Adaptasi Pertumbuhan Setek Bunga Krisan (Chrysanthemum sp.) Menggunakan Naungan di Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan [Growth Adaptation of Chrysanthemum Cuttings (Chrysanthemum sp.) Using Shade in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan]

<p>Banjarbaru merupakan salah satu daerah di Kalimantan Selatan yang memiliki prospek yang baik sebagai daerah pengembangan komoditas krisan. Pertumbuhan tanaman krisan sangat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, misalnya media tanam, ketersediaan air dan hara, iklim mikro, suhu, kelembaban, serta intensitas cahaya matahari tertentu sehingga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan akan cahaya yang optimal maka perlakuan naungan diperlukan selama fase pertumbuhannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh persentase kerapatan pada naungan terhadap pertumbuhan setek krisan varietas Puspita Nusantara. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Bulan November sampai Desember 2020, bertempat di Kebun Percobaan Jurusan Agroekoteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian yaitu Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan perlakuan kerapatan paranet, yaitu n1 (paranet dengan kerapatan 75%), n2 (paranet dengan kerapatan 100%), n3 (paranet dengan kerapatan 125%), dan n4 (paranet dengan kerapatan 150%), yang terdiri atas lima kelompok sehingga terdapat 20 satuan percobaan, dan setiap satuan percobaan terdapat lima unit tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase naungan berpengaruh terhadap parameter jumlah daun, persentase setek hidup, dan tinggi tanaman yang tumbuh, tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata pada saat awal muncul tunas. Perlakuan n2 berpengaruh paling baik terhadap persentase setek hidup (64%), jumlah daun (4,1 helai) serta tinggi tunas (4,26 cm).</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Krisan; Setek; Paranet; Iklim mikro</p><p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>Banjarbaru as one of the areas in South Kalimantan has good prospects as a chrysanthemum development area. The growth of chrysanthemums is strongly influenced by several factors, such as planting media, availability of water and nutrients, microclimate, temperature, humidity, and a certain intensity of sunlight, so to meet the need for optimal light, shade treatment is required during the growth phase. This study aims to determine the effect of the percentage density in the shade on the growth of chrysanthemum cuttings of the Puspita Nusantara variety. The research was carried out from November to December 2020, at the Experimental Garden of the Department of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarbaru. The method used in this research is a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with the treatment of n1 (shading net with a density of 75%), n2 (shading net with a density of 100%), n3 (shading net with a density of 125%), and n4 (shading net with a density of 150%), which consisted of five groups so that there were 20 experimental units, and each experimental unit contained five plant units. The results showed that the percentage of shade affected the parameters of the number of leaves, the percentage of live cuttings, and plant height that grew, but had no significant effect on the initial emergence of shoots. The n2 treatment had the best effect on the percentage of live cuttings (64%), the number of leaves (4.1 strands), and shoots height (4.26 cm).</p><p> </p>

Bioactive Metabolites Produced by Cyanobacteria for Growth Adaptation and their Pharmacological Properties

Cyanobacteria are the most abundant oxygenic photosynthetic organisms inhabiting various ecosystems on earth. As with all other photosynthetic organisms, cyanobacteria release oxygen as a byproduct during photosynthesis. In fact, some cyanobacterial species are involved in the global nitrogen cycles by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Environmental factors influence the dynamic, physiological characteristics, and metabolic profiles of cyanobacteria, which results in their great adaptation ability to survive in diverse ecosystems. The evolution of these primitive bacteria resulted from the unique settings of photosynthetic machineries and the production of bioactive compounds. Specifically, bioactive compounds play roles as regulators to provide protection against extrinsic factors and act as intracellular signaling molecules to promote colonization. In addition to the roles of bioactive metabolites as indole alkaloids, terpenoids, mycosporine-like amino acids, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, ribosomal peptides, phenolic acid, flavonoids, vitamins, and antimetabolites for cyanobacterial survival in numerous habitats, which is the focus of this review, the bioactivities of these compounds for the treatment of various diseases are also discussed.

Regulatory perturbations of ribosome allocation results in a trade-off between fast growth and adaptation capacity

Bacteria regulate their cellular resource allocation to enable their fast growth-adaptation to a variety of environmental niches. We studied the ribosomal allocation, growth and expression profile of two sets of fast-growing mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655. Mutants with 3 copies of the stronger ribosomal RNA operons grew faster than the wild-type strain in minimal media and show similar phenotype to previously studied rpoB mutants. All of them displayed increased ribosomal content, a longer diauxic shift and a reduced activity of the aceBAK operon, indicative of repressed gluconeogenic pathways. Transcriptomic profiles of fast-growing mutants showed common downregulation of hedging functions and upregulated growth functions. Proteome allocation estimations showed an increase in the growth-related proteome for fast-growing strains, but not an increased cellular budget for recombinant protein production. These results show that two different regulatory perturbations (rRNA promoters or rpoB mutations) increasing ribosomal allocation optimize the proteome for growth with a concomitant fitness cost.

Bacterial Type I Toxins: Folding and Membrane Interactions

Bacterial type I toxin-antitoxin systems are two-component genetic modules that encode a stable toxic protein whose ectopic overexpression can lead to growth arrest or cell death, and an unstable RNA antitoxin that inhibits toxin translation during growth. These systems are widely spread among bacterial species. Type I antitoxins are cis- or trans-encoded antisense small RNAs that interact with toxin-encoding mRNAs by pairing, thereby inhibiting toxin mRNA translation and/or inducing its degradation. Under environmental stress conditions, the up-regulation of the toxin and/or the antitoxin degradation by specific RNases promote toxin translation. Most type I toxins are small hydrophobic peptides with a predicted α-helical transmembrane domain that induces membrane depolarization and/or permeabilization followed by a decrease of intracellular ATP, leading to plasmid maintenance, growth adaptation to environmental stresses, or persister cell formation. In this review, we describe the current state of the art on the folding and the membrane interactions of these membrane-associated type I toxins from either Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria and establish a chronology of their toxic effects on the bacterial cell. This review also includes novel structural results obtained by NMR concerning the sprG1-encoded membrane peptides that belong to the sprG1/SprF1 type I TA system expressed in Staphylococcus aureus and discusses the putative membrane interactions allowing the lysis of competing bacteria and host cells.

Connectomics of Bone to Brain—Probing Physical Renderings of Cellular Experience

“Brainless” cells, the living constituents inhabiting all biological materials, exhibit remarkably smart, i.e., stimuli-responsive and adaptive, behavior. The emergent spatial and temporal patterns of adaptation, observed as changes in cellular connectivity and tissue remodeling by cells, underpin neuroplasticity, muscle memory, immunological imprinting, and sentience itself, in diverse physiological systems from brain to bone. Connectomics addresses the direct connectivity of cells and cells’ adaptation to dynamic environments through manufacture of extracellular matrix, forming tissues and architectures comprising interacting organs and systems of organisms. There is imperative to understand the physical renderings of cellular experience throughout life, from the time of emergence, to growth, adaptation and aging-associated degeneration of tissues. Here we address this need through development of technological approaches that incorporate cross length scale (nm to m) structural data, acquired via multibeam scanning electron microscopy, with machine learning and information transfer using network modeling approaches. This pilot case study uses cutting edge imaging methods for nano- to meso-scale study of cellular inhabitants within human hip tissue resected during the normal course of hip replacement surgery. We discuss the technical approach and workflow and identify the resulting opportunities as well as pitfalls to avoid, delineating a path for cellular connectomics studies in diverse tissue/organ environments and their interactions within organisms and across species. Finally, we discuss the implications of the outlined approach for neuromechanics and the control of physical behavior and neuromuscular training.

Shade-induced WRKY transcription factors restrict root growth during the shade avoidance response

Shade-intolerant plants rapidly elongate their stems, branches, and leaf stalks to compete with their neighboring vegetation to maximize sunlight capture for photosynthesis. This rapid growth adaptation, known as the shade avoidance response (SAR), comes at a cost; reduced biomass, crop yield, and root growth. Significant progress has been made on the mechanistic understanding of hypocotyl elongation during SAR; however, the molecular account of how root growth is repressed is not well understood. Here, we explore the mechanisms by which low red:far-red induced SAR restrict the primary and lateral root (LR) growth. By analyzing whole-genome transcriptome, we identified a core set of shade-induced genes in the roots of Arabidopsis and tomato seedlings grown in the shade. Abiotic and biotic stressors also induce many of these shade-induced genes and are predominantly regulated by the WRKY transcription factors. Correspondingly, a majority of the WRKYs were also among the shade-induced genes. Functional analysis using transgenics of these shade-induced WRKYs revealed their role is essentially to restrict primary root and LR growth in the shade, and captivatingly, they did not affect hypocotyl elongation. Similarly, we also show that ethylene hormone signaling is necessary to limit root growth in the shade. Our study proposes that during SAR, shade-induced WRKY26, 45, and 75, and ethylene reprogram gene expression in the root to restrict its growth and development. The reduced growth of root organs helps the plant divert its critical resources to the elongating organs in the shoot to ensure competitiveness under limiting photosynthetic radiation

Evolutionary entrepreneurial ecosystems: a research pathway

The recent widespread interest of policy in entrepreneurial ecosystems has been complemented by a burgeoning academic research output. This research to date may be broadly categorized as focusing on place, actors, governance, and evolution. Of these groupings, evolutionary processes have been paid least attention despite their centrality to a dynamic ecosystem phenomenon that evolves from an origin through processes of growth, adaptation, and resilience. To redress this imbalance, we frame a future research agenda on evolutionary processes of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Foremost amongst these are the competing lens for the evolutionary processes, the appropriate and evolving geographic scope and boundaries of the ecosystem, and the evolving visible or invisible modes of governance. Methodologically, we call for greater use of longitudinal studies of such evolutionary processes.

Parent Perspectives on Sending Their Children to College Early

Early entrance to college, a form of academic acceleration, is an educational alternative that opens pathways for advanced students to have challenging, stimulating, and relevant learning experiences. Children who choose this option enter the adult world several years earlier than most of their age peers. This involves extra growth, adaptation, and a nontypical route through adolescent developmental milestones. These changes may be a great challenge for children and their families. In this study, we report findings from semi-structured interviews with 36 parents whose children participated in one of two different early entrance to college programs at the University of Washington. We explored reasons and motivations behind families’ decisions for early entrance to college, their expectations, concerns, and overall experiences during the transition period and beyond.

The phosphoproteome of rice leaves responds to water and nitrogen supply

The scarcity of freshwater is an increasing concern in flood-irrigated rice, whilst excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers is both costly and contributes to environmental pollution. To co-ordinate growth adaptation under prolonged exposure to limited water or excess nitrogen supply, plants have processes for signalling and regulation of metabolic processes. There is limited information on the involvement of one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTMs), protein phosphorylation, on plant adaptation to long-term changes in resource supply. Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare was grown under two regimes of nitrogen from the time of germination to final harvest. Twenty-five days after germination, water was withheld from half the pots in each nitrogen treatment and low water supply continued for an additional 26 days, while the remaining pots were well watered. Leaves from all four groups of plants were harvested after 51 days in order to test whether phosphorylation of leaf proteins responded to prior abiotic events. The dominant impact of these resources is exerted in leaves, where PTMs have been predicted to occur. Proteins were extracted and phosphopeptides were analysed by nanoLC-MS/MS analysis, coupled with label-free quantitation. Water and nitrogen regimes triggered extensive changes in phosphorylation of proteins involved in membrane transport, such as the aquaporin OsPIP2-6, a water channel protein. Our study reveals phosphorylation of several peptides belonging to proteins involved in RNA-processing and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting that phosphorylation events regulate the signalling cascades that are required to optimize plant response to resource supply.