investment sector companies are emerging in Indonesia. Thus, this study aims to identify the impact of current ratio, inventory turnover, debt to asset ratio, growth and size towards firm’s profitability in Trade, Service, and Investment Companies Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from year 2016-2019. The research type of this study is quantitative method. The data is classified as quantitative and ratio scale. This study uses secondary data. The population for this study is 154 trade, service, and investment sector companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from year 2016-2019. The sample for this study is 65 trade, service, and investment sector companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from year 2016-2019 using observational sampling method. The model of this study is multiple linear regression. The result of this study shows that current ratio, inventory turnover, debt to asset ratio, growth and size partially and simulteneously do not affect firm’s profitability in Trade, Service, and Investment Companies Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from year 2016-2019. Keywords : Current Ratio, Inventory Turnover, Debt To Asset Ratio, Growth, Size dan Profitability