Exploring the Properties of Mortar Containing Incineration Fly Ash

Fly Ash (FA) is one of the waste materials generated from the combustion of solid waste through incinerator and contains hazardous substances. Further treatment to the ash needs to be done to avoid further environmental destruction. As an alternative solution for this problem, FA is used as a replacement material for cement in the mortar. The main objective of this study is to explore the potential use of FA as partial replacement of cement in mortar. The percentage of FA used to replace the cement in this study is 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Several important tests were conducted to identify main properties of the mortar such as compressive strength, water absorption, density and ultra-pulse velocity. Mortar containing 15% of fly ash has the highest of compression strength which is 35 MPa after 28 days. Besides, the mortar containing 5% of fly ash has the highest result of water absorption test and density test whereas mortar containing 20% of fly ash has the highest value for pulse velocity after 28 days. Thus, mortar containing fly ash has good physical and mechanical properties.

Improving Rutting Resistance of Flexible Pavement Structure By Using Waste Plastic

On these days traffic is increasing faster rate on roads then various type of defects are produced on road that is rutting, raveling etc A pavement structure have different layers purpose to transfered traffic loads to the sub grade. Rutting is one of the pavement distresses that effects the performance of road pavements. Waste plastic is the type of materials to use for improving the performance of flexible pavements against rutting. In this study utilization of waste plastic water bottles, cold drink bottles, polythene bags, parcel package polythene and films. This waste material clean and shredded small particles (1-3cm) sizes. Aggregate heated 170-200° and mix particles with different percentage (3%, 5%, 7%) properly coated on hot aggregate. This plastic waste coated aggregate is also mixed with hot bitumen. And perform some laboratory test (impact value test, moisture absorption test, marshal value test) on the sample and check the property of rutting resistance.

Kuat Tekan dan Penyerapan Batako Menggunakan Serat Pelepah Kelapa

Brick is a building material that has a function as a room sealer. Its larger size, when compared to red brick, makes bricks more in demand in the market. Improving the quality of bricks needs to be done to meet the needs of the building. The use of added materials becomes one of the things that can be considered to improve the nature and quality of bricks. This research aims to find out the strong press and absorption of bricks with the use of coconut pellet fiber. The research was conducted experimentally with the manufacture of test objects in the laboratory. The test object used is in the form of a beam of 30x15x10 cm. The percentage variation of coconut fiber is 5%, 10%, and 15% of the weight mass in bricks. The tests carried out include a strong compressive and water absorption test with reference to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results of water absorption tests obtained the optimum value in bricks with a mixture of 5% fiber which is 6% of the mass of the weight of the brick, while the minimum value is in the brick, 15% fiber, which is 10%. While the compressive strength results get the optimum value on the 5% fiber mix variation, which is 20.1 kg/cm², and the minimum value on the variation of 15% fiber is 8.8 kg/cm². From these results showed that bricks with coconut pellet fiber have not been able to improve the quality of bricks.

Myxoedema coma caused by immunotherapy-related thyroiditis and enteritis

Summary Thyroid dysfunction is among the most common immune-related adverse reactions associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. It most commonly manifests as painless thyroiditis followed by permanent hypothyroidism. This usually causes mild toxicity that does not interfere with oncological treatment. In rare instances, however, a life-threatening form of decompensated hypothyroidism called myxoedema coma may develop. We present a case of myxoedema coma in a woman in her sixties who was treated with a combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors; for stage four malignant melanoma. She became hypothyroid and required thyroxine replacement after an episode of painless thyroiditis. Six months after the initial diagnosis of malignant melanoma, she presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain, profuse diarrhoea, lethargy and confusion. She was drowsy, hypotensive with a BP of 60/40 mmHg, hyponatraemic and hypoglycaemic. Thyroid function tests (TFTs) indicated profound hypothyroidism with a TSH of 19 mIU/L, and undetectable fT3 and fT4, despite the patient being compliant with thyroxine. She was diagnosed with a myxoedema coma caused by immune-related enteritis and subsequent thyroxine malabsorption. The patient was treated with i.v. triiodothyronine (T3) and methylprednisolone in the ICU. While her clinical status improved with T3 replacement, her enteritis was refractory to steroid therapy. A thyroxine absorption test confirmed persistent malabsorption. Attempts to revert to oral thyroxine were unsuccessful. Unfortunately, the patient’s malignant melanoma progressed significantly and she passed away four months later. This is the first reported case of myxoedema coma that resulted from two distinct immune-related adverse reactions, namely painless thyroiditis and enterocolitis. Learning points Myxoedema coma, a severe form of decompensated hypothyroidism is a rare immunotherapy-related endocrinopathy. Myxedema coma should be treated with either i.v. triiodothyronine (T3) or i.v. thyroxine (T4). Intravenous glucocorticoids should be co-administered with thyroid hormone replacement to avoid precipitating an adrenal crisis. Thyroid function tests (TFTs) should be monitored closely in individuals with hypothyroidism and diarrhoea due to the risk of thyroxine malabsorption. A thyroxine absorption test can be used to confirm thyroxine malabsorption in individuals with persistent hypothyroidism.

PENGARUH LIMBAH PLASTIK JENIS PET DAN PP DENGAN TANAH DIATOMAE SEBAGAI SUBTITUSI AGREGAT HALUS DALAM PAVING BLOCK

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari pemanfaatan limbah plastik PET, limbah plastik PP dan tanah diatomae sebagai bahan pengganti pasir sehingga dapat diketahui mutu yang mampu dicapai dan kesesuaiannya dengan SNI 03-0691-1996 mengenai paving block secara fisis maupun mekanis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan benda uji paving block menggunakan limbah plastik PET, limbah plastik PP dan tanah diatomae sebagai bahan pengganti pasir dalam populasinya terdapat 5 presentase yaitu 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20% dengan jumlah benda uji setiap variasi adalah 14 buah. Benda uji pada penelitian ini berukuran 210 mm x 105 mm x 80 mm berbentuk balok yang dicetak menggunakan mesin press vibrator. Setelah selesai pencetakan, benda uji dilakukan perawatan (curing) di dalam bak air selama ±28 hari. Kemudian dilakukan pengujian untuk mengetahui mutu benda uji sesuai dengan SNI 03-0691-1996 mengenai paving block, berupa uji tampak dan ukuran, uji kuat tekan, uji daya serap air, dan uji ketahanan terhadap Natrium Sulfat. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh hasil kuat tekan pada substitusi agregat halus buatan dengan variasi 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20% berturut-turut 17,708 Mpa (Mutu B), 18,479 Mpa (Mutu B), 18,722 Mpa (Mutu B), 17,936 Mpa (Mutu B), dan 14,749 Mpa (Mutu C). Pada uji daya serap air hanya paving block dengan variasi 20% yang masuk ke dalam mutu C, kemudian pada pengujian ketahanan aus seluruh benda uji masuk ke dalam mutu A. Sementara untuk uji ketahanan terhadap Natrium Sulfat, hanya variasi 0% dan 5% yang tidak lolos uji. Dari hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa penggunaan limbah plastik PET, limbah plastik PP, dan tanah diatomae sebagai agregat halus buatan yang disubstitusi ke agregat halus alami pada variasi 10% mampu mencapai mutu B yang digunakan sebagai peralatan parkir. Kata kunci: Limbah Plastik PET, Limbah Plastik PP, Tanah Diatomae, Agregat Halus, Paving Block, SNI 03-0691-1996 Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of the utilization of PET plastic waste, PP plastic waste and diatomaceous earth as a substitute for sand so that the quality that can be achieved and its conformity with SNI 03-0691-1996 regarding paving blocks physically and mechanically can be determined. This study uses an experimental method with paving block specimens using plastic as a substitute for sand in the population there are 5 percentages, namely 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% with the number of specimens for each variation is 14 pieces. The test object in this study measuring 210 mm x 105 mm x 80 mm in the form of a block printed using a vibrator press machine. After completion of printing, the specimens were treated (cured) in a water bath for ±28 days. Then a test was carried out to determine the quality of the test object in accordance with SNI 03-0691-1996 regarding paving blocks, in the form of appearance and size test, compressive strength test, water absorption test, and resistance test to Sodium Sulfate. Based on the research that has been done, the results of the compressive strength of artificial fine aggregate substitution with variations of 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively 17.708 Mpa (Quality B), 18.479 Mpa (Quality B) , 18,722 Mpa (Quality B), 17,936 Mpa (Quality B), and 14,749 Mpa (Quality C). In the water absorption test, only paving blocks with a variation of 20% were categorized as C quality, then all the paving block are included in quality A in wear resistance testing. Meanwhile, for the sodium sulfate resistance test, only 0% and 5% variations did not pass the test. The test results show that the use of PET plastic waste, PP plastic waste, and diatomaceous earth as artificial fine aggregate which is substituted for natural fine aggregate at a variation of 10% is able to achieve B quality which is used as parking equipment. Keywords: Waste PET Plastic, PP Plastic Waste, Diatomaceous Earth, Fine Aggregate, Paving Block, SNI 03-0691-1996

Pengaruh Penambahan Tepung Biji Durian pada Pembuatan Bioplastik

Plastic is a type of packaging that is often used in everyday life, however, in general, the plastic used is synthetic plastic which takes a very long time to decompose. Bioplastic is an environmentally friendly plastic film made from organic materials so that it can decompose naturally with the help of microorganisms. This study aims to determine the effects which have the potential as a supporting material in increasing bioplastic characteristics such as thickness, water absorption and biodegradation. The research method was to use experiment and analysis of varian. Durian seed flour is carried out through a process of sorting, washing, stripping, soaking, slicing, drying, packing and storing. Meanwhile, the method of making bioplastics is done by mixing tapioca flour, cornstarch, durian seed flour of adding various durian seed flour: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 grams, distilled water, acetic acid and glycerin. The analysis results obtained on the test of bioplastic characteristics, namely, thickness test ranging from 0.63 mm - 0.84 mm and water resistance test ranging from 71,43%-86,54% which water absorption test ranging from 13.46% - 28.57% and the biodegradability test ranging from 17.78% - 47 , 06%. Keywords: durian seeds, bioplastics, biodegradability, flour ABSTRAK Plastik adalah jenis pengemas yang sering dimanfaatkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, akan tetapi pada umumnya plastik yang digunakan merupakan plastik sintetik yang membutuhkan waktu yang sangat lama untuk terurai. Bioplastik merupakan film plastik yang ramah lingkungan yang terbuat dari bahan-bahan organik sehingga dapat terurai secara alami dengan bantuan mikroorganisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan tepung biji durian yang berpotensi sebagai bahan penunjang dalam meningkatkan karakteristik bioplastik seperti ketebalan, ketahanan terhadap air dan biodegradasi. Metode penelitian adalah menggunakan eksperimen dan sidik ragam data. Tepung biji durian dilakukan melalui proses penyortiran, pencucian, pengupasan, perendaman, pengirisan, pengeringan, penepungan dan penyimpanan. Sedangkan untuk metode pembuatan bioplastik dilakukan dengan mencampurkan tepung tapioka, tepung maizena, tepung biji durian dengan variasi: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 gram, akuades, asam asetat dan gliserin. Hasil analisa yang didapat pada pengujian karakteristik bioplastik yaitu, uji ketebalan yang berkisar 0,63 mm – 0,84 mm, uji ketahanan terhadap air yang berkisar 71,43%-86,54% dengan penyerapan air berkisar 13,46 % - 28,57% dan uji biodegradibilitas yang berkisar 17,78% - 47,06%. Kata kunci: biji durian, bioplastik, biodegradibilitas, tepung.

MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMOPLASTIC CORN STARCH

The awareness to produce biodegradable composite has increased rapidly because of non-toxic and reachable. However, fully biodegradable composite production still low due to the matrix used in the composite is not biodegradable. Thus, this paper presents the study on mechanical and physical properties for the mixtures of corn starch (CS) with different weight percentages of glycerol as thermoplastics corn starch (TPCS) matrix. The selected glycerol contents were at 30, 35 and 40 wt%. The mixtures of CS and different weight percentages of glycerol were made using hot compression moulding at 165°C for 15 minutes to produce the TPCS samples. The mechanical and physical properties were done: the tensile test, hardness test, water absorption test, moisture content test and microstructure analysis under the Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM). Incorporating 30 wt% loadings of glycerol has increased the tensile strength and hardness. The results show that the addition of higher than 30 wt% loadings of glycerol has decreased the tensile strength and hardness of the TPCS. The physical test results for 30 wt% loadings of glycerol for water absorption test and moisture content show the lowest value than other TPCS samples. However, the density value for all wt% loadings of glycerol does not offer much difference. It reveals that 30 wt% loadings of glycerol in the mixture of CS have shown a good interaction in the TPCS mechanical properties. Based on this finding, the TPCS has huge potential to be used as a matrix to develop a fully biodegradable composite.