Vicarious Liability Under a Strict Liability Rule

In this article, we extend the model of Newman, H., and D. Wright. 1990. “Strict Liability in a Principal-Agent Model.” International Review of Law and Economics 10: 219–231 and strengthens their result that the strict liability can attain social optimum in a principal-agent relation to the situation in which the court appreciates any contractual terms regarding apportionment of damages between an employer and an employee under vicarious liability rule. Our model also generalizes and extends vicarious liability to the negligence-based liability rule.

Sand Trapping Fences as a Nature-Based Solution for Coastal Protection: An International Review with a Focus on Installations in Germany

Sand trapping fences are a widely used nature-based solution to initiate dune toe growth along sandy shorelines for coastal protection. At present, the construction of sand trapping fences is based on empirical knowledge, since only a few scientific studies investigating their efficiency exist. However, the restoration and maintenance of beach-dune systems along the coast requires knowledge of the interaction between the beach-dune system and the sand trapping fences to provide guidance for coastal managers on how and where to install the fences. First, this review gives an overview of the typical aerodynamic and morphodynamic conditions around a single porous fence and the influence of various fence height and porosity values to understand the physical processes during dune establishment. Second, different approaches for evaluating the efficiency of sand trapping fences to trap sediment are described. This review then highlights significant differences between sand trapping fence configurations, nationally as well as internationally, regarding the arrangement, the materials used, and the height and porosity. In summary, it is crucial to enable an intensive exchange among the respective coastal authorities in order to create uniform or transferable guidelines taking local conditions into account, and thus work collaboratively on the idea of sand trapping fences as a nature-based solution in coastal areas worldwide.

TRANSNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL MOBILITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION: AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW

Анализируется опыт зарубежной высшей школы в формировании транснациональной образовательной мобильности. Представлены эмпирические результаты исследований зарубежных ученых, занимающихся данной проблематикой. На примере Великобритании, США, Китая, Австралии и стран Западной Европы показана роль образовательной мобильности в формировании транснационального человеческого и культурного капитала, влияние образовательной мобильности на проектирование индивидуального образовательного и карьерного маршрута человека. Транснациональная образовательная мобильность рассматривается в контексте формирования культурного капитала как приобретение международного опыта, расширение языковых и профессиональных знаний, развитие социальных и межкультурных навыков, способствующих созданию новой культурной идентичности и укреплению транснациональной идентификации личности. Подчеркивается, что с развитием транснациональной образовательной мобильности в научно-педагогической литературе появляется термин «международная профессиональная компетенция», связанный с формированием сквозных навыков (transversal skills) человека. An international review of the formation of transnational educational mobility in higher education abroad is analyzed. The research results by foreign scientists dealing with this empirical issue are presented. The role of educational mobility in the formation of transnational human and cultural capital, the influence of educational mobility on the formation of an individual educational and career path of a person is shown on the example of such countries as: Great Britain, USA, China, Australia and Western European countries. Transnational educational mobility is considered in the context of the formation of cultural capital as the acquisition of international experience, the expansion of linguistic and professional knowledge, the development of social and intercultural skills that contribute to the creation of a new cultural identity and the strengthening of transnational identity, personality identification. Giving rise to cosmopolitanism, person’s educational mobility contributes to the creation of a new cultural identity and transnational identification strengthening. A man who is able to see and understand intercultural differences, to solve intercultural problems, is able to form his identity in the context of intercultural and multicultural relations. It is emphasized that with the development of transnational educational mobility, the term “international professional competence” appears in the scientific and pedagogical literature, associated with the formation of transversal personality skills. Transversal skills are analyzed as basic skills, independent of a person’s professional qualifications and not tied to any particular profession, but are applicable to a wide range of situations in life. It is emphasized that the strengthening of cross-border educational mobility is observed not only in the public sector of higher education, but also in the private sector, which contributes to an increase in the number of educational institutions leading to the expansion of availability of higher education and obtaining various academic degrees and titles.

Editorial Foreword in English

The International Review of Law has always been a comprehensive scholarly platform for numerous legal studies, especially in terms of their visions and approaches, which reflect the cognitively disciplined and renewable legal thoughts. The International Review of Law reinforces the national law by being open to different legal systems regionally and internationally. The Review of Law serves as a stage for all readers with a passion for law. It has also updated its data on the DOAJ platform to reach the largest number of readers. The editorial board of the International Review of Law selected a number of research papers that respond to the standards of authentic and accurate scientific work in both Arabic and English. This issue contains nine high-quality scientific research, in addition to three book reviews. The first paper (Obeidat and Alfadel) evaluates “The Dominant Position and Its Impact on Competition within the Framework of Economic Concentration Processes – Analytical Study in the Jordanian and Qatari legislations.” While the second research paper (Al-Hababi) deals with the “Oppression versus Prosecution in Asylum Cases Under International Law & Municipal Laws.” The third research paper (Lamchichi) focuses on the topic of “Laws with Constitutional Provisions in the Qatari Legislation – An Attempt to Define the Concept.” As for the fourth research paper (Ali); It is concerned with “The Civil Liability of Judicial Experts - A Comparative Study in Qatari and French Laws.” While the fifth research paper (Noh and Sheha) addresses the topic of “Administrative Jurisdiction in Asylum Matters – A Comparative Study between French and Qatari Laws.” The sixth research paper (Reziq) is interested in “Claiming against the Guarantor; Its Time and Scope – Analytical study within Light of the United Arabian Emirates Civil Transactions Law.” The seventh research paper (Al-Khaldi) sheds light on “The Civil Liability of Companies Producing Vaccines and Medicines for Coronavirus (Covid-19).” While the eighth research paper (All-laymoon) focuses on “The Constitutional Status of the Crown Prince in the Jordanian Constitutional System- An Applied Comparative Study with the Qatari and Kuwaiti Constitutional System.” The last research paper (Abu-Sharida) is in English. It answers the following question: “Why Harmful Posts on Social Media should be Regulated.” This issue is concluded by reviews of three books, which have been recently published by Qatar University Press. The first review (Almuhtady bellah), of the book titled: “Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes” by Ibrahim Al-Anani. The second review (Benlahcene), of the book titled: “Qatar and the Gulf Crisis” by Kristian Ulrichsen. The third review (al-Masry), of the book titled: “A Practical Guide to Upstream Petroleum Granting Instruments” by Peter Roberts. The editorial board thanks the distinguished researchers and arbitrators who contributed to this issue’s quality and scientific value, who strive to make the International Review of Law a platform for scientific knowledge that benefits the readers and researchers in various fields.