The constraints in the field of institutional translation in Turkey

This paper aims to examine the constraints in the institutional field within the framework of the sociology of translation. In the paper, the term “constraint” refers to the problems that cannot be solved due to many factors and negatively affect the translation process, translators, and therefore translation product. The paper will reveal all the constraints with an analysis of the position of the field within the field of power, the structure of the field, and the habitus of agents (here exclusively referring to translators), based on Pierre Bourdieu’s model of field analysis. The study draws on the case studies of four institutions to analyze all the dynamics of the institutional field and their impact on the translation process and translation product. The institutions are the European Union Translation Coordination Presidency (EUTCP) and the Prime Ministry Directorate General of Press and Information (PDGPI) as a national institution, the United Nations World Food Program (WFP) as an international institution, and the Association of Solidarity with Asylum Seekers and Immigrants (ASAM) as a non-governmental organization. Face-to-face interviews with these four institutions, which carry out different translation activities for different purposes, will reveal the big picture of the field. However, more empirical work is needed to generalize about the constraints of this field.

The Capsid (ORF2) Protein of Hepatitis E Virus in Feces Is C-Terminally Truncated

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a causative agent of hepatitis E. HEV virions in circulating blood and culture media are quasi-enveloped, while those in feces are nonenveloped. The capsid (ORF2) protein associated with an enveloped HEV virion is reported to comprise the translation product of leucine 14/methionine 16 to 660 (C-terminal end). However, the nature of the ORF2 protein associated with fecal HEV remains unclear. In the present study, we compared the molecular size of the ORF2 protein among fecal HEV, cell-culture-generated HEV (HEVcc), and detergent-treated protease-digested HEVcc. The ORF2 proteins associated with fecal HEV were C-terminally truncated and showed the same size as those of the detergent-treated protease-digested HEVcc virions (60 kDa), in contrast to those of the HEVcc (68 kDa). The structure prediction of the ORF2 protein (in line with previous studies) demonstrated that the C-terminal region (54 amino acids) of an ORF2 protein is in flux, suggesting that proteases target this region. The nonenveloped nondigested HEV structure prediction indicates that the C-terminal region of the ORF2 protein moves to the surface of the virion and is unnecessary for HEV infection. Our findings clarify the maturation of nonenveloped HEV and will be useful for studies on the HEV lifecycle.

KLK4T2 Is a Hormonally Regulated Transcript from the KLK4 Locus

The human kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4) and the transcribed pseudogene KLKP1 are reported to be highly expressed in the prostate. When trying to clone transcripts of KLKP1, we partly failed. Instead, we identified an androgen-regulated transcript, KLK4T2, which appeared to be a splice variant of KLK4 that also contained exons of KLKP1. Expression analysis of KLK4, KLK4T2, and KLKP1 transcripts in prostate cancer cell lines showed high levels of KLKP1 transcripts in the nucleus and in unfractionated cell extract, whereas it was almost completely absent in the cytoplasmatic fraction. This was in contrast to KLK4 and KLK4T2, which displayed high to moderate levels in the cytoplasm. In patient cohorts we found significantly higher expression of both KLK4T2 and KLK4 in benign prostatic hyperplasia compared to both primary prostate cancer and bone metastasis. Analysis of tissue panels demonstrated the highest expression of KLK4T2 in the prostate, but in contrast to the classical KLK4, relatively high levels were also found in placenta. So far, the function of KLK4T2 is still to be explored, but the structure of the translation product indicated that it generates a 17.4 kDa intracellular protein with possible regulatory function.

Investigating post-editing effort

The working environment of translators has changed significantly in recent decades, with post-editing (PE) emerging as a new trend in the human translation workflow, particularly following the advent of neural machine translation (NMT) and the improvement of the quality of the machine translation (MT) raw output especially at the level of fluency. In addition, the directionality axiom is increasingly being questioned with translators working from and into their first language both in the context of translation (Buchweitz and Alves 2006; Pavlović and Jensen 2009; Fonseca and Barbosa 2015; Hunziker Heeb 2015; Ferreira 2013, 2014; Ferreira et al. 2016; Feng 2017) and in the context of PE (Garcia 2011; Sánchez-Gijón and Torres-Hostench 2014; da Silva et al. 2017; Toledo Báez 2018). In this study we employ product- and process-oriented approaches to investigate directionality in PE in the English-Greek language pair. In particular, we compare the cognitive, temporal, and technical effort expended by translators for the full PE of NMT output in L1 (Greek) with the effort required for the full PE of NMT output in L2 (English), while we also analyze the quality of the final translation product. Our findings reveal that PE in L2, i.e., inverse PE, is less demanding than PE in L1, i.e., direct PE, in terms of the time and keystrokes required, and the cognitive load exerted on translators. Finally, our research shows that directionality does not imply differences in quality.

Broadening the scope of error categories in translation assessment through screen recording

To date, the assessment of student translations has been largely based on configurations of error categories that address some facet of the translation product. Focal points of such product-oriented error annotation include language mechanics (punctuation, grammar, lexis and syntax, for example) and various kinds of transfer errors. In recent years, screen recording technology has opened new doors for empirically informing translation assessment from a more process-oriented perspective (Massey and Ehrensberger-Dow, 2014; Angelone, 2019). Screen recording holds particular promise when tracing errors documented in the product back to potential underlying triggers in the form of processes that co-occur on screen in their presence. Assessor observations made during screen recording analysis can give shape to process-oriented error categories that parallel and complement product-oriented categories. This paper proposes a series of empirically informed, process-oriented error categories that can be used for assessing translations in contexts where screen recordings are applied as a diagnostic tool. The categories are based on lexical and semantic patterns derived from a corpus-based analysis of think-aloud protocols documenting articulations made by assessors when commenting on errors made in student translations while watching screen recordings of their work. It is hoped that these process-oriented error categories will contribute to a more robust means by which to assess and classify errors in translation.

The translation evaluation of google translation

Machine translation (MT) offers great assistantship when people have difficulties in understanding or comprehend text of their non-native language both in spoken and written language. One kind of machine translation is Google Translation that can be got on their hand just by using mobile phone. This machine can help people to translate the text from one language to another one, in short time. This study aims at finding out the translation procedures found in the translation product by Google Translation and analyzing the errors occurred in Google Translation product. The data of this study are in the form of written data taken from a bilingual children story book of archipelago legend, which consists of 100 lines. There is a source language text in Bahasa Indonesia which is translated into English by using Google translation. The texts are chosen as it contains several sentences that are constructed by paying attention on the rhyme of ending sounds. The data of this study were analyzed through qualitative method. The translation results were analyzed based on translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet (1989). Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that translation procedures used by Google Translation found in the data source are borrowing, calque, literal, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The most dominant type of translation procedure is literal translation. It has the highest frequency data; with a total of 50 data (50 %). Some errors are found in the result of Google translation. They are the errors in the use of pronoun, the use of plural and singular noun and inconsistency in the translation of name. Those errors are caused by limitation of machine in detecting the context of the text. Thus, the translated text is incoherent.

PROSPECTIVE PHILOLOGISTS’ TRANSLATION ASSESSMENT TRIANGULATION: SCREEN VIDEO RECORDING AND THINK ALOUD PROTOCOL COMBINATION

Purpose. The article strives for the enhancement of the efficiency of translation competence assessment in philologists’ university training with the help of the triangulation method. It is deemed in the concurrent involvement of different assessment agents (teacher, peer and self) into integrated and collaborative translation performance evaluation from two perspectives, i.e. translation product quality and process workflow, with the use of diversified methods based on different theoretical approaches. This research aims at the study of students’ video screen recording contribution combined with think-aloud protocols (TAPs) to increase the assessment objectivity and reliability of the received translation product. Method. A mixed research design was developed and implemented. It involved 40 third-year university students majoring in Philology, who were asked to perform a written translation of the excerpt of English popular science article in Marketing (c. 250 words) into Ukrainian in MS Word using any reference sources at hand, video record the process of their translation and accompany it with their comments. The research was completed with the questionnaire on students’ attitude to the screen recording and TAP involvement into translation task performance and assessment. Findings. The findings of this study reported on the positive impact of screen recording on the assessment accuracy, informative value of the collected data and formative effect of triangulated assessment method on students’ translation competence acquisition. Implications for research and practice. The received results can serve for the optimisation of the procedures of translation task difficulty measurement and competence assessment in the translation classroom.

The role of creativity on the translation of motion verbs: data on the translation product and process

The present study researches the correlation between translators’ creative personality and their behaviour by using a combination of psychological, key-logging and screen-recording methods as well as the evaluation of participants’ translation output. Participants were asked to translate a literary text without knowing that it posed the additional challenge of transferring manner of motion verbs into Spanish. The experiment correlated the participants’ scores on a validated creativity test (i.e., CREA, Corbalán Berná et al., 2003) with their scores on process indicators of fluency as one of the key dimensions of creativity as well as product indicators of flexibility, novelty, and accuracy. To this purpose, the logging tool Inputlog was used to measure dwell ratio, total translation time, time interval between ST processing and TT production and time devoted to revision. The screen recording software CamStudio was also used to analyse participants’ creativity in searching and retrieving information. Although few significant statistical results were found, our study suggests that creative translators’ potential can be traced both in their translation product and process.

Receptor expectations and interlingual translation reception

The fundamental question that this paper addresses is to what extent an individual’s judgment of incoming linguistic stimuli – in the form of a translation product – can be thought of as static and objective, as opposed to dynamic and subjectively constructed. By extension, this article proposes that rather than being viewed (solely) as displaying a set of stable features, the target text can be construed as a cognitive construct that is dynamically shaped. This proposition is tested against the cognitive mechanisms of expectations. I discuss two empirical studies examining how expectations about the authorship of translation, and therefore its characteristics like quality, can influence the audience’s perception of the translation product. The question is examined for written translation (Study 1) and subtitling (Study 2). While in both cases, the central subject of inquiry are linguistic stimuli, in the latter case, these are embedded multimodally. The hypothesis is that generating certain product expectations through the use of linguistic cues will lead the audience to assess the product differently than in a condition where identical material is assessed without cuing or where opposite receptor expectations are generated. It is relevant to note that both experiments were conducted with students whose background included linguistics and translation. Such a participant profile could be associated with a more rigorously principled – and therefore stable – assessment of linguistic stimuli in both monosemiotic and polysemiotic contexts. This, in turn, would make our participants less susceptible to the effects of anticipatory cognition than would be the case with participants without formal training in the relevant fields