sanitary conditions
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Chen ◽  
Tobin Simonetti ◽  
Kari Peter ◽  
Qing Jin ◽  
Eric Brown ◽  
...  

Whole genome analysis was performed on 501 isolates obtained from a previous survey which recovered 139 positive environmental sponge samples (i.e., up to 4 isolates per sample) from a total of 719 samples collected at 40 standardized sites in 3 commercial apple packinghouse facilities (i.e., P1, P2, and P3) over 3 successive seasons in a single production year. After excluding duplicated isolates, the data from 156 isolates revealed the clonal diversity of L. monocytogenes and allowed the detection of transient contamination, persistent contamination, and cross-area transmission events. Facility P2 with the poorest sanitary conditions had the least diversity (Shannon’s index of 0.38). P2 contained a Clonal Complex (CC) 554, serogroup IVb-v1 strain that persisted throughout the year and spread across the entire facility, a singleton Sequence Type (ST) 1003, lineage III strain that persisted through two seasons and spread across two areas of the facility, and 3 other clones from transient contaminations. P1 and P3, facilities with better sanitary conditions, had much higher diversity (i.e., 15 clones with a Shannon’s index of 2.49 and 10 clones with a Shannon’s index of 2.10, respectively) that were the result of transient contamination. Facilities P1 and P3 had the highest incidence (43.1%) of lineage III isolates, followed by lineage I (31.3%) and lineage II (25.5%) isolates. Only 1 isolate in the three facilities contained a premature stop codon in virulence gene inlA. Fourteen samples yielded 2–3 clones per sample, demonstrating the importance of choosing appropriate methodologies and selecting a sufficient number of isolates per sample for studying L. monocytogenes diversity. Only 1 isolate, belonging to CC5 and from facility P3, contained a known plasmid, and this was also the only isolate containing benzalkonium chloride tolerance genes. The persistent CC554 strain did not exhibit stronger sanitizer resistance than other isolates and did not contain any confirmed molecular determinants of L. monocytogenes stress resistance that were differentially present in other isolates, such as genes involved in sanitizer tolerance, heavy metal resistance, biofilm-forming, stress survival islet 1 (SSI-1), stress survival islet 2 (SSI-2) or Listeria genomic island (LGI2).


Author(s):  
Babafunso Aderemi Adenuga ◽  
Oluwaseun Olayemi Olafusi

Hepatitis E is a deadly infectious disease that can easily spread in a community that has poor sanitary conditions. Cases of hepatitis E infection has been reported in the informal settings of Windhoek, Namibia and the City Council swoop in to improve the sanitary conditions in these areas. The current study sought to know the knowledge of residents of the city concerning issues surrounding hepatis E infection.


Author(s):  
Evgeniy Nedelkin ◽  
◽  
Alexander Khrustalev ◽  
Anna Babenko ◽  
Sergey Slepchenko ◽  
...  

The article presents the results of an archaeoparasitological and palynological study of a sample taken from the sewage drain of the Chorgun Tower. This is a fortification on the territory of the village of Chernorechie (South-Western Crimea). According to archaeological research, the construction of the keep dates back to the third quarter of the 15th century. Four types of eggs of intestinal parasites infecting humans and synanthropic animals were identified in the sample. Regarding parasitic and infectious gastrointestinal diseases, human whipworm and roundworm eggs found in the sample are indicative of relatively unfavorable sanitary conditions of the fortification. Based on the features of the archaeoparasitological spectrum, it can be concluded that anthelminthic agents were used or food with antiparasitic effects against roundworms was consumed. The difficult sanitary and epidemiological situation was also complicated by synanthropic rodents, such as rats and domestic mice, which could be a constant source of dangerous infections in the Chorgun Keep. A palynological study of the contents of the sewage runoff made it possible to obtain additional information on the nutrition of people who used the latrine facilities in the Chorgun Keep. What is equally important is that the study demonstrates the possibilities of methods for the study of canalization as a source of bioarchaeological information.


Author(s):  
Gérsica Moraes Nogueira da Silva ◽  
Athos Farias Menezes ◽  
Maria do Carmo Sobral

The Covid-19 pandemic calls into question deficiencies in current public policies and infrastructure of basic services to the population in large urban centers. From health systems, environmental sanitation and social protection, particularly for the low-income population, this opens the debate of the values and priorities at different scales. The research study area are subnormal settlements located in the neighborhoods of Pina and Brasília Teimosa in the Metropolitan Region of Recife. The aim was to assess the sanitary conditions in ZEIS, by conducting semi-structured interviews and assessing secondary data. Among the interviewees, only 56.3% said they had sanitary sewage collection and another 74.4% (n=1041) had access to water supply by Compesa, showing a significant deficit in the provision of basic services. With the pandemic, the necessary production of detailed empirical field data from the perspective of the peripheries faces great scientific challenges. Ensuring access to ideal sanitary conditions is a right for all and is related in an integrated way to multiple SDGs of the 2030 agenda. Demanding safe, adequate and affordable housing, and inclusive and sustainable urbanization, with capacity for planning and management of participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlements.


Author(s):  
Danilo Rezende ◽  
Maria Eugênia Gonçalez Alvares ◽  
Katia Sakihama Ventura

Safety protocols emerged to minimize the spread of Covid-19 and are in force 20 months after the disease exists in Brazil. The occurrence of SARS-CoV2 can be analyzed by the local Environmental Health Indicator (ISA). The objective of this study was to analyze the mortality rate caused by Covid-19 about environmental and sanitary conditions in 14 municipalities in the state of São Paulo, located in the Baixo Pardo/Grande and Pardo UGRHIs. Data from covid-19 (total cases and deaths) were obtained by SEADE (2021) and research by Rezende (2021) and Alvares (2021) provided the ISA parameters. The municipalities were grouped by demographic density and those with up to 50 thousand inhabitants were selected. The fatality rate was obtained as the ratio of the number of deaths to the accumulated cases of Covid-19. Of the 14 selected municipalities, 57,1% met the research hypothesis (municipalities with higher ISA have a mortality rate at covid-19 below the national average) and seven of them are below 20 thousand inhabitants with mortality rates below 2,4 %. Studies based on data from Covid-19, socio-environmental parameters (schooling, income, age group) and social vulnerability conditions can contribute to a better interpretation of environmental health in the pandemic.


Author(s):  
Mariana de Melo Costa ◽  
Luciana Nemer Diniz

The work comparatively analyzes the relation between popular housing and the main epidemics in Rio de Janeiro, from the end of the 19th century to the present day. The text rescues the memory of the tenements (the first popular form of housing), recalling the mortality of Yellow Fever and Spanish Flu; continues to study the formation process of the favelas, in parallel to the Dengue and Covid 19 epidemics, and the solutions implemented by the government with the objective of improve sanitary conditions in the form of housing estates, and more recently, in their urbanization. The SWOT Analysis, a reflection and positioning tool in relation to situations, widely applied in engineering and administration, it was used to list points of weakness and potential solutions in low-income housing in the face of sanitary problems and the solutions brought by the Government. In the methodology, consultations with secondary sources (books, articles, and newspapers) and iconographic research that illustrate the situations and provide support for the application of the SWOT analysis stand out. The conclusions highlight the extent to which epidemics overwhelmingly plague the population living in needy areas, whose absence of wholesome and appropriate urban solutions demonstrate the lack of Urban Planning and Management.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (40) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
Denise Lessa Aleixo ◽  
Leoni Vilano Bonamin ◽  
Silvana Marques De Araujo

Introduction: The use of homeopathic medicines has increased, once traditional medicines sometimes do not produce the desired effects and because side effects sometimes compromise the treatment. In recent years, research on homeopathy has clearly developed, both in the implementation of more consistent methodologies and in the description of the data and published methods, improvement are still required in these matters. The acknowledgment of homeopathy depends on the credibility of the groups researching this topic Objective: list and criticize articles highlighting main effects, schedule of treatment and potencies used in different animals models. Material and Methods: A review of articles published since 2000 in journals indexed in the PubMed/Scielo databases was performed. Keywords used were parasitosis/homeopathy and parasitosis/ultra-diluted, in English and Portuguese. Specialized journals such as Homeopathy, International Journal of High Dilution Research, and Brazilian Homeopathic Journal were also used. The contents of each issue of these journals were examined for the "Use of highly diluted medication in parasitic infections." Results and Discussion: Thirty nine papers have been gathered. The methodology of the articles surveyed did not meet the requirements listed in the REHBaR[1]. Thirty seven reports have shown the benefits/effects of highly diluted medicine in the treatment of infectious diseases. In models where experimental conditions are carefully controlled, the conclusions follow the same pattern as those observed in the treatment of farm animals, where, even without completely controlled conditions, clinical result is positive. In fourteen reports using the same model, eight where animals were treated in a constant and prolonged way shown a better result, compared with six reports in which animals were treated for a short period of time, receiving a single daily dose. Several authors have conducted clinical trials using commercial formulas, which do not always provide their composition and/or dynamization, making it difficult to reproducing the experiment. In some of the articles, it was not mentioned if the experiments were repeated at least twice. Conclusions: In parasitic infections, the effect of homeopathic medications is still controversial, and the experimental parameters for evaluation shoud be carefully chosen to avoid isolated analyses of data. Researchers should consider results regarding environmental and sanitary conditions of the animal as a whole. The improvement of techniques and expansion of knowledge about highly diluted medicines may lead to a viable alternative to treat parasitic infections. Precise and detailed descriptions will contribute to advances in the use of homeopathy, so that the wider community can benefit, in practice, from these findings. Keywords: homeopathy, parasitic infections, CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine). Reference [1] Lüdtke R, Musial F, Wijk R, Witt C, Baumgartner S. Reporting experiments in homeopathic basic research (REHBaR) – A detailed guideline for authors. Homeopathy. 2009; 98:287-298.


Author(s):  
Olena Oliinyk

Abstract. The article substantiates the need to complete the formation of an integrated network of pedestrian spaces in the historic center of Kiev. Now the historic center covers three hills - the Upper Town, Pechersk and Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. However, the problem of creating an integrated network of pedestrian connections in the historic center of Kyiv has not yet been solved, and its formation is one of the urgent tasks today. After all, the creation of a holistic system of pedestrian ways in the historic city makes it possible to increase its tourist potential and ensure the preservation and development of historical and cultural heritage. The author proposes a method of spatial analysis to assess the state of public spaces in the city. The author's comparative analysis of two cities in the UK confirmed the importance and cost-effectiveness of pedestrian public spaces. It is noted that the existing transport infrastructure of the city of Kyiv does not provide for the formation of new pedestrian zones. The author analyzes the central squares of Kyiv: Independence Square, Troitska, Tolstoy, European, Sofiyska, Mykhailivska, Lvivska and Peremohy Squares in terms of comfortable pedestrian movement and the availability of public places. It turned out that in terms of transport accessibility, they are convenient, but not suitable for pedestrians; by use - have mainly administrative, political functions; sometimes - cultural; by category of comfort - are inconvenient, there are no sanitary conditions, places for sitting, rest, greens; these are mainly transport interchanges; by category of social function - meeting places, commercial spaces; there are no signs of identity. Means of forming a network of pedestrian public spaces and proposals for the design of individual fragments of the city are proposed. The author determines how transit space and stationary spaces are used, whether it is possible to use them as a citywide public space and connect it to the main axis along Volodymyrska and Khreschatyk.


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (103) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Melnyk ◽  
V. S. Sakara ◽  
N. V. Vovkotrub ◽  
A. V. Kharchenko ◽  
B. P. Bilyk

The rapid growth of demand for poultry products requires its sufficient production by specialized farms of various forms of ownership. However, such production needs are not always adequate to the selection approach, the incubation component, the basic requirements of veterinary and sanitary and zoohygienic support, breed and age characteristics of keeping and raising poultry. Therefore, one of the crucial components of obtaining biologically complete, high-quality and fast-paying products of the poultry industry, including all stages of its production, is human support of the main links of ontogenesis (development after birth) of the bird. The issue of not only the creation of the genetic potential of the parent bird of different species and areas of productivity, but also the provision of veterinary and sanitary conditions for their maintenance, breeding and breeding remains relevant. However, the current economic conditions have forced the heads of enterprises and veterinary departments to some extent bypass the planned laboratory tests of feed, water and blood, which, although not complete, but informative enough to trace the main periods of growth and development of the bird. Slight deterioration of the mode and quality of feeding, changes in the parameters of the microclimate are reflected in changes in blood parameters. And what about the spoilage of feed, water, violation of veterinary and sanitary maintenance of poultry: the lack of preventive treatments with vitamin-mineral, hepatoprotective and enzyme preparations, pre- and probiotics. Which can lead to metabolic disorders in poultry. Which can occur due to disorders of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, vitamin, macro- and micromineral metabolism. As a result, there are significantly popular diseases such as: uric acid diathesis, cannibalism, osteoporosis and osteomalacia, perosis, rickets, obesity, E-hypovitaminosis. Further reducing productivity, which leads to large economic losses on farms.


Author(s):  
Moussa Garba Mahamadou ◽  
Mani Mamman ◽  
Hamadou Issa

This literature review reports on risk factors for postpartum anoestrus in zebus and their potential treatments. Prolonged postpartum anestrus is one of the major factors limiting reproductive efficiency in cattle, particularly in Bos indicus cows in tropical regions, as it prevents a calving interval of 365 days from being achieved. During anestrus, ovulation does not occur despite ovarian follicular development, as the growing follicles do not reach maturity. This period is very variable and depends on various factors whose importance is relative or, on the contrary, essential. Some are specific to the animal (breastfeeding or food); others relate more to its social environment, season sanitary conditions. Several hormonal treatments have been used to induce ovulation and cyclicity in postpartum cows. Generally speaking, given the inconsistency of the effects or even their lack of practicability, treatments using a single or repeated injection of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) have been gradually abandoned in favour of progestagens. These are administered for 8 to 12 days on a continuous basis in the form of a subcutaneous implant (Crestar®), a vaginal coil (PRID®) or a CIDR. A prostaglandin injection is given two days before the implant is removed. The addition of an ECG treatment at the time of device removal, which increased plasma progesterone concentrations and pregnancy rates in anestrous postpartum suckled Bos indicus cows, may be useful to improve reproductive performance. This improvement requires a better understanding of the effect of different risk factors on the recovery of postpartum cyclicity.


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